“Although he didn’t use his own email address”: Email message from Naijia Guan to Shi Kun, November 11, 2011, Exhibit 8, Memo to Dr. Ralph Wilcox.
“extremely affected”: Letter from Guan to Karen Holbrook, November 8, 2011, Exhibit 3, Memo to Dr. Ralph Wilcox.
“it became clear that”: Lara Wade-Martinez, “USF Response to Dan Golden,” October 17, 2014.
The university suspended him: “Notice of Suspension,” letter from the provost’s office to Peng, May 23, 2013.
the university offered to shorten: “Settlement and General Release Agreement Between the University of South Florida Board of Trustees and Dr. Dajin Peng,” proposed agreement that expired November 8, 2013.
11: NO-SPY ZONE
a letter cosigned by an FBI lawyer: Ibison and James P. Greene, chief division counsel, sent the letter on April 4, 2012, to Greg W. Kehoe, USF’s lawyer.
over the FBI’s objections: Lara Wade-Martinez, email message to the author, February 2, 2015.
detecting key phrases in conversations: See, for example, the IARPA-funded Babel project, https://www.iarpa.gov/index.php/research-programs/babel.
“drones kill kids”: Ally Johnson, “Protests Shut Down CIA Director’s Talk at Penn,” Daily Pennsylvanian, April 1, 2016.
At twenty-five to thirty-five universities each year: Lara C. Tang, “CIA Hosts Recruitment Event on Campus,” Harvard Crimson, April 2, 2015.
Postol spoiled the celebration: Daniel Golden, “Missile-Blower,” Boston Globe Magazine, July 19, 1992.
wrote a scathing memoir: Jones, The Human Factor.
When I visited him in 2012: Daniel Golden, “Why the Professor Went to Prison,” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 1, 2012.
more than twice as many: http://www.globalhighered.org/. The United Kingdom is second with thirty-eight.
to bar foreign students: Julia Edwards, “U.S. Targets Spying Threat on Campus with Proposed Research Clampdown,” Reuters, May 20, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-students-idUSKCN0YB1QT.
about two-thirds stay: “Five-Year Stay Rates for U.S. S&E Doctorate Recipients with Temporary Visas at Graduation, by Selected Country/Region/Economy,” Table 3-29, Science and Engineering Indicators 2014, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/index.cfm/chapter-3/c3s6.htm#s3.
“Users do not need to search”: Wankun Zhu email message to the author, June 20, 2016.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
Ball, Philip. Invisible: The Dangerous Allure of the Unseen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Bergman, Ronen. The Secret War with Iran: The 30-Year Clandestine Struggle Against the World’s Most Dangerous Terrorist Power. New York: Free Press, 2008.
Blum, William. The CIA: A Forgotten History. London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1986.
Carmichael, Scott W. True Believer: Inside the Investigation and Capture of Ana Montes, Cuba’s Master Spy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007.
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Crumpton, Henry A. The Art of Intelligence: Lessons from a Life in the CIA’s Clandestine Service. New York: Penguin Group, 2012.
Dawidoff, Nicholas. The Catcher Was a Spy. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.
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Hannas, William C., James Mulvenon, and Anna B. Puglisi. Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization. New York: Routledge, 2013.
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Paget, Karen M. Patriotic Betrayal: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Secret Campaign to Enroll American Students in the Crusade Against Communism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
While I have long covered higher education, reporting and writing Spy Schools required me also to understand espionage and intelligence agencies, a world I’d encountered mainly in novels and movies. Aware of my limitations and unsure of my judgment, I have depended more than ever on the kindness of family, friends, colleagues, and, yes, strangers.
First, I would like to thank my smart, tireless agent, Lynn Johnston, who not only marketed and advocated for this book but also skillfully edited my proposal. Serena Jones, my editor at Holt, guided and shaped Spy Schools, kept me on track, and was a constant source of insight and good advice. Her editorial assistant, Madeline Jones, was also a pleasure to work with.
I am indebted to my sister, Olivia Golden, my lifelong friend Katie Hafner, and my friend and former colleague David Glovin for reading the manuscript at various stages and improving it with their wise counsel. My friends Charles Stein, Mina Kimes, and Kirsten Lundberg made helpful suggestions on various chapters.
Because Spy Schools is international in scope, I enlisted the help of journalists based abroad. Michael Standaert, Su Dongxia, and Jessica Meyers contributed outstanding reporting in China, and Paul O’Mahony and Stepan Kravchenko did the same in Sweden and Russia, respectively. Kean Zhang translated documents from the Chinese and researched Chinese-language websites. Ronen Bergman shared his expertise
on U.S.-Israeli intelligence activities regarding Iran’s nuclear weapons program.
I am grateful to Nigel West, I. C. Smith, Mark Galeotti, and others for taking the time to enlighten me about the basics of intelligence work. David Major generously gave me access to the CI Centre database. Lili Sun compiled an authoritative list of Chinese defendants in espionage cases who attended U.S. universities. Also helpful with research advice and contacts were James Bandler, Renee Dudley, Michael Smith, Shai Oster, Prashant Gopal, Priscilla Lee, John Hechinger, Peter Toren, and Jeffrey Richelson. Nirmala Kannankutty at the National Science Foundation and Sharon Witherell at the Institute of International Education were invaluable sources of data on foreign researchers and students in the United States. Sara Logue, an archivist at Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library at Princeton, provided Marta Rita Velázquez’s senior thesis and other documents.
My lawyers at the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, especially Katie Townsend and Adam Marshall, as well as local counsel Bruce S. Rosen, brilliantly pursued my open records case involving New Jersey Institute of Technology and the FBI. Due to a quirk of state law, we included a New Jersey resident as a co-plaintiff, and Holt’s Tracy Locke fulfilled that role admirably.
My thanks also go to the public relations professionals at universities and government agencies who cheerfully responded to my requests and endured my badgering, especially Lara Wade-Martinez at the University of South Florida, Dennis O’Shea at Johns Hopkins, Lindsey Waldrop at the School of Advanced International Studies, Mark Johnson at Arizona State, and Susan McKee at the FBI.
Without University of South Florida professor Dajin Peng, this book would not exist. He contacted me about his predicament, supplied me with key emails and documents, and answered my questions for hours on end. Laurie Hays, Jonathan Kaufman, John Brecher, and Tom Moroney encouraged my Bloomberg articles about Peng, which Gary Putka and Peter Jeffrey edited with care. Katherine Kriegman Graham, Bloomberg’s newsroom counsel, advised me on open records requests for the Peng articles, and also connected me with the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. John Ring at Bloomberg’s Boston bureau came to my rescue during many a computer-related office mishap. Reto Gregori, deputy editor in chief at Bloomberg News, granted me the leave of absence during which much of this book was reported and written.
My family was supportive far beyond my fondest hopes. My sister, Olivia, helped me conceptualize key themes and sections, especially the conclusion. My son, Steven, set up my home office, assembled my personal computer, stored my files, transferred open records documents from discs, and enthusiastically solved my every digital need. My beloved wife and best friend, Kathy, offered countless sagacious suggestions, accompanied me on reporting trips, and did her best to keep me from obsessing.
There are many other people who deserve credit, but for various good reasons they shared their information and insights anonymously. I hope they enjoy this book, and take pride in their vital contributions.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Aalborg University
Abaid, Nicholas
Abu Dhabi
academic conferences
Academic Security Awareness Program
Academy of Equipment Command & Technology (China)
Adelman, Jonathan
Afghanstan
Soviet invasion of
U.S. invasion of
Africa
Al-Arian, Sami
Albright, David
Alfa Bank
Ali-Mohammadi, Masoud
Allison, Graham
Al Qaeda
Alvarez, Carlos
Alvarez, José Julian
“Amanda”
American Association of University Professors
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
American Institute (Taiwan)
American Psychological Association
Americans, The (TV show)
American University
Ames, Aldrich
Amherst College
Amiri, Shahram
Amnesty International
Anderson, Marshall
Andrusyszyn, Walter
angular rate sensors
Aponte Toro, Roberto
Applied Technology Associates
Arabs
Arab Spring
Arcos, Sebastián
Argentina
Arizona Republic
Armenia
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Armstrong, Fulton
Armstrong, Lloyd
assassinations
Atkinson, Richard
Austria
Badger, Ellen
Baltimore Sun
Barlow, Thomas
Baruch College
Batista, Fulgencio
Beard, Richard
Begin, Menachem
Beijing
U.S. embassy in
Yale center in
Beijing Foreign Studies University
Beijing Normal University
Beijing University of International Relations
Belousov, Alexander
Berg, Moe
Bergman, Ronen
Bezrukov, Alexander
Bezrukov, Andrey (“Donald Heathfield”)
Bezrukov, Timothy
Bhutan
Bislev, Ane
Black Panther Party
Bloomberg News
Blue, Dan
Blunt, Anthony
Bo Cai
Boeing
Bogusky, Rick
Bok, Derek
Bolivia
U.S. embassy in
Boone School
Booth, John
Booz Allen Hamilton
Boren Awards
Boston College
Boston Globe
Boston Globe Magazine
Boston Marathon bombing
Boston University (BU)
Boycan, Philip
BP/Global Alliance
Brain Drain, Operation
branch campuses abroad
Brandon, Harry “Skip”
Brazil
Brennan, John
Brigham Young University
Britain. See also United Kingdom
British Army
British Council
British Foreign Office
British intelligence
Brizendine, Robert
“Broadband Ground-Plane Cloak” (Liu, et al.)
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brooklyn College
Brothers to the Rescue
Brown, Crystal
Bruno, Joseph
Brzezinski, Zbigniew
Buckley Amendment (1984)
Bundy, McGeorge
Bunn, Matthew
Bureau of Intelligence and Research (State Department)
Burgess, Guy
Bush, George W.
CACI
Cairncross, John
Calderón, Felipe
California Institute of Technology (CalTech)
Cambodia
Cambridge Five
Canada
Canadian Security Intelligence Service
Carleton College
Carmichael, Scott
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Carnesale, Albert
Carroll, David
Carter, Amy
Carter, Ashton
Carter, Jimmy
Carter, Rosalynn
Carter Center
Casey, William
Castor, Betty
Castro, Fidel
assassination plots vs.
Castro, Raúl
Catcher Was a Spy, The (Berg)
Center for China and Globalization (Beijing)
Center for International Education (UIR)
Center for National Security Studies
Center for Naval Analyses
Center for the Analysis of Personality and Political Behavior
Central Command
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
academic conferences and
Afghanistan and
assassinations and
Balkans and
Boren Awards and
Boston University and
branch campuses abroad and
Central America and
China and
Church Committee and
Columbia University and
Cuba and
Director’s Fellows
early history of academia and
FBI and
GWU and
Harvard and
India and
Indiana University and
Iran and
Iraq and
Libya and
MIT and
National Student Association and
NJIT and
NSHEAB and
Ohio State and
open-source material and
Pakistan and
Peng and
Penn State and
Princeton and
Rochester Institute of Technology and
Russia and
scholars-in-residence program
South Vietnam and
Soviet Union and
Taiwan and
UCSB and
Yale and
Centra Technology
Century Data Systems
Chalupa, Leo
Chamorro, Violeta
Chapman, Anna
Chappell, Dean W., III
Charhar Institute
Charlie Wilson’s War (film)
Chavez, Luis
Chehabi, Houchang
Chen, Gang
Cheng, Wen-Yu
Chennault, Claire
Chiang Kai-shek
Chin, Larry Wu-Tai
China. See also Confucius Institutes; University of International Relations; and specific agencies and individuals
brain drain
CIA and
communist revolution
Duke invisibility research and
India and
students from, in U.S.
UMass Boston and
U.S. campuses abroad in
USF, Peng, and FBI and
U.S. study-abroad programs and
China Daily
China Foreign Affairs University
China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR)
Spy Schools Page 40