81 ANOM, C11A 10:110, “Mémoire de Denonville au ministre sur l’état présent des affaires du Canada depuis le 10 août jusqu’au 31 octobre,” 1688.
82 Hébert, Registre de Sillery, 7; Campeau, “Msakkikkan,” 59.
83 LAC, MG8-A8, 1, “Acte de concession terres du Sault de la Chaudière,” 14 October 1689 (copy in Pièces et documents, 394–5); Roy, Histoire de la Seigneurie de Lauzon, 1: 401; Boily, “Terres amérindiennes,” 187–8. See also Provost, “Le fief Miville,” 33, 36; Campeau, “Msakkikkan,” 60–1.
84 See ANOM, C11A 10: 86–93, Denonville to the Minister, 30 October 1688; ANOM, C11A 10: 244–250v, Champigny to the Minister, 16 November 1689; ANOM, C11A 10: 315–16, Denonville, “Mémoire concernant le Canada,” 1689; “Résumé des lettres sur les sauvages abénaquis,” 1689, CMNF 1: 468–9; ANOM, C11A 10: 535, “Observations sur l’estat des affaires de Canada au depart des vaisseaux,” 18 November 1689; ANOM, C11A 11: 185-94, “Mémoire de Denonville à Seignelay,” January 1690; ANOM, B 15: 121, Louis XIV to Frontenac and Champigny, 14 July 1690.
85 O’Callaghan, ed., DHSNY 2: 20. On the Pennacooks’ movements at this juncture, see Stewart-Smith, “Pennacook Indians,” 224–4; Haefeli and Sweeney, Captors and Captives, 81–4.
86 See, “Résumé des lettres sur les sauvages abénaquis,” 1689, in CMNF 1: 468. On the attack on Dover and subsequent raids, see Bouton, Documents and Records, 2: 50–5; Belknap, History, 1: 198–203, 216–25, 254–5; Mather, Decennium Luctuosum; NYCD 3: 611; Gyles, Memoirs, 1–4.
87 ANOM, C11A 11: 5-40, Monseignat, “Relation [1689-1690]”; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 73–6; DHSM 5: 55–66; CSPC 13: 240; NYCD 4: 115; Newberry Library, Ayer MS 965, “A trew relation given by Robart Wattson”; Belknap, History, 1: 256–60. See also Morrison, Embattled Northeast, 124–5.
88 Ibid.
89 Bullivant, “Mr. Bullivant’s Journall,” 105–6.
90 Publick Occurences, 25 September 1690; Belknap, History, 1: 256–60; Tuttle, Report, 352–5.
91 ANOM, C11A 11: 18v-19, Monseignat, “Relation [1689-1690]”; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 347–8; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 70–2; Catalogne, Recueil, 47–8. For another example of violence between the Mohawks and Sokokis or Loups, see ANOM, C11A 9: 373, Frontenac to Louis XIV, 14 November 1680.
92 ANOM, C11A 11: 18v–19, Monseignat, “Relation [1689–1690]”; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 347–8; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 69–72; Catalogne, Recueil, 47–8.
93 La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 347–8; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 69–72; Catalogne, Recueil, 47–8. See also “Parolles des Sauvages de la Mission de Pentagouet,” 6 January 1691, in CMNF 2: 36 (the clerk or transcriber mistakenly refers to “l’Anglois qui prit mon frère”); “Réponse de Frontenac,” 8 March 1691, in ibid., 2: 38–9; ANOM, C11A 11: 41-79, Monseignat, “Relation [1690 … 1691].” The Pennacook leader Wattanumon may have been among the Kahnawake’ Abenaki captives. In March of 1692 he reported that he had spent a year in captivity at Montreal, and that he and others “were first taken by the Eastern Indians from whom they escaped and afterward by French Indians.” DHSM 5: 376–7. Cf. Calloway, “Wanalancet and Kancagamus,” 285–6; Haefeli and Sweeney, Captors and Captives, 78–84.
94 ANOM, C11A 11: 185–194, Denonville to the Minister, January 1690; ANOM, C11A 10: 535, “Observations sur l’estât des affaires de Canada au départ des vaisseaux, le 18 novembre 1689; ANOM, C11A 11: 321–3, “Observations sur l’état des affaires du Canada”; Louis XIV to Frontenac and Champigny, 14 July 1690, in NYCD 9: 453. On Denonville’s enthusiasm for the Jesuit missions, see also ANOM, C11A 11: 185–94, Denonville to Seignelay, 4 May 1690.
95 Villebon to the Minister (?), 1691, in Blanchet et al., eds., CMNF 2: 47–8; “Mémoire de ce qui est nécessaire pour l’entretien des sauvages de l’Acadie […],” in ibid., 2: 48; ANOM, B 16: 34, Louis XIV to Frontenac and Champigny, 7 April 1691; ANOM, C11D 2: 178–9v, Instructions to Villebon, 7 April 1691; ANOM, C11D 2: 180-2v, Louis XIV to Frontenac, 7 April 1691.
96 “Resumé d’un mémoire pour ces Abenaquis Chrestiens,” 1692, in CMNF 1: 78–9; ANOM, C11A 12: 72–83v, Champigny to the Minister, 5 October 1692. The flurry of correspondence in 1692 and 1693 makes no mention of an extension of the funds to the Jesuit mission at Sillery/Chaudière. For lists of presents and subsidized trading goods shipped directly to Acadia, and references to the funds set aside for the missionaries of Acadia, see, ANOM, B 16: 72 v, “Mémoire des munitions, armes, ustanciles à envoyer aux sauvages de l’Acadie,” 27 February 1692; ANOM, B 16: 106, Louis XIV to Villebon, April 1692; ANOM, B 16: 139, “État des munitions et approvisionnements à envoyer en Acadie,” January 1693; ANOM, B 16: 286, “Munitions et marchandises pour les troupes et les Sauvages d’Acadie,” April 1693; “Estat des présens à envoyer aux chefs abenaquis à l’Acadie, 1693,” in CMNF 2: 111; “Estat des présens à envoyer aux sauvages abenaquis dans lesquels chefs auront part,” in ibid., 2: 111; “Estat des munitions et marchandises embarquez en France sur la frégate ‘La Suzanne’ en 1693, pour estre portez à l’Acadie”, in ibid., 2: 129–30; ANOM, B 17: 44v,“Mémoire pour servir d’instruction au sieur de Villebon,” 13 March 1694; “Estat des présents ordinaires pour les sauvages de l’Acadie,” 3 March 1696, in CMNF 2: 206–7; “Présents des sauvages de l’Acadie,” 1698, in ibid., 2: 291–2.
97 Merlet, Histoire des relations, xiv–xv, 23–41, 45–7; JRAD 69: 68–72; Clair, “Du décor rêvé,” 482–5.
98 LAC, MG1-G1, 461: 5–6, 8. The population remained stable, with 355 inhabitants (including an estimated fifty to seventy warriors) recorded in 1698. See LAC, MG1-G1, 461: 8.
99 ANOM, C11A 12: 256–60v, Champigny to the Minister, 17 August 1693.
100 BNF, Manuscrits français 6453, f. 52v–53v, [Jacques Bigot], “De la mission de St. François de Sales,” 29 October 1694; LAC, MG17-A6-2, 161: 14–17, Jacques Bigot to Father Lucas, 8 October 1694. For the presence of Louis André, see parish registers of Saint François du Lac, esp. baptism of Pierre-Louis Parenteau, 12 January 1690.
101 BNF, Manuscrits français 6453, f. 54, [Jacques Bigot], “De la mission de St. François de Sales,” 29 October 1694; LAC, MG17-A6-2, 161: 14-17, Jacques Bigot to Father Lucas, 8 October 1694. For one of the rare accounts distinguishing the activity of the warriors from the Chaudière in the New England theatre of war, see Champigny to the Minister, 5 October 1692, in CMNF 2: 89–90.
102 ANOM, C11A 12: 182–205v, Monseignat, “Relation [1692–1693]”; ANOM, C11A 14: 35–64, Monseignat, “Relation [1695 … 1696]”; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 185, 225, 247; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 319–20.
103 ANOM, C11A 12: 182–205v, Monseignat, “Relation [1691–1692].”
104 ANOM, C11A 15: 3–21, Monseignat, “Relation [1696–1697].”
105 LIR, 189–90; Wraxall, Abridgement, 60, 91; NYCD 4: 337, 575–7, 648–52, 743–5, 983–5, 990–2.
106 NYSA, A1894 41:25, Propositions made to Governor Benjamin Fletcher by the Schaghticoke Indians, 14 January 1697.
107 On the Abenaki presence at the discussions in 1700, see La Potherie, Histoire, 4: 146; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 372; ANOM, C11A 18: 85, 87v, 88, “Discours des Iroquois qui sont venus à Montréal avec le père Bruyas et les sieurs de Maricourt et Joncaire. Réponses de Callière. Discours de chefs […],” 3 September 1700. On their presence in 1701, see La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 251–2; ANOM, C11A 19: 43, “Ratification de la paix,” August-September 1701. The Abenakis of Acadia were represented by a certain Mask8adoue or Meskouadoue in both 1700 and 1701, accompanied that latter year by Ounag8imy, Netamimes (?), and other “principaux Abenakis de l’Acadie.”
108 ANOM, C11A 15: 3–21, Monseignat, “Relation [1696–1697].”
109 ANOM, C11A 15: 22–37, Monseignat, “Relation [1697–1698]”; NYCD 4: 338–41; ANOM, B 20: 42, Louis XIV to Villebon, 26 March 1698; ANOM, B 20: 42v, Minister to Villebon, 26 March 1698; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 335; NYCD 4: 343–4.
110 LAC, MG8-A8, 1: 465, “Acte de concession terres du Sault de la
Chaudière,” 5 March 1697; Boily, “Terres amérindiennes,” 189–91.
111 Bigot, Relation de la Mission Abnaquise, 7–8.
112 ANOM, C11A 17: 69, Champigny to the Minister, 20 October 1699.
113 BANQ-M, notary Antoine Adhémar, “Concession de terre située au haut de la seigneurie de St-François par Marguerite Hertel […] et Joseph Crevier de St-François […] aux Sauvages Abénakis et Sokokis,” 23 August 1700; Maurault, Histoire des Abénaquis, 278–81; Boily, “Terres amérindiennes,” 191–7.
114 BANQ-M, notary Antoine Adhémar, “Concession de terre située au haut de la seigneurie de St-François par Marguerite Hertel […] et Joseph Crevier de St-François […] aux Sauvages Abénakis et Sokokis,” 23 August 1700. Regarding the seigneury’s vulnerability, see NYCD 4: 66, 236; Brandão, Your Fyre Shall Burn No More, appendix D.
115 ANOM, G1, 461: 6, Census of 1698.
116 There has been some confusion surrounding the use of the name Arsikantegouk (Arsikanteg8k, arsi-kantek8, Alsig8ntegw, Arosaguntacook), variants of which have mistakenly been used to refer to the Wabanaki inhabitants of the Androscoggin River. Day, Identity of Saint Francis Indians, 1–5; Ghere, “‘Disappearance,’” 73–4, and “Abenaki Factionalism,” 2, 118–21; cf. Snow, “Eastern Abenaki,” 143–6. See also Charland, “Définition et reconstitution,” 162–70.
117 Bigot, Relation de la Mission Abnaquise, 15–17; La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 309. According to Abenaki oral tradition reported by Maurault, Bigot left Quebec with 1,500 warriors, 500 of whom remained at Bécancour and the rest at Saint François. Maurault thought that these figures might refer to total numbers, rather than just warriors. Charland and Day after him have countered that even these figures would be too high, given that the 1698 census reported a population of only 355 at the mission on the Chaudière. Maurault, Histoire des Abénaquis, 282–3; Charland, Histoire des Abénakis, 22; Day, Identity of Saint Francis Indians, 32.
118 Bigot, Relation de la Mission Abnaquise, 7–10; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 121.
119 Bigot, Relation de la Mission Abnaquise, 15–17.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1 Regarding La Plaque’s activity, see La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 322–3; 3: 154, 179, 191–2, 199, 204, 211, 224; ANOM, C11A 11: 259, Champigny to the Minister, 10 May 1691; ANOM, C11A 12: 93–95v, “Mémoire de Champigny sur ce qui s’est passé au sujet de la guerre de novembre 1691 à octobre 1692,” 5 October 1692. English sources allude to warriors led by a certain Onontaquirott or Onwondaquiro against Boston in 1693, and towards Albany in 1695. Brodhead et al., eds., NYCD 4: 50, 124. French sources allude to an Onateguen who led warriors against Onondaga in 1693. BNF, Département des manuscrits, Français 6453, f.4v, “Relation des affaires des Iroquois (1692–1693).” Tentative linguistic evidence supports the circumstantial evidence that this is the same man: plaque de fusil (gun plate) was “otginonkara” in Onondaga. See Shea, French-Onondaga Dictionary, 80. Lahontan, for his part, describes La Plaque as “a Seneca raised among the French,” erroneously it seems. Lahontan, Oeuvres, 2: 1029–30. In later years, his attachment to the French waned. For his later life, see ANOM, C11A 122: 14, Copy of an anonymous letter, 30 September 1705; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 86; 6: 33; ANOM, C11A 30: 112, Vaudreuil’s instructions to Ramezay, 14 July 1709.
2 La Potherie, Histoire, 1: 522.
3 “Lettre du père Cholenec,” in Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, 6: 100–127; Charlevoix, Histoire, 1: 587–99.
4 “Lettre du père Cholenec,” in Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, 6: 100–127; Charlevoix, Histoire 1: 587–90.
5 Parmenter, “After Mourning Wars,” 80, and Edge of Woods, 221; Brandão, Your Fyre Shall Burn No More, appendix D; Keener, “Ethnohistoric Perspective,” appendix 3. On the executions in the missions and at Montreal, see LAC, MG17-A7-2, 7: 4157-4161, Tronson to Belmont, 30 May 1690.
6 Havard, Great Peace; Brandão and Starna, “Treaties of 1701”; Parmenter, Edge of Woods, 231–73.
7 ANOM, C11A 11:186, Denonville to Seignelay, January 1690 ; ANOM, C11A 10: 217–24, Frontenac to the Minister, 15 November 1689; Memoir of the king to Frontenac and Champigny, 14 July 1690, copy in NYCD 9: 453; ANOM, C11A 11: 86–98v, Frontenac to the Minister, 12 November 1690; BNF, 13516, f. 76, Belmont, “Recueil” (cf. Belmont, Histoire de l’eau de vie, 18). Charlevoix suggests that the return to the south shore took place shortly after the Schenectady raid. Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 65. Jean Leclerc’s claim that Denonville attempted to persuade the Kahnawakes to return home through the fall of 1689 is unconvincing. Leclerc, Denonville, 258.
8 Brandão, Your Fyre Shall Burn No More, appendix D.
9 Accounts of the negotiations diverge. NYCD 3: 777–8; ANOM, C11A 11: 41–79v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1690–1691]”; ANOM, C11A 10: 9–12v, Bruyas to Frontenac, 5 April 1691, copy in Thwaites, ed., JRAD 64: 56–64; NYSA, A1894, v. 37, no. 56, “Relation concerning Canada, brought by two Maquase to Albany,” 28 April 1691; see BNF, 13516, f. 41, Belmont, “Recueil” (“ganna8ages” is misleadingly transcribed as “Ganneyousses” in ibid., Histoire du Canada, 33); La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 129–33; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 135–8; NYCD 3: 782.
10 Ibid.
11 ANOM, C11A 10: 9–12v, Bruyas to Frontenac, 5 April 1691, copy in JRAD 64: 56–64; ANOM, C11A 11: 251–251v, Champigny to the Minister, 12 May 1691; ANOM, C11A 12: 93–95v, Champigny, “Mémoire,” 5 October 1692; ANOM, C11A 11: 41–79v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1690–1691]”; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 137–8; NYCD 3: 777–8.
12 See BNF, 13516, f. 41v, Belmont, “Recueil” (the published version does not include Belmont’s list of the dead, and erroneously transcribes “semoint” [sic] as “dormoient”: ibid., Histoire du Canada, 33); ibid., Histoire de l’eau de vie, 17. See also ANOM, C11A 11: 41–79v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1690–1691]”; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 138.
13 ANOM, C11A 11: 41–79v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1690–1691]”; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 153; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 144–5. La Potherie spells it Tannouraoua.
14 ANOM, C11A 10: 9–12v, Bruyas to Frontenac, 5 April 1691; NYCD 9: 515; ANOM, C11A 11: 252–260v, Champigny to the Minister, 10 May 1691. One of the two emissaries who stayed behind was named Taonnochrio. NYCD 3: 782.
15 NYCD 9: 517; Belmont, Histoire du Canada, 33; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 133–4; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 141–4. An English source alludes to thirty warriors going out against the Onondagas in June. NYCD 3: 782.
16 NYCD 3:790, 800–5; Richter, “Rediscovered Links,” 85; ANOM, C11A 11: 41–9v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1690–1691],”; NYSA, A1894, v. 38, no. 158, “Examination of Two Frenchmen,” 1 August 1692 ; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 138–44; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 149–55; BNF, 13516, f. 42–42v, Belmont, “Recueil” (here again the published version errs by indicating that the warriors were wavering, when the original indicates that the habitants did so. Ibid., Histoire du Canada, 33–4). For an overview of the battles, see Bourdages et al., 1691.
17 For a sense of the whirlwind of suspicion and blame projected by the governor and his entourage, see Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 141–4; ANOM, C11A 11: 233v, Frontenac to the Minister, 20 October 1691.
18 NYCD 3: 815, 817; Catalogne, Recueil, 47; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 154–5; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 163; BNF, 13516, f. 42v, Belmont, “Recueil” (ibid., Histoire du Canada, 34). For evidence that Onnonragewas (Onnonragouas) had been killed, see NYCD 9: 525. For Mohawk population statistics, see Parmenter, Edge of Woods, 291.
19 According to Belmont and La Potherie, the victims were led by the Seneca headman Sategaronhies. Belmont mentions 6 “Sauteurs” (certainly meaning the Kahnawakes, as no other account alludes to Sauteurs proper, i.e. Ojibwa Anishinabeg from the Great Lakes) and 3 chiefs of Kanehsatake killed. Catalogne mentions the death of “trois ou quatre de nos plus braves sauvages.” ANOM, C11A 12: 93–95v, Champigny, “Mémoire,” 5 October 1692 (gives 120 Frenchmen and 205 allies); BNF, 13516, f. 42v–43, Belmont, “Recueil” (Sategaronhies in the original is tr
anscribed as Tateguenondahi, and the names of the 3 chiefs are not transcribed at all, in ibid., Histoire du Canada, 34). Catalogne, Recueil, 52–3; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 155–7; Charlevoix, Histoire 3: 163–4.
20 ANOM, C11A 12: 93-95v, Champigny, “Mémoire,” 5 October 1692; ANOM, C11A 12: 182-205v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693].”
21 Leder, ed., LIR, 162–7; NYCD 9: 538, 555–6.
22 ANOM, C11A 12: 46-48v, Frontenac and Champigny to the Minister, 11 November 1692; ANOM, C11A 12: 87v, Champigny to the Minister, 10 November 1692; ANOM, C11A 12: 182–205v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693]”; BNF, Département des manuscrits, Français 6453, f.1, “Relation des affaires des Iroquois (1692–1693)”; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 167–9; Charlevoix, Histoire 3: 183–4.
23 ANOM, C11A 12: 87v, Champigny to the Minister, 10 November 1692; ANOM, C11A 12: 183, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693].” For Frontenac’s misgivings, see Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 185.
24 La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 129–30, 158–61; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 168.
25 Tatakwiséré’s name is here spelled Tataconicere (elsewhere Tatachquiserax, Tatachquistioro, Thatha Kouicheré, Tatak8isseré, Tak8isseré, Tatacoüisseré, Tatta8isseré). ANOM, C11A 12: 256–260v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693],” 12 August 1693; ANOM, C11A 12: 46–48v, Frontenac and Champigny to the Minister, 11 November 1692; ANOM, C11A 12: 87v, Champigny to the Minister, 10 November 1692; ANOM, C11A 12: 183–183v, Monseignat, “Relation … [1692–1693]”; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 168; Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 183–4.
26 ANOM, C11A 12: 256, Monseignat, “Relation […] 1692 […] 1693”; BNF, Département des manuscrits, Français 6453, f.1, “Relation des affaires des Iroquois (1692–93)”; La Potherie, Histoire, 3: 169–70. Whereas La Potherie concurs with these sources, i.e. that the Christian Iroquois had “resolved to adopt other [i.e. this] extreme measure,” historians have tended to follow Charlevoix who, chronicling these events several decades later, placed the initiative squarely with Frontenac. Charlevoix, Histoire, 3: 170, 185–6. See also Colden, History of the Five Indian Nations (1747), 181–2; Eccles, Frontenac, 252.
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