by Rachel May
Primary Sources
Admission to Zion: Zion (later Westminster) Presbyterian Church (Charleston, South Carolina, United States), Communicants’ Roll Book, 1852-1861, p. 57-58, Jane Thorn, servant of Mrs. E. H. Williams, admitted on profession of faith, 6 March 1859; Historical Foundation of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches microfilm MFPOS 1552, item 2, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia.
Admission as member of Rev. Jonathan C. Gibbes Organization: Zion (later Westminster) Presbyterian Church (Charleston, South Carolina, United States), Sessional records 23 April 1858-1 April 1866, p. 59-60, Members of Rev. Jonathan C. Gibbes Organization received as members, list includes Jane Jones (formerly Thorn); Historical Foundation of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches microfilm MFPOS 1552, item 1, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia.
Zion (later Westminster) Presbyterian Church (Charleston, South Carolina, United States), Session minutes, 1866-1885, p. 200-205, 5 August 1869, List of 345 members dismissed to organize a coloured [sic] church, list includes Jane Jones; Historical Foundation of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches microfilm MFPOS 1552, item 3, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia.
Garrison, William Lloyd, ed. The Liberator, January 1, 1831–24 December 1831, v. 1, Digital Commonwealth, Massachusetts Online Collections, http://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/xw42p1401.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, “On this Day in 1831, a Bloody Uprising in the Virginia Countryside,” The Atlantic Monthly, August 1861, reprinted online August 21, 2013, ed. Caroline Kitchener, https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/08/on-this-day-in-1831-a-bloody-uprising-in-the-virginia-countryside/278905/.
Kinzie, Juliette. Wau-Bun: The “Early Day” in the Northwest. Menasha, WI: The Collegiate Press, 1948.
Letter from Arthur Tappan, New York, [New York], to William Lloyd Garrison, October 12, 1831, Digital Commonwealth, Massachusetts Collections Online, https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:2z10zf85x.
“Letter from Hilton to Eliza Williams,” September 13, 1840, Series F: Franklin Cushman’s notebooks, vol. 3: 31–33, (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
“Letter from Hilton to his sister,” (date) 1840, ibid, Vol. 3: 36.
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” April 24, 1835, ibid., Vol. 2: 10–13.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” January 24, 1836, ibid., Vol. 1: 92.
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” September 1, 1836, ibid, Vol. 2: 80–82.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” July 24, 1865, ibid, Vol. 2: 111–117.
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” August 28, 1835, ibid, Vol. 2: 27–29.
“Letter from Hilton to Jason Williams,” November 18, 1834, ibid., Vol. 2: 49.
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” November 3, 1835, ibid, Vol. 2, 42–45.
“Letter from Winthrop to his Eliza Williams,” October 4, 1835, ibid, Vol. 2, 36–38.
“Letter from Winthrop to his Eliza Williams,” December 10, 1835, ibid, Vol. 2, 49–51.
“Letter from Winthrop to his Eliza Williams,” July 10, 1836, ibid.,Vol. 2, 69–71.
“Letter from Winthrop to his Eliza Williams,” July 27, 1836, ibid.,Vol. 2, 75–76.
“Letter from Hilton to his Eliza Williams,” October 8, 1836, ibid.,Vol. 2, 91.
“Letter from Winthrop to Brother Harris,” March 31, 1838, ibid., Vol. 2: 123–125.
“Invoice of six bales cotton shipped by Ewart Williams & Co. aboard Sch Pacific bound for Providence and consigned to WJ Harris,” February 1, 1838, ibid., Vol. 2: 114.
“Letter from Winthrop to WJ Harris,” October 9, 1839, ibid., Vol. 3: 3.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” December 6, 1865, ibid, Vol. 3: 142.
“Letter from Winthrop to Susan Crouch,” marked “received January 3, 1866,” ibid., Vol. 3: 147–148.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” February 12, 1869, ibid., Vol. 4: 97–98.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” September 22, 1873, ibid., Vol. 5: 3–4.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” April 25, 1876, ibid., Vol. 5: 34.
“Letter from Winthrop to Jason Williams,” November 8, 1834, ibid., Vol. 7: 49–54.
“Letter from Susan to Eliza Williams,” September 21, 1837, ibid., Vol. 2, 107–108.
“Letter from Winthrop to Eliza Williams,” March 14 & 16, 1835, ibid., Vol. 2, 2–9.
“Letter from Winthrop to Brother Harris, October 31, 1837, ibid., Vol. 2, 111–113.
“Letter from Hilton to Eliza Williams,” November 14, 1834, Vol. 1, 129–130.
“Letter from Abby and K.S. (Kelita) Elles to Eliza Williams,” March 10 & 16, 1838, ibid., Vol. 2, 119–122.
“Letter from Winthrop to Brother Harris,” February 3, 1838, ibid., Vol. 2, 114–115.
“Letter from Winthrop to Brother Harris,” March 31, 1838, ibid., Vol. 2, 123–125.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sisters,” August 22, 1838, ibid., Vol. 2, 126–128.
Map showing the lands assigned to emigrant Indians west of Arkansas and Missouri, 1836, United States, Topographical Bureau, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4051e.mf000044/.
Turner, Nat. The Confessions of Nat Turner, The Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, VA, as fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray. Baltimore: Lucas and Deaver, 1831. Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/turner/turner.html.
Yuan, Daojun and Zhonghui Tang, Maojun Wang, Wenhui Gao, Lili Tu, Xin Jin, Lingling Chen, Yonghui He, Lin Zhang, Longfu Zhu, Yang Li, Qiqi Liang, Zhongxu Lin, Xiyan Yang, Nian Liu, Shuangxia Jin, Yang Lei, Yuanhao Ding, Guoliang Li, Xiaoan Ruan, Yijun Ruan & Xianlong Zhang. “The Genome Sequence of Sea-Island Cotton (Gossypium barbadense) provides insights into the allopolyploidization and development of superior spinnable fibres,” Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 17662 (2015), https://www.nature.com/articles/srep17662.
Williams, Winthrop. “A Description of Osceola: Winthrop Williams to Mrs. Susan M.S. Crouch, Charleston, January 6, 1838,” The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol 65, No 2 (Apr. 1964), 85–86.
Secondary Sources
“A Note on the Language of the Narratives,” Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936–1938, Library of Congress, Digital Collections, https://www.loc.gov /collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/articles-and -essays/note-on-the-language-of-the-narratives/.
Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Revised Edition. New York: The New Press, 2011.
Bancroft, Frederic. Slave Trading in the Old South, intro. Michael Tadman. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.
Dunbar-Ortiz. An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States. Boston: Beacon Press, 2014. Kindle Ebook.
Freedgood, Elaine. “Souvenirs of Sadism: Mahogany Furniture, Deforestation, and Slavery in Jane Eyre, The Ideas in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Hoffer, Peter Charles. Cry Liberty: The Great Stono River Slave Rebellion of 1729. New Narratives in American History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Kennedy, Cynthia M. Braided Relations, Entwined Lives: The Women of Charleston’s Urban Slave Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
McInnis, Maurie D. Slaves Waiting for Sale: Abolitionist Art and the American Slave Trade. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Pope, Nancy, “America’s First Direct Mail Campaign,” Smithsonian’s National Postal Museum Blog, 29 July 2010, http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2010/07/americas-first-direct-mail -campaign.html.
Rankine, Claudia. “The Making of ‘Citizen’: Claudia Rankine,” Woodberry Poetry Room, Harvard University, published 4 May 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =8RylFX9OG54&t=113s.
Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013. Kindle EBook.
Wagner, Lon. “Nat Turner’s skull turns up far from site of his revolt,” The Baltimore Sun. June 15, 2003, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-06-15/news/0306150247 _1_nat-turner-benjamin-turner-skull.
Wallace, Maurice O. and Shawn Michelle Smith. Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.
Wiegman, Robyn. American Anatomies: Theorizing Race and Gender. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
Chapter 11: Living History
Notes
Juba Simons’ life after 6 Cumberland Street: Winthrop writes that he sold Juba for $100 on January 12, 1838, but he doesn’t say to whom he sold her. The proceeds from her sale are to go to Susan’s daughter Emily, with arrangements made by Winthrop and instructions to Susan: “I also wish you to send me an acknowledgement to this effect ‘that it was by your request that I sold Juba for One Hundred dollars and that you take all responsibility on yourself and hold me harmless for so doing. I have applied to a lawyer here respecting the transfer of this property (that is the Childs portion to her Guardian at Providence he says 1st Application must first be made in the proper court where the Minor resides) . . .’
He also notes that he “presented my account of the Estate today and the ordinary informs me I must have your receipt for all money paid you, the amt of Cash paid you, including your proportion of Housekeeping, passage, Board at Mrs. Dells + water is $48184/100 and for Blankets and Bed clothes, medicine, care +c taken by you 5825/100 this latter is to come from your proportion of the property so says the Ordinary. I wish you to send my by return of mail two receipts say ‘Rec’d of E.H. Williams admin of Est. of Dr. H.W. Crouch ‘Four Hundred + Eighty one 84/100 Dollars from 11 Jany 1837 to 1st October’ 1837 inclusive for support of self and child.” “Letter from Winthrop to Susan,” Series F: Franklin Cushman Notebooks, Vol. 8: 76 (Elijah Williams Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society).
For more on the decision to remove Isaac Royall’s shield from Harvard Law School, please see: Halley, Janet. “My Isaac Royall Legacy,” Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal, Vol. 24 (2008): 117–131, posted online by Harvard Journal on Racial and Ethnic Justice, May 29, 2008, hjrej.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/vol24/Halley.pdf; Steve Annear, “Harvard Law School to Ditch Controversial Shield,” The Boston Globe, March 14, 2016, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/03/14/harvard-law-school-ditch-controversial-shield-with-elements-from-slave-owning-family/UIYgbyviFdwwGKjexZgWqN/story.html
p. 346, For more on Attucks, please see: Kachun, Mitch. First Martyr of Liberty: Crispus Attucks in American Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017; Michael Lee Lanning, The African-American Soldier: from the Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell, Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing, 1997; Kachun, Mitch, “From Forgotten Founder to Indispensible Icon: Crispus Attucks, Black Citizenship, and Collective Memory, 1770–1865,” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 29, 2 (Summer 2009); Stephen Kantrowitz, “A Place for ‘Colored Patriots’: Crispus Attucks among the Abolitionists, 1842–1863,” Massachusetts Historical Review, 2016, Vol.18.
p. 348, For more on women in the Civil War, please see: Sharon Romeo, Gender and Jubilee: Black freedom and reconstruction of citizenship in Civil War Missouri. Studies in the Legal History of the South Ser., Athens: University of Georgia, 2016; Whites, LeeAnn and Alecia P. Long, Gender, Military Occupation, and the American Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012; Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005; Libra R. Hilde, Worth a Dozen Men: Women and Nursing in the Civil War South. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012; Hall, Richard, Patriots in Disguise: women warriors of the Civil War. New York: Paragon House, 1993; Elizabeth Leonard, All the Daring of a Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1999; Deanne Blanton and Lauren M. Cook, They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002; Jami Ann Keegan, Scandal of Patriotism: The forgotten contributions of Michigan’s Native American, women, and African-Americans during the Civil War. Eastern Michigan University, ProQuest Publishing, 2000.
And on Cathay Williams: DeAnne Blanton, “Cathay Williams, Black Woman Soldier 1866–1868,” Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women in the Military, Vol. X, Iss. 3 (Dec. 31, 1992): 1;
For more on the image, visual rhetoric, and representations of African Americans, please see: Raengo, Alessandra. On the Sleeve of the Visual: Race as Face Value. Lebanon: Dartmouth College Press, 2013. Weheliye, Alexander G. Habeas Viscus: Racializing Assemblages, Biopolitics, and Black Feminist Theories of the Human. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014. Hartman, Saidiya. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
p. 356, please see Wells-Barnett, Ida B. On Lynchings. Mineola, NY: Dover Books, 2014.
Primary Sources
Aunt Sally: or, The Cross the Way of Freedom. A Narrative of the Slave-life and Purchase of the Mother of Rev. Isaac Williams, of Detroit, Michigan: Electronic Edition. Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/sally/sally.html.
Denease, Tammy. “Compelled to Servitude: The Story of Belinda,” performance by storyteller Tammy Denease. October 3, 2015, Royall House and Slave Quarters, Medford, MA.
“Letter from Winthrop to Susan,” November 15, 1864 ibid, Vol. 2, 105–106.
“Letter from Hilton to his sister,” February 25, 1863, ibid., Vol. 2, 103–104.
“Letter from Hilton to Susan,” June 25, 1865, ibid., Vol. 2, 106–108.
“Letter from Winthrop to his sister,” 24 July 1865, ibid., Vol. 2, 111–117.
Truth, Sojourner. Narrative of the Life of Sojourner Truth. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1997.
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Quigley, Shawn, Park Guide, “Peter Faneuil and Slavery,” August 22, 2017, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/bost/learn/historyculture/peter-faneuil.htm.
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Rudisel, Christine and Bob Blaisdell. Slave Narratives of the Underground Railroad. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 2014.