8. Signal Heft 21 1 Nov 42.
9. Soldat p213.
10. Haape op cit p52–3.
11. Signal Heft 21 1 Nov 42.
12. KGS Diary 4 Jul 41 p71.
13. Signal Heft 21 1 Nov 42.
14. Soldat p214.
15. Nayhauss, M. Graf von.: Zwischen Gehorsam und Gewissen’. Potsdamer Infanterie–Regt 9; Bastei–Lübbe, 1994; p143 and 148.
16. Haape op cit p55.
17. Buchner, A.: Das Handbuch der Deutsche Infanterie; Podzun–Pallas, 1987; p103–4.
18. Gareis op cit p84.
19. KGS Diary 4 Jul 41 p71.
20. Ibid 30 Jun 41 p69.
21. Haape op cit p65.
22. KGS Diary. 30 Jun and 4 Jul 41. p69–70.
23. Haape op cit p66.
24. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
25. KGS Diary 30 Jun 41 p70.
26. Ullrich op cit p102–3.
27. Aaken, W. van: Hexenkessel Ostfront; Erich Pabel Verlag, 1964; p27.
28. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
29. Ullrich op cit p103–4.
The Smolensk pocket
1. Hammer, zur Nieden op cit p240.
2. Manual published in Dec 40. Wray, T. A.: Standing Fast. German Defence Doctrine on the Russian Front duringWorldWar II; p20.
3. Spaeter op cit Vol 1 p185.
4. Bock op cit 20 Jul 41 p255.
5. van Aaken op cit p13–4.
6. Bock op cit p256.
7. Manteuffel op cit p153.
8. Bock op cit 21 Jul 41 p258, 23 Jul 41 p260.
9. Spaeter op cit p188.
10. Kister account from van Aaken op cit p35–6.
11. Ibid p45–7.
12. Bock op cit 25 Jul 41 p262.
13. Ibid 26 Jul 41 p263.
14. Halder op cit 8 Jul 41 p457.
15. Bock op cit 29 Jul 41 p266–7.
16. Manteuffel op cit Chart p167.
17. Fuchs op cit 5 Jul 41 p116.
18. Ibid 11 Jul p117 and 17 Jul 41 p119.
19. Manteuffel op cit p167–8.
20. Halder op cit 1 Aug 41 p491.
21. Spaeter op cit p192.
22. Bock op cit 5 Aug 41 p273–4.
23. Spaeter op cit p221.
‘Do not cry’ … Soviet defeat in the West
1. Holliday op cit p253.
2. Krylov op cit p119.
3. Soviet Combat Documents 22–30 Jun 41 p532 and 534.
4. Knopp op cit p65.
5. Letter 10 Jul 41 Dollinger op cit p88.
6. Knopp op cit p65.
7. Front letter 18 Jul 41 from: Bähr, H. W.: Die Stimme Des Menschen; p126.
8. Kriegstagebücher p11 and 14.
9. Knopp op cit p64.
10. Starinov op cit p184.
11. Kohl op cit p131.
12. Starinov op cit p187.
13. Knopp op cit p65.
14. Kohl op cit p57.
15. Ibid p50.
16. Ibid p59.
17. Ibid p66 and 68–9.
18. Ibid p117.
19. Interview Steh auf es ist Krieg ZDF German TV. 1991.
20. Interview Red Empire Yorkshire TV 1990.
21. Extracts from Stalin’s speech from Werth op cit p165–8.
22. Halder op cit 8 Jul 41 p457.
23. Holliday op cit p254.
24. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
25. Knopp op cit p65.
Chapter 9: Refocusing victory conditions
The longest campaign
1. Bock op cit 28 Jul 41 p265.
2. Ibid 24 Jul 41 p261.
3. Kuby op cit 11 Aug 41 p160.
4. Letter 9 Aug 41 Soviet Feldpostbriefe p27.
5. Halder op cit 2 Aug 41 p492–3.
6. Bock’s op cit 2 Aug 41 p270–1.
7. Soldier R. K. 14/Inf Regt 111 35 Inf Div Feldpostbriefe 10 Aug 41 p77.
8. Ibid, 10 Aug 41. Nachsch Btl 563 p77.
9. Ibid, 11 Aug 41. 8 /Inf Regt 55 17 Inf Div p78.
10. Prüller, W. Diary of a German Soldier; Faber & Faber, 1963; 4 Aug 41 p89–91.
11. Kuhnert op cit p75.
Conditions for victory
1. Townsend, C. and E.: Der Überfall; Hoffman & Campe Verlag, Hamburg, 1984; p80.
2. Halder op cit 1 Aug 41 p506.
3. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
4. Halder op cit 22 Aug 41. p515.
5. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
6. Stahlberg op cit p172.
7. Interview. Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
8. Adamczyk, W.: Feuer!’ – An Artilleryman’s life on the Eastern Front. Broadfoot Pub Co, 1992; p143.
9. Haape op cit p88.
10. Keegan, J.: The SecondWorldWar; Arrow Books, 1990; p194.
11. Feldpostbriefe 8 Aug 41 p77.
12. Ibid p77.
13. Ibid Inf Regt 73 p77.
14. Ibid 22 Aug 41 Inf Regt 459 p79.
15. Ibid Inf Regt 481 p79.
16. KGS p50.
17. KGS Diary entry 22 Aug 41 p75.
18. Soviet Feldpostbreife Letter 28 Aug 41 p29.
19. Quoted Werth op cit p164.
20. Interview The World at War Thames TV.
21. Rürup, R.: Der Krieg gegen der Sowjet–Union 1941–45; p170–1.
A city ‘pulsing with life’ … Leningrad
1. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
2. Diary 17 Aug 41 Dollinger op cit p93–4.
3. Statistics taken from Keegan op cit p197.
4. Clark, A.: ‘Leningrad’, War Monthly; Vol. 1. Issue 2 p13.
5. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
6. Ibid.
7. Diary entries 29 Aug 41, 25 Jun 41. Taken from Dollinger op cit p81–2, p94–5.
8. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
9. Knopp op cit p143.
10. Interview ZDF German TV 1991.
11. Halder op cit p458.
12. Ibid, 5 Sept and 12 Sept 41 p524 and 528.
13. Knopp op cit p147.
14. Vortragsnotiz Leningrad. Abteilung Landesverteidigung des Wehrmachtfuhrungstabes OKW 21 Sept 41 from: Leetz, A. and Wenner, B.: Blockade. Leningrad. 1941–44; Rowohlt 1992; p99–101.
15. Kriegstagebuch der Heeresgruppe Nord 01.15 Uhr. 12 Oct 41 from: Leetz and Wenner op cit p100–1.
16. Knopp op cit p147.
17. Kriegstagebuch der Quartiermeister Abteilung der 18. Armee 3 Oct 41 19.30 Uhr, 5 Oct 41. 21.30 Uhr.
18. Kriegstagebuch der Heeresgruppe Nord 01.15 Uhr 12 Oct 41.
19. Harald Brand Interview Der Unvergessene Krieg. Eickhoff/Pagels/Reschl. p75. Historische Stichworte WDR German TV 1982.
20. Kriegstagebuch der Heeresgruppe Nord 24 Oct 41 07.00 Uhr. Report on visit to 18th Army Sector by Ia [ie Ops staff offr].
Chapter 10: A war without garlands
‘Better three French campaigns than one Russian’
1. Dollinger op cit p92.
2. Diary 12 Aug 41 Kuby op cit p167.
3. DeutscheWochenschau shown early July 1941.
4. Official Census Summer 1939. Quoted in Paul op cit p65–6.
5. ‘Ordinary Men. Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland’ p46–8.
6. Kriegstagebuch der Heeresgruppe Nord 07.00 Uhr 24 Oct 41.
7. Interview Mein Krieg German TV. 1991.
8. Interview Die Deutschen im ZweitenWeltkrieg SWF TV 1985.
9. Heer op cit p10.
10. ‘Images of War’ op cit p187.
11. Heer, H. and Naumann K.: Vernichtungskrieg – Verbrechen derWehrmacht 1941–4; Hamburg 1995 p265–7.
12. Helmut Schmidt, later Chancellor of the Republic of West Germany, in an interview in Die Zeit newspaper 3 Mar 95 p14–20.
13. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
14. Ibid.
15. Hannes Heer op cit p9.
16. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 19
91.
The pressures on the German soldier
1. Zeiser op cit p15–6 and 24.
2. Adamczyk op cit p109.
3. Dills op cit p150.
4. Zeiser op cit p166.
5. Adamczyk op cit p115.
6. Zeiser op cit p167–8.
7. Das Reich ’A popular German newspaper. 3 Aug 41.
8. Heer and Naumann op cit p448–9.
9. Ibid, Letters Sporrenberg 17.7.41, Egon Kolbenhoff 13.10.42. and other quotations p450.
10. Interviews with Ostfront veterans The World at War Thames TV.
11. Letter 2 Sept 41. KGS p112.
12. ‘Diary of a German Soldier’. 1 Jul p69, 5 Jul. p75 and 15 Aug 41. p96.
13. Sieg Heil! 3 Aug 41. p122.
14. Feldpostbriefe. Nachrichten Regt 501. 9 Jul 41. p73–74.
15. M. Graf von Nayhauss. Zwischen Gehorsam und Gewissen. p144–146.
16. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
17. ‘The Devil on my Shoulder’. p32.
18. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
19. Testimony of Survivors. DieWehrmachts Untersuchungs – Stelle. Alfred M de Zayas p273–276. Interviews Leutnant Franz Kroning, Oberschutze Wilhelm Metziger from Kriegsverbrechen Nach der Akten derWehrmachts Untersuchungsstelle. Venohr, Vogt and de Zayas. WDR German TV 1983.
20. Kriegstagebuch (KTB) des OKW. Vol II. 1940–41. P. Schramm. Chart p1120–1121.
21. By 1945 it was down to 20–25%. Kurt Böhme Die Deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Sowjetischer Hand. p49. München 1966. De Zayas p277.
22. De Zayas p277–278 and 280–282.
23. Communication Central Office for Political Propaganda of Soviet 5th Army signed by Maj Gen M. I. Potapov C in C 5th Army. De Zayas p288.
24. De Zayas p289.
25. Report Major Euler. 25 Jul 41. ‘Ich Offizier Armeeoberkommando 6’. Ibid p300.
26. Both interviews from Red Empire Yorkshire TV 1995 production, presented by Dr Robert Conquest.
27. Feldpostbriefe 3 Jul. 41. p73.
28. Ibid 10 Jul 41. p74.
29. Ibid 8 Aug 41. p77.
30. Meldungen. Nr 201. 10 Jul 41. p2505.
‘Kein Kindergarten Krieg’. Prisoners and partisans
1. Under Hitler’s Banner. E. Blandford p127.
2. Figures were 799,919 rising to 3,350,639 (15,179 officers). KTB des OKW. Vol II P. Schramm p.1106.
3. Die Zeit’ German newspaper ‘Forum’. 3 Mar 95.
4. Soldat p211.
5. O. Bartov. ‘Eastern Front 1941–45. German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare’. Charts 13 and 18 p108.
6. Martin van Creveld. SupplyingWar. p152.
7. Interview. Mein Krieg. Eder and Kufus. German TV 1991.
8. Zeiser op cit p50.
9. Soldat p211.
10. Blandford, E.: Under Hitler’s Banner; Motorbooks, 1995; p31.
11. Soldat p211.
12. Zeiser op cit p50.
13. Blandford op cit p31.
14. Soldat p211.
15. Streit Das Schicksal der verwundeten Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen from Heer and Naumann op cit p78.
16. Ibid p79 and 80.
17. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
18. Zeiser op cit p51.
19. Heer and Naumann op cit p327.
20. Bartov, O.: The Eastern Front 1941–45, German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare; Macmillan, 1985; p111.
21. Zeiser op cit p51.
22. Heer and Naumann op cit p328–9.
23. Heer and Naumann Nov 41 op cit p81.
24. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
25. Zeiser op cit p53.
26. Bartov op cit p116–7.
27. Heer op cit p11, p17 and p28.
28. Bartov op cit p110.
29. Hammer and zur Nieden op cit p127.
30. Heer and Naumann ‘Die 62 Inf Div’ p300–1 and p325.
31. Adamczyk op cit p144.
32. Hammer and zur Nieden 2 Jul 41 op cit p116.
33. Interview Mein Krieg German TV 1991.
34. The Untersturmführer was subsequently killed in action. Steinhoff, Pechel, Showalter op cit p49.
35. Heer and Naumann ‘Korück 582’ op cit p325–7.
36. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg German TV 1991.
37. 24 Sept 41. 5th SS Viking, following a massacre at Karasnaya, Army Group South, from Neumann, P.: The Black March; Bantam, 1958/60; p149.
38. Steinhoff, Pechel, Showalter op cit p202–3.
39. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg. German TV 1991.
40. Neumann op cit p131.
41. Browning, C. R.: Ordinary Men – Reserve Police Bn 101 and the Final Solution in Poland; Harper Perennial, 1992, looks at how ordinary men in Reserve Police Battalion 101 were transformed into active participants of the ‘Final Solution’ in German-occupied Poland.
42. Heer op cit p22 and p37.
43. Knopp op cit p126.
44. Bamm, P.: The Invisible Flag; Faber & Faber Ltd, London, 1956; p44–5.
45. Heer and Naumann op cit p272–3.
46. Interview Die Deutschen im ZweitenWeltkrieg SWF German TV. 1983.
Chapter 11: ‘Kesselschlacht’ – victory without results
Cannae at Kiev
1. Strawson, J.: ‘Kiev 1941’, War Monthly; Marshall Cavendish; Vol 2 p30.
2. Stolfi, R. H. S.: ‘The Greatest Encirclement in History’, RUSI Magazine; Dec 96.
3. Malaparte op cit p61.
4. Ibid p55–7.
5. Ibid p51 and p61.
6. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg ZDF German TV 1991.
7. Knopp op cit p111.
8. Ibid p119.
9. Strawson op cit p28.
10. Halder op cit 28 Aug 41 p519.
11. Haupt, W.: Die Schlachten der Heeresgruppe Süd; p83.
12. Williamson, G.: The blood soaked Soil; Blitz Editions, 1997; p60.
13. Bock op cit 30 Aug p299, 2 Sept p301, 4 Sept p303, 5 Sept p305.
14. ‘With the 97th Infantry Division Personal Account’ Dills op cit p151.
15. Haupt, W.: Die Schlachten der Heeresgruppe Süd; p74. Halder op cit 28 Aug 41 p519 states an average of 50%.
16. Stolfi op cit p64–72.
17. Bock’s op cit 12 Sept 41 p310–1.
18. Becker op cit p26–7.
19. Kuhnert op cit p91.
20. Dills op cit p152.
21. ‘Geschichte der 3. Pz Div’ from Haupt, W.: Die Schlachten der Heeresgruppe Süd; p84.
22. Stolfi op cit p72.
23. Haupt, W.: Die Schlachten der Heeresgruppe Süd; p84 and Knopp op cit p119.
24. Bock op cit 15 Sept 41 p313.
25. Source Hanson, V. D.: ‘Cannae’, Quarterly Journal Military History; Vol 2 No 4 1990 p60.
26. Haupt, W.: Die Schlachten der Heeresgruppe Süd; p84.
27. Russian figures of average daily losses Kiev Strategic Defensive Operation 7 July–26 Sept 41. Quoted from Krivosheev, G. F.: Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century; chart p114.
28. Guderian op cit p219.
29. KGS Letters 18 Aug and 2 Sept p110–2.
The reduction of the Kiev pocket
1. Bähr op cit p126–7.
2. Interview Der Verdammte Krieg. ZDF German TV 1991.
3. Bähr op cit p127.
4. 15.30 hours 4 Sept 41.
5. Becker op cit p226.
6. Kesselring op cit p94.
7. Temkin, G.: My JustWar – The Memoir of a Jewish Red Army Soldier inWorldWar II; Presido, 1998; p37–8.
8. Freiburg p752–3.
9. Diary 12 Sept, 22 Sept Dollinger op cit p96–8.
10. Gschöpf op cit p179–180.
11. Kuhnert op cit p96.
12. ‘2 cm–Flak bezwingt T–34’ from Der Deutsche Fallschirmjäger 5 Sept/Oct 1984 p15–6.
13. Gschöpf op cit p179–184.
14. Kuhnert op cit p96–8.
15. Ibid p97 and Gschöpf p185.
16.
Prüller, W. Diary of a German Soldier; Faber & Faber, 1963; p106–7.
17. Werth op cit p203 and Knopp op cit p121.
18. Temkin op cit p42–3.
19. Bähr op cit p129.
20. Blandford op cit p122–3.
21. Haupt, W.: Die Schlachten der Heeresgruppe Süd; p96.
22. Krylov op cit p178–9.
23. Figures based on articles by: Strawson, J. ‘Kiev 1941’ p32, Keegan, J. ‘Barbarossa’ p109 and Krivosheev op cit p114.
24. Kuhnert op cit p98.
25. Gschöpf op cit p186.
26. Newspapers 28 Sept and 27 Sept 1941.
27. Meldungen Nr. 217 4 Sept 41 p2724.
28. Meldungen Nr. 222 22 Sept 41 p2787, and Nr. 223 25 Sept 41 p2795.
29. Feldpostbriefe. Diary Schwarzenbach nr Nürnburg 22 Sept 41 p81.
30. Ibid, 11/IR290 19 Sept 41 p80.
31. Ibid, 7/IR208. 24 Sept 41 p82.
32. Ibid, 13/IR105. 22 Sept 41 p81.
33. Bock op cit 20 Sept 41 p315, Sept 24 p318.
34. Letter 24 Sept 41. Meyer, E. V.: Briefe 1938–1941; Berlin & Düsseldorf, 1976; p125.
35. Personal account Dills op cit p152.
Chapter 12: ‘Victored’ to death
Objective Moscow
1. Bock op cit 26 Sept 41 p319.
2. Figures: Paul op cit p122 and Krivosheev op cit p118.
3. Paul op cit Chapter 2
4. Paul op cit p121.
5. Halder op cit 4 Apr p350, 26 Jul p485 and 11 Aug 41 p506.
6. Ibid 11 Aug 41 p506.
7. Quoted Paul op cit p119.
8. Bartov op cit p20. ‘Totsiegen’ literally ‘victoring to death’.
A logistic ‘trip–wire’
1. 88 divisions; info from Creveld, M. van: SupplyingWar – Logistics fromWallenstein to Patton; CUP, 1977; p145.
2. Automotive Technical Reports: vehicle situation 13 Oct 41. Reported 10 Dec 42. Lehmann, R.: The Leibstandarte Vol II, p147, 277 and 279.
3. Conference points for visit of von Kleist to III Corps. 17 Oct 41. Lehmann op cit p141.
4. Lehmann op cit p87.
5. Creveld op cit p146 and p150.
6. Ibid p157 and p153.
7. Soviet Feldpostbriefe 20 Sept 41 p32–3.
8. Lehmann. p97–100.
9. Kuhnert op cit p105.
10. Creveld op cit p153.
11. Ibid p157 and p160; eg. Army Group North: one in ten trains could reach Dunaburg.
12. Ibid p161.
13. Temkin op cit p36–7 and p44.
14. Creveld op cit p170–1.
15. Freiburg op cit p658.
16. Meldungen aus dem Reich Nr 214.
17. Halder op cit quoted Stolfi op cit p174.
18. Freiburg op cit p657–8.
19. Paul op cit p143.
War Without Garlands: Operation Barbarossa 1941-1942 Page 63