media coverage of Muslim world
Medina, Tomé de
Mediterranean and U.S. trade
forces against peace
and Mediterranean markets, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1
paying off pirates, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
post–Revolutionary War risks
and start of U.S. naval power, 4.1, 4.2
and Tripolitan ambassador, 4.1, 4.2
and U.S. naval action against Tripoli
See also Barbary States; North African pirates
Meet the Press (TV program)
Mellimelli, Sidi Suleyman, 6.1, 6.2
Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments, A (Madison), 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
“Memorial of the Presbytery of Hanover,”
Menocchio “Domenico Scandella,” 2.1, aft.1, nts.1n15
Middle Eastern immigrants, aft.1, aft.2
military action against Tripoli/North African pirates, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n18, nts.2n91
military power, centralization of
Miller, James
Mistery of Iniquity, The (Helwys)
Mitchill, Samuel L., nts.1n140
Mohammed, Sohail
Moors, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1. See also Muslims
Moroccans and Morocco
and England
Ibrahima, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n156
overview
seizure of the Betsey, 4.1
Sultan Ismail
U.S. peace treaty with, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
See also Barbary States; North African pirates
mosques, bans on building of
movies with negative depictions of Arabs
Muhammad
as final Prophet
images of, 1.1, nts.1n109
Sale on
Stubbe on
Muntzer, Thomas
Muslim Americans
and 9/11, aft.1, aft.2
acceptance of
and anti-Muslim bigotry, ix–x, itr.1, aft.1, aft.2
and Deists
demographics
FBI interviews
first citizens defined as Muslims
and Flushing Remonstrance, 2.1, aft.1
forging ties with Jewish and Christian organizations
and Fourteenth Amendment
historical views
Jefferson accused of being Muslim, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1, aft.2
and Judeo-Christian rubric
Leland’s fight for rights of
Locke accused of being Muslim, 2.1, aft.1
mosque-building bans
and North Carolina debate on religious freedom
Obama accused of being Muslim, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
overview, itr.1, aft.1
as President of the United States, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
as public officeholders, aft.1, aft.2
and religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
rights of
violence against
Muslim “civil rights”
American Founders’ support for, itr.1, itr.2, nts.1n26
in England
and Federalists
Federalist vision of
and First Amendment, aft.1, aft.2
Helwys on, 2.1, 2.2
Iredell’s defense of
Jefferson on, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
Jefferson’s vision of, 3.1, 3.2, aft.1
Leland’s fight for, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Locke on, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1
overview, itr.1, aft.1
and PATRIOT Act, aft.1, nts.1n80
slaves excluded from
utilizing to encompass all non-Protestants, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Muslim Histories and Cultures Project, Texas
Muslims
and boundaries of toleration
Christians compared to
double loyalty issue
exclusion from Act of Toleration of 1689
exclusion from public office
as imagined U.S. constituency, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1
immigration to the U.S., aft.1, aft.2
Jefferson’s attitude toward, 3.1, 6.1
Jews and Christians compared to, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Jews, Catholics, and, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n3, nts.2n27
and Jews, equated, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
links with Deists and Unitarians
living outside Muslim lands
in London
Menocchio’s argument for salvation of Jews and, 2.1, aft.1
Shi‘i, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3, nts.1n130
as slaves in America, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, nts.1n156
See also European views of Muslims; Muslim Americans; Ottoman Empire; Sunni Muslims
Muslim Students’ Association
national army
National Conference of Christians and Jews
Native Americans, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
nativism
Naturalization Act (1790)
Naturalization Act (1870)
naval force for the United States
Netherlands. See Holland
New England, 5.1, 6.1. See also specific states
New Hampshire’s religious test for public office
New Jersey’s religious test for public office
New Testament
Arabic translation
and Golden Rule
Jefferson on, 6.1, 6.2
Leland quoting from
oaths sworn on
and religious test for public office
New York
Cordoba House Initiative
religious liberty in
New York Magazine
9/11 terrorist attacks, aft.1, aft.2
non-Protestants
Jefferson’s acceptance of, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Protestant opposition to non-Protestants as public officeholders, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
See also Catholics; Deists and Deism; Jews; Muslims; taxes for supporting churches
North Africa
Jefferson’s collection of books on
Muslims to reside only in Islamic lands
U.S. peace treaties with
vilification of Islam and
See also Algiers; Barbary States; Moroccans and Morocco; Tripolitans and Tripoli; Tunisians and Tunis
North African pirates
Adams on
American captives of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, nts.1n12
and Arabic language
cost of safe passage
economic motives, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
guarding Strait of Gibraltar
Jefferson’s military response to, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n18, nts.2n7
Jefferson’s view of
overview, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1n18
Qur’anic justification for
ransom for captured pirates
religious vs. political motives
response to Spanish incursions
seizure of the Betsey, 4.1
sighting in West Indies, nts.1n65
“A Treaty of Amity and Commerce” (Jefferson draft, 1785), 4.1
U.S. captives of, 1.1, nts.1n87, nts.2n121
U.S. negotiations with, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1
See also Barbary States; Moroccans and Morocco; Tripolitans and Tripoli; Tunisians and Tunis
North Carolina
Constitution ratification debates
debate on religious freedom, 5.1, 5.2
failure to ratify Constitution
and Iredell, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
and Johnston, 5.1, 5.2
overview
and religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2
second convention to ratify the Constitution
Notes on Virginia (Jefferson)
on coercion
on conformity in religion
on history
Leland’s use of
on reason and free inquiry
on religious freedom
on religious tolerance
/> on religious uniformity
Nussbaum, Martha
oath of toleration
oaths for citizenship, 3.1, 3.2
oaths for public office
Bill Prescribing the Oath of Fidelity and the Oaths of Certain Public Officers
Constitution of the United States on
Ellison’s oath on Jefferson’s Qur’an, x
in Pennsylvania
swearing on New Testament
swearing on Old Testament
test oaths
See also public officeholders
Obama, Barack
O’Brien, Richard, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Of the Law of Nature and Nations (von Pufendorf)
Oklahoma City bombing
Oklahoma’s “Save Our State” anti-Sharia amendment
Old Testament (Hebrew Bible)
and Arabic language
and Golden Rule, ix, 2.1, 7.1, aft.1
Jefferson on, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2
and Jefferson’s library catalog system
oaths sworn on
polygamy in
and religious test for public office
Omar Ibn Said, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n156
“On the Right to Rebel against Governors” (West)
Oracles of Reason (Blount)
Order of the Holy Trinity and Redemption of Captives “Mathurins,”
Orientalism, nts.1n30
Origen’s heresy, 2.1, 2.2
Ottoman Empire
as Antichrist
British and American depictions of
Calvin’s beliefs
as cause of French Revolution
chief mufti of Istanbul
despotism alleged in constitutional ratification debates
divorce or alimony in
and English businesses
Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice, nts.1n32
Foxe’s view of
janissaries, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1
Jefferson’s collection of books on
local uprising and assassination of sultans
Luther’s beliefs
threat to Western Europe, 1.1, 2.1
Ottoman Turkish language
Owen, Jim (slave owner in North Carolina), 5.1, 5.2
Oxford University
Paine, Thomas
on Islam
and The Rights of Man, 6.1
PATRIOT Act (2001), aft.1, nts.1n80
Peek, Lori
Penn, William, nts.1n157
Pennsylvania
People of the Book, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, nts.1n75
Pérez, Juana
perpetui inimici (enemies for life)
Perry, Rick
Peterson, Merrill D.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia (warship), 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n103
Philosophical Works (Bolingbroke)
piracy in the seventeenth century, See also North African pirates
Plumer, William, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n17
Pococke, Edward
political officeholders. See public officeholders
politics
anti-Sharia movement, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
and Article 11 of the Tripoli Treaty, 6.1, nts.1n69
and early American hatred of Catholics and Turks
of fearmongering about Muslims, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
Jefferson’s interest in religion as, 6.1, 6.2
Muslims in, x
and Muslims in office
See also fearmongering; government; Whig ideology
polygamy
Pompilius, Numa, nts.1n54
Popple, William, 2.1, 3.1
Porcupine Gazette
Powell, Colin
Prager, Dennis
“Prayer against the Turks, A” (Foxe)
“Preliminary Discourse” (Sale)
Presbyterians and Presbyterianism
and Anglicans, 3.1, 6.1
Beecher
Caldwell, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Ibn Said as
and Jefferson, itr.1, 3.1
and Jews
Locke on, 2.1, 2.2
Omar ibn Said
slave’s possible conversion to
President of the United States
Catholic as, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, aft.1
election of 1800, 6.1, 7.1
Johnston’s reassurances about non-Christians not attaining office
Muslim as, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, aft.1
pope as, 5.1, 5.2
religion factor
universalism and Muslim president issue
See also Constitution of the United States, No Religious Test Clause
Prideaux, Humphrey, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1n43
Priestley, Joseph
Prize Act (1708)
Proast, Jonas
Procrustes, and “Pocrustes” of Leland
Prophet, the. See Muhammad
Protestantism
Congregational Protestantism in New England, 6.1, 7.1
and Constitution of the United States
and Deism
the Great Awakening
and Jefferson’s argument for freedom of religion
and religious test for public office
and religious tolerance, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1n80
sectarian warfare
See also Anglicanism; Baptists
Protestants
America’s Founders as
Calvin, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
fear of Catholic domination, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2
Luther, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1
in New England
See also Baptists; Presbyterians and Presbyterianism
Providence, Rhode Island, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.1
public officeholders
civic virtue vs. religion
and debate on religious test for public office
Muslims as, aft.1, aft.2
Protestant opposition to non-Protestants as, 5.1, 5.2
See also Constitution of the United States, No Religious Test Clause; government; oaths for public office; President of the United States
“Publicola” (pseudonym of J. Q. Adams)
Puritans, See also Massachusetts/Massachusetts Bay Colony; Williams, Roger
Qaramanli, Ahmed “Hamet,”
Qaramanli, Yusuf
Quakers
Bowne arrest by Stuyvesant
Locke on, 2.1, 2.2
and religious freedom, nts.1n157
and tax supporting Protestants
Williams’s condemnation of
Williams’s offer of refuge to
Qur’an
Abd al-Rahman’s use of, to justify piracy, 4.1, 4.2, aft.1
Christians’ awareness of
on compulsion in religion, 1.1, 3.1
Fatiha, first chapter, 5.1, 5.2
Jefferson’s negative views of
Jefferson’s positive views of, 6.1, 6.2
on Jesus, 1.1, 3.1
Luther on
People of the Book, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, nts.1n75
religious tolerance as principle of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
on slavery vs. captivity
“the Sovereignty” (al-Mulk) chapter
translation issues
on unity of God
See also Islam; Jefferson’s Qur’an; Koran (Sale)
racial discrimination
Ragosta, John A.
Ra’is, Murad (formerly Peter Leslie)
Ramadan, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1n140
Reformation, Jefferson on, 3.1, nts.1n169
religion
importance to colonists
and piracy
religion (continued)
slavery defined by
“true” religion and tyrannical governments
Zoroastrians and Zoroastrianism
See also Christianity; Deists and Deism; Islam; Judaism
religious freedom
Carolinas’ statutes for, nts.1n44
and Christianity in the U.S., 3.1
, 5.1
conformity in religion vs.
and Constitution of the United States
debate on, in North Carolina
English treatises on
Federalists on, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
and immigration
Jefferson on, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
in Jefferson’s Tripoli treaty
Leland on, 7.1, nts.1n1, nts.2n84
Locke on
in New York
North Carolina debate on, 5.1, 5.2
in Pennsylvania
Presbyterians quest for
and Quakers, nts.1n157
religious equality compared to
and swearing an oath
tyranny vs.
in Virginia, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1
Virginia Declaration of Rights, 3.1, 7.1
Washington on
Williams’s charter for Providence
See also Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom; Constitution of the United States, No Religious Test Clause; First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States; Muslim “civil rights”; rights of conscience; taxes for supporting churches
Religious Freedom Act (Massachusetts, 1811), 7.1
religious test. See Constitution of the United States, No Religious Test Clause
religious tolerance
The Algerine Captive on
of Castellio, 2.1, 2.2
Christian inclusiveness
in Flushing Remonstrance, 2.1, aft.1
of Franck
of Franklin, 1.1, 1.2
as full equality under the law
Helwys on
as heresy, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
of Jefferson, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1
Leland’s disgust for
of Locke, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1n5
in medieval European peasant lore
of Menocchio, 2.1, aft.1
for Muslims, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
overview, itr.1, nts.1n5
political equality vs.
and Protestantism, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1n80
in Qur’an, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
of Servetus
of Smyth
of Stubbe, 2.1, nts.1n200
of Williams, 2.1, 2.2
See also Muslim “civil rights”
Remonstrants, nts.1n236
Reports on Cases Adjudg’d in the Court of the King’s Bench (Salkeld)
Revolutionary War
British army’s abuses
and Iredell
Muslims serving in, itr.1, nts.1n14
performance of Mahomet the Impostor during
Rhode Island, and religious test for public office
rights of conscience
and Constitution
in French Constitution
Helwys on
Jefferson on, 3.1, 7.1
Leland’s fight for, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Protestant concerns about losing, 5.1, 7.1
“soul liberty” experiment, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, aft.1
See also taxes for supporting churches
Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders Page 55