29. R. B. Lathi, C. A. Liebert, K. F. Brookfield, et al., “Conjugated Bisphenol A in Maternal Serum in Relation to Miscarriage Risk,” Fertility and Sterility 102, no. 1 (July 2014):123–28.
30. M. Sugiura-Ogasawara, Y. Ozaki, S. Sonta, et al., “Exposure to Bisphenol A Is Associated with Recurrent Miscarriage,” Human Reproduction 20, no. 8 (August 2005): 2325–29.
31. Nagaoka et al., “Human Aneuploidy,” 502.
32. Roger Highfield, “IVF Success Rate Is Too Low, Says Lord Winston,” The Telegraph, June 9, 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3343919/IVF-success-rate-is-too-low-says-Lord-Winston.html.
33. Bart C. J. M. Fauser, “Relevance of embryo competence for successful IVF, and role of GCSF,” presentation at the 24th World Congress on Controversies in Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility (COGI), Amsterdam, November 11, 2016.
34. M. A. Santos, E. W. Kuijk, and N. S. Macklon, “The Impact of Ovarian Stimulation for IVF on the Developing Embryo,” Reproduction 139, no. 1 (January 2010): 23–34.
35. Jacques Cohen, “MRT and PGD As a First-Line Treatment for Mitochondrial Disorders,” presentation at the 24th World Congress on Controversies in Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility (COGI), November 12, 2016.
36. M. F. Verberg, M. J. Eijkemans, N. S. Macklon, et al., “The Clinical Significance of the Retrieval of a Low Number of Oocytes Following Mild Ovarian Stimulation for IVF: A Meta-analysis,” Human Reproduction Update 15, no. 1 (January-February 2009): 5–12.
37. Rubio et al., “Prospective Cohort Study.”
38. Grabar and Stefanovich, “Aneuploidies in Oocytes Used.”
39. G. N. Allahbadia, “Have We Finally Written the Obituary for Conventional IVF?,” IVF Lite 1, no. 1 (2014): 1–5.
40. J. J. Zhang, Z. Merhi, M. Yang, et al., “Minimal Stimulation IVF versus Conventional IVF: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 214, no. 1 (January 2016): 96.e1–8.
41. Kato, “Natural-Cycle IVF” presentation.
42. Dr. Bernstein served as a lead investigator in these studies, using humanlike models of midlife female mice. She performed initial studies with Professor Duane Kraemer and colleagues at Texas A&M University, then with University of Maryland School of Medicine professors Istvan Merchenthaler and Charles Chaffin, and research assistant Amelia Mackenzie. See L. R. Bernstein, A. C. Mackenzie, S. J. Lee, et al., “Activin Decoy Receptor ActRIIB:Fc Lowers FSH and Therapeutically Restores Oocyte Yield, Prevents Oocyte Chromosome Misalignments and Spindle Aberrations, and Increases Fertility in Midlife Female SAMP8 Mice,” Endocrinology 157, no. 3 (March 2016): 1234–47.
43. Pregmama, “About,” http://www.datlof.com/2Pregmama/about.cfm.
44. Lori R. Bernstein, “Hormone Normalization Therapy Comprising Administration of Aromatase Inhibitor, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Gonadotropin Hormone Releasing Hormone and/or Progesterone,” US Patent application No. US9,056,072 B2, filed June 16, 2015.
Chapter 14
1. Fertility Authority, “New York Infertility Insurance Mandate,” accessed December 11, 2017, https://www.fertilityauthority.com/costs/insurance-coverage/new-york-infertility-insurance-mandate. New York Consolidated Laws, Insurance, Sections 3221 and 4303.
2. See Infertility Resources, “Pharmacies,” http://www.ihr.com/infertility/provider/pharmacy.html, for a list of domestic and international pharmacies.
3. What to Expect, “Fertility Treatments—Jobs with Infertility Coverage,” accessed December 11, 2017, http://www.whattoexpect.com/forums/fertility-treatments/topic/jobs-with-infertility-coverage-51.html.
4. Laura Lorenzetti, “These 11 Companies Offer 100% Healthcare Coverage,” Fortune, March 11, 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/03/11/companies-offer-all-healthcare-coverage/.
5. FertilityIQ, “The FertilityIQ Family Builder Workplace Index: 2017–2018,” accessed December 10, 2017, https://www.fertilityiq.com/fertilityiq-data-and-notes/fertilityiq-best-companies-to-work-for-family-builder-workplace-index-2017-2018.
6. Shelby Livingston, “Fertility Treatment Costs Scare Off Employers,” Business Insurance, January 17, 2016, http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20160117/NEWS03/160119856/fertility-treatment-costs-scare-off-employers-but-those-who-offer.
7. Anna Medaris Miller, “Should You Travel Abroad for IVF?,” U.S. News & World Report, December 15, 2015; Fertility Treatment Abroad, “IVF Prices: What Is the Cost of Fertility Treatment Abroad?,” accessed December 11, 2017, http://fertility.treatmentabroad.com/costs. See also www.patientsbeyondborders.com.
8. Robert Winston, “Robert Winston: ‘I Do Have a Very Dark Side,’ ” The Telegraph, August 15, 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/3637695/Robert-WinstonI-do-have-a-very-dark-side.html.
9. FertilityIQ, “About us,” accessed March 1, 2018, https://www.fertilityiq.com/who-we-are.
10. FertilityIQ, “FertilityIQ Data & Notes,” accessed December 11, 2017, https://www.fertilityiq.com/fertilityiq-data-and-notes.
11. Tamar Lewin, “Industry’s Growth Leads to Leftover Embryos, and Painful Choices,” New York Times, June 17, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/us/embryos-egg-donors-difficult-issues.html?_r=0.
12. Nick Loeb, “Sofía Vergara’s Ex-Fiancé: Our Frozen Embryos Have a Right to Live,” New York Times, April 29, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/opinion/sofiavergaras-ex-fiance-our-frozen-embryos-have-a-right-to-live.html.
13. Reber v. Reiss, 42 A.3d 1131 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012); Angie Leventis Lourgos, “Judge Gives Embryos to Woman Over Objection from Ex-boyfriend,” Chicago Tribune, May 16, 2014, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-judge-gives-embryos-to-woman-over-objection-from-exboyfriend-20140516-story.html.
14. The eight states that permit embryonic stem cell research as of 2016 are California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York. States that restrict or ban it include Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. For a complete list, see National Conference of State Legislatures, “Embryonic and Fetal Research Laws,” January 1, 2016, http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/embryonic-and-fetal-research-laws.aspx.
15. Andrew Vorzimer, “Get Pregnant with Built-On Spec Embryos or Get Your Money Back!,” The Spin Doctor, http://www.eggdonor.com/blog/2012/11/20/pregnant-built-spec-embryos-money/.
16. Lewin, “Industry’s Growth.”
17. Stein, “New York Fertility Doctor.”
18. Charlotte Pritchard, “The Girl with Three Biological Parents,” BBC News Magazine, September 1, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28986843.
19. Conor Gaffey, “Three-Person Baby Born in Ukraine After Doctors Use Novel Technique,” Newsweek, January 18, 2017, http://www.newsweek.com/three-person-baby-born-ukraine-after-doctors-use-novel-technique-543878.
20. The CRISPR-Cas9 is a two-part molecular scissors comprising a DNA-cutting protein called Cas9 and a short piece of RNA that guides the protein to a gene that scientists want to snip.
21. T. H. Saey, “New Era of Human Embryo Gene Editing Begins,” Science News 190, no. 9 (October 29, 2016): 15. See also E. Callaway, “Gene-editing Research in Human Embryos Gains Momentum,” Nature 532, no. 7,599 (April 21, 2016): 289–90.
22. Myers et al., “Effectiveness of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).”
23. Eliza Barclay, “Scientists Successfully Used CRISPR to Fix a Mutation That Causes Disease. This Is Huge,” Vox, August 2, 2017, https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/2/16083300/crispr-heart-disease.
Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
abortion:
and disposal of unused embryos, 227
missed, 40–41
Roe v. Wade (1973) and, 175, 176
selective reduction in, 156–57, 190
Abraham (Biblical figure), 127
Access Fertility, 183
accidental incest, 149
acne and PCOS, 10
acupuncture, xv, 14, 17, 22–33, 48, 68, 105, 141, 144, 205, 207
Acupuncture Denver, 8
adoption process:
in Russia, 116–17
in UK, 116, 117
in US, 116
adrenoleukodystrophy, 78
Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago, 16
Advanced Reproductive Care (ARC Fertility), 182
advertising, 171, 185
false, 165
Advil, 4
Aetna, 17
Affordable Care Act, 217
Africa, 193
age:
of blastocyst, 77
maternal, 19, 80, 83, 204
AIDS, 154
Alaska, 129
alternative therapies, 14
see also acupuncture; traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
AltraVita clinic, 136, 141, 145–46
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM):
on clarification of parentage laws, 129
class action suit against, 171
on donor anonymity, 151
on ethics of mosaics’ transfer, 82
and ethics of selling embryos, 229
fertility clinics as members of, 166
on immunological suppression treatments, 111
on limiting sperm donation, 149
on professional standards, 167
anatomical abnormalities, 100–106
Anderson, Becky, 147
aneuploidy:
definition of, 65–66, 82
and IVF procedures as possible cause of, 92, 199–201
use of Pregmama to prevent, 213
see also preimplantation genetic screening (PGS)
Annas, George, 169
anonymity:
of egg and sperm donors, 150, 151–53, 155, 195
of fertility lottery entrants, 183
anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), 15–16, 17–18
antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), 52–53, 139
antral follicles:
and AMH levels, 18
defined, 15
Apple, 220
arcuate uterus, 102–3
Arizona, 128
Arkansas, 128
array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), 80, 81
artificial insemination, see intrauterine insemination (IUI)
ART Institute of Washington, 208
ART World Congress (2016), 92, 198–99
Ashby, Rachel, 65–66
Asians, as egg donors, 171
aspirin, 106–7
assisted reproductive technology (ART):
and blastocysts, 74–77
evaluating clinics and specialists, 69–72
IUI as least invasive and least expensive form of, 48–49
patient research of, 63–72
preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and screening (PGS), 77–84
protocols in, 72–74
and religious issues, 54, 105, 175
see also specific therapies
Attain IVF, 182
Australia, 150, 164, 166, 193
Austria, 150
autoimmune disorders, 53, 107–14
Baby Business, The (Spar), 171–72
Baby Computer, 14, 47, 55
Baby Mama (movie), 115
Bank of America, 220
Batzofin, Joel, 118, 119, 121–22, 123, 125, 126, 184, 189, 237–39
Baylor College of Medicine, 118
BBC, 120
Beer, Alan, 109, 110, 112
Belgium, 128, 150, 191, 228
Ben-Rafael, Zion, 209
Berger, Merle, 185
Berle, Milton, xiii
Bernstein, Lori, 212–14
birth control pills:
Clomid studied as use for, 7
for IVF treatment, 57, 61
for pregnancy prevention, 7
birth defects:
Clomid as possible cause of, 8
gene editing to prevent, 233
use of folate to prevent, 204
see also chromosomal abnormalities
Bisphenol A (BPA), 205–6
Blakeway, Jill, 32
blastocysts:
age of, and success of IVF, 76
mosaic, 81–82, 199–200
from reduced-dose IVF cycles, 210
testing of, 81
use of in ART, 60, 74–77
blocked tubes, 19
blood clots, 52–53, 106
blood tests:
to assess hormone levels, 15, 27, 105
insurance coverage for, 219
not useful for measuring NK cells, 111
blood thinners, 59
blood transfusions, 110
blurred vision, 8
Boston IVF, 185
Boston University School of Public Health, Center for Health Law, Ethics & Human Rights at, 169
Bourn Hall Clinic, 208
BPA, 202, 205–6
Braithwaite, Jeffrey, 46, 47, 48, 94
Braude, Peter, 232
BRCA1 mutation, 78
breast cancer:
genetic mutation for, 78
letrozole as treatment for, 11
and possible link with fertility drugs, 173
breastfeeding, 124
breath work, 28
Brenda (potential surrogate), 126
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 65, 126
Brisman, Melissa, 119, 129
British National Health Service, 180
British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 50
British Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 111
Brown, John, 174
Brown, Lesley, 174
Brown, Louise, 173–77, 216
Bush, George W., 176
B vitamins, 204–5
C, Mr. (HSG specialist), 101–2
California, 128, 153, 155, 192, 193, 228, 229
California, University of:
at Irvine, 32
at San Francisco, 168, 179
California Conceptions, 229
Canada, 150, 164, 191, 193, 220
Canavan disease, 219
cancer:
breast, 11, 78
Clomid as possible cause of, 7–8
legal aspects of frozen embryos, 228
patients with, and ART, 135, 162, 170, 180
possible link between fertility drugs and, 169, 172, 173
Caplan, Arthur, 174, 176
Carter, Helena Bonham, 8
Catherine (surrogate), 121–25, 144–48
catheters, 49, 101–2
Center for Human Reproduction, 187
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
and clinic’s measure of success, 83, 165, 187, 188, 189, 191
and guidelines for fertility centers, 166–67, 187, 188
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 165–66
cerclage, 104–6
cervical incompetence, 104–6
Chanel, 220
Chang, Raymond, 32
charting menstrual cycle, 46–47
chemotherapy, 228
Child-Parent Security Act, 129
children:
and citizenship issues, 124, 194–97
and knowledge of genetic heritage, 148, 149, 150–52
see also siblings
China, 193, 233
see also traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
Christopher Robin (char.), 63
chromosomal abnormalities:
aneuploid cells and, 65–66, 82
effect of FSH levels on, 17
as leading cause of sporadic miscarriage, 91, 93
most common cause of miscarriage, 43–44
and PGD a
nd PGS, 77–84
results of, 200–203
citizenship issues in surrogacy, 124, 194–97
Clearblue Fertility Monitor, see Baby Computer
Clexane (heparin), 53, 55, 59, 68, 95, 106–7, 112, 113–14
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1988 (CLIA), 165
Clomid (clomiphene citrate), 46, 97, 163, 172, 209
masks steroids on drug tests, 9
as most widely used fertility drug, 6–10, 29
as non-invasive fertility treatment, 14
possible link with ovarian tumors, 173
side effects of, 4, 5, 8–9
used against PCOS, 11
use of, with IUI, 49, 50
CNN International, 147
Cochrane review, 10, 111
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 204–5
Cohen, Jacques, 208, 231
Colorado, 129
Colorado, University of, Advanced Reproductive Medicine, 151
Columbia University:
College of Physicians and Surgeons of, 26
Medical Center of, 168, 232
Rosenthal Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine of, 26
compensation for egg donors, 170–72
complementary therapies, 14
see also acupuncture; traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
conflict of interest, 165, 185–87
Congress, US, 232, 234
Connecticut, 129, 217
Connect the World (TV show), 147
consular report of birth abroad (CRBA), 194–97
Cook catheter, 101, 102
Cooper Health Clinic, 141
Cornell University, 32
Cosmopolitan Conceptions: IVF Sojourns in Global Dubai (Inhorn), 193
cost:
advantage of low-cost (“mini”) IVF, vs. regular, 209–10, 220
of fertility treatments in US, xviii, 178–79, 221
and financing for IVF, xviii, 179–84, 192
of infertility drugs, 178
international cost of IVF treatment, 221
of multiple pregnancies, 168–69
vs. risk of treatments, 96, 169
and success rate of IUI, 49–50
of third-party parenting, 179
of ultrasound machine, 184
variability of, and success rate, 177
see also insurance
COTS (Childlessness Overcome Through Surrogacy), 121
CRISPR-Cas9, 233
Conceivability_What I Learned Exploring the Frontiers of Fertility Page 31