Aral Sea, 150
Arbogast, army officer, 394
Arcadiopolis, fall of, 310
Arcadius, emperor, 214, 217, 222, 240, 387
Arcadius, son of Theodosius II, 371
archers, 155–7
architecture, 439
Ardaburius, general, 259–60
Ardashir I, king of Persia, 60, 97
Arderic, king of the Gepids, 354
Areobindus, general, 290
Arintheus, general, 290
Ariovistus, king of the Suebi, 54
aristocratic class, 94, 95, see also landowners
Aristotle, philosopher, 19
Arles: administrative capital, 281, 379; archbishops, 442; Burgundian plans, 417; council, 250; Roman victory, 285; Visigothic victory, 416
Armenia: frontier, 386; Persian control (367–8), 73–4, 161; Roman forces, 161, 173, 387
Arminius (Hermann the German), chieftain of Cherusci: death, 55; defeat of Varus, 46–7, 55, 451, 457; leadership, 54, 457; monument, 47, 52, 58; relationship with Rome, 48
Armorica: Bagaudae revolt, 287; banditry, 449; independence, 245, 283
army, Roman: barbarian troops, 119, 158, 185–6, 196, 222–3; building skills, 7; Carolingian comparison, 449; cost of, 64, 248, 297–8; discipline, 6; eagles, 6; food, 55; generals of barbarian origin, 215; lists, 246; losses, 181, 247, 434; in Noricum, 409; officers, 27–8, 29; organization, 62–3; political influence, 27–8; Radagaisus’ troops, 198, 206, 223; recruitment, 82–3, 118–19, 160, 196, 215, 447–8; reorganization, 214–15; share of spoils, 29; siege warfare, 7–8; size, 63–4, 182, 198, 247–8, 385, 387, 446–7; specialist units, 62–3; tactics, 180; training, 6, 7; weapons, 6–7; see also garrison troops
Arnegisclus, magister militum per Thraciam, 309
Arsacid dynasty, 59–60, 61
Arvandus, praetorian prefect, 419
Ascaricus, Frankish king, 68
Asemus, town, 311
Asia, province, 116
Asian Vespers, 12
Aspar, general, 259–60, 285–6, 388, 393
Asterius, Roman officer, 265
Asturica, sack, 381
Asturis, destruction, 413
Asturius, general, 345
Atakam, Hunnic fugitive, 321, 326
Athanaric, leader of Gothic Tervingi: agenda, 75, 76, 80; family background, 75, 77, 90; Hun attack on, 151–2, 153; leadership, 86, 90, 94, 145, 152, 166; meeting with Valens, 72–3, 74, 83, 96, 161; relationship with Rome, 72–3, 457; religion, 92, 96; strategy, 80
Athaulf, Visigothic ruler: ambitions, 378, 379; death, 241; in Gaul, 238–40, 345, 435; in Italy, 224, 243; leadership, 238, 241, 242; marriage, 239–40, 249, 257, 292, 378; relationship with Jovinus, 237–8, 239, 241; relationship with Priscus Attalus, 239, 249, 384; relationship with Sarus, 227; son, 240; in Spain, 240–1
Attalus, Priscus, senator, 226–7, 239, 248–9, 255, 384
Attalus III, ruler of Pergamum, 12
Attila, ruler of the Huns: appearance and character, 319–22, 334, 340; base, 202; campaigns (441–2), 301–2, 307, 310 (map), 351, 389, (447), 307, 308–12, 310 (map), (451), 336–9, 341, 342, 343, 366, 375, 408, (452), 339–42, 343, 366; court, 318–19; death, 157, 342, 353, 362, 365, 369, 388, 390, 409, 435; defeats, 339, 341; embassies to, 313–24, 333–4; empire, 331 (map), 351, 360–6; leadership, 325–6; meeting with pope Leo, 340–1; murder of brother, 308, 321, 325, 326; name, 329; Persian plans, 334–5, 336; portrait, 340; reputation, 300, 360, 365; Roman tribute to, 301, 304, 307–8, 327, 454; Scythian campaign, 362; sons, 353–4, 359, 361, 401; treaty with Constantinople (450), 336, 389; wives, 314, 318, 321, 342
Augustine of Hippo, St: on Carthage, 279; City of God, 230–2; Confessions, 122; death, 267; education, 37, 133, 280; family background, 132–3; on grammarians, 122; letters, 267, 271; sermons, 229–30, 267
Augustus (Octavian), emperor, 9, 23, 38, 125, 282
Ausonius, Decimius Magnus, teacher of rhetoric, 36–7, 40–4
Autun, school, 37
Auvergne: struggle over, 419, 420; Visigothic control, 417
Auxentius of Durostorum, 76, 78, 79
Avaricum, siege, 12–13
Avars, 150
Avienus, ex-consul, 340
Avienus, Gennadius, 395
Avitus, Eparchius, emperor, 375–81, 382–4, 390, 415
Axiopolis, fort, 172
Baetica, province, 208, 241, 265, 268, 344, 345
Bagaudae: in Gaul, 282–3, 287, 397; identity, 282–3; in Spain, 282, 344, 345; subdued by Aetius, 288, 374
Baiae, spa resort, 41, 43, 137
Balamber, Hunnic ruler, 356–7
Balaton, lake, 355
Balearic islands, 267, 382
Balkhash, lake, 156
barbarians: generals in Roman army, 215; inclusion into western empire, 381–2; Roman expectations of, 49, 80, 379–80; Roman order and, 67–72; troops in Roman army, 119, 158, 185–6, 196, 222–3
Basil, bishop of Caesarea, 133
Basiliscus, general, 401, 402, 405–6, 425, 427
Basilius, Flavius Caecina Decius, 395
Basilius, rebel leader, 345
Bastarnae, 49, 154
Batavis: defences, 411; destruction, 414; military base, 409, 411; raids on, 413
Bauto, army officer, 394
Baynes, N. H., 444
Bede, historian, 346
Belgica Secunda, province, 418
Berber tribes, 100–1, 272, 275
Beremund, son of Thorismund, 357
Berichus, follower of Attila, 322, 325, 329
Bigelis, Gothic leader, 330, 353, 368, 388
Birlad-Valea Seaca, village, 88–9
Bismarck, Otto von, 47, 52
Black Sea: coast, 154, 171, 202; Gothic presence, 72, 98; Hunnic presence, 150, 151, 158, 204; migrations, 84–5, 145, 150, 199; region and impact of Huns, 152 (map); warfare, 145–6
Bleda, brother of Attila: joint ruler of Huns, 300; murdered by brother, 308, 325–6; name, 329; Roman embassy to, 300, 326; Scythian campaign, 362; tribute to, 304, 327; war with Roman empire, 301, 302, 351, 389; wives, 313, 317, 321
Bobbio, monastery, 233
Boethius, senator, 373
Boniface, general: in Africa, 265, 266, 268, 271; campaign against Vandals, 265, 266; charge of treachery, 268, 406; death, 262, 285; defeat of Aetius, 261–2, 286, 374; defeat of Felix, 261; defeated by Geiseric, 271; forces, 268; power struggle, 260–1, 285; relationship with Placidia, 258–9, 261, 265
Book of Constitutions, 423–4
Book of the Popes, 121
Bordeaux: university, 36; Visigoths, 287, 379
Bourges, Visigothic control, 416
bows, 156–7
Braga, sack, 381
Bretons, 416, 418, 419, 425
Britain: after Roman rule, 437, 438; Anglo- Saxon kings, 415; appeal to Rome, 347–8; defences, 411; Honorius’ policy, 245, 345; kingdoms, 437; landowners, 437; leadership, 346; raiders, 345–7; refugees from, 394; revolt (407), 209–10, 218–19; revolts, 244–5, 283, 449; Roman conquest, 9, 56; Roman forces, 275; Roman rule, 39–40, 437
Bructeri, 54, 85
Budesty, settlement, 87
buildings, public, 115–16
bureaucracy, 28, 116–18
burials: Christian, 121; Danubian style, 331–2; Germanic, 88–90, 94, 364–5, 454; Graeco- Roman pagan, 121; grave goods, 88–90, 94, 98, 332, 364–5, 455; Hunnic royal, 203, 301; Sarmatian, 98
Burgundian language, 420
Burgundians: Aetius’ strategy against, 287, 299, 374; appearance, 196–7; Christianity, 442; forces, 198, 446; forces with Roman army, 338; in Gaul, 382, 394, 396, 417–18 (map), 424; invasion, 193 (map), 197, 198, 201, 204, 445; kingdom, 424, 426, 429, 435, 438; landowners, 438; laws, 423, 431; raids, 281, 287; relationship with Alamanni, 459; relationship with Huns, 361; relationship with Rome, 394; subdued, 288; support for Jovinus, 237; territories, 84, 85, 197, 283, 382, 416, 417–18, 421–2, 423–4; treaty with Constantine III, 211
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Byzacena, province: administration, 275; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295, 438; lost revenue, 296, 298; peace treaty, 286, 296; rural settlement, 113; Vandal-Alan control, 292, 294, 295–6, 432, 438; Vandal-Alan invasion, 270;
Byzantium, see Constantinople
Caerleon, fort, 346
Calama, city, 286
Calminius, son of Eucherius, 420
campus Mauriacus, battle, 338–9
Candidianus, general, 260
Candidus, historian, 399–400
Cape Bon, 402, 403–4
Cappadocian Fathers, 133
Caracalla, emperor, 109
Carmen de Providentia Dei, 235
Carolingian state, 436–7, 449
Carpathian mountains: agriculture, 154; geography, 193–4; Gothic presence, 72, 151; Hun advance, 205; Hunnic presence, 351, 355–6; Iron Gates, 170; migrations, 85, 204
Carpi, 81, 159, 185
Carrhae, city, 60
Carthage: Augustine in, 267, 280; city, 279–80; defeat by Rome, 8, 12, 102; defences, 271; Geiseric’s advance, 271, 388; Geiseric’s capture, 288–9, 295, 344, 395, 402, 433, 438, 451; Geiseric’s control, 290, 292, 293; harbour, 15, 273, 276, 402; Punic wars, 8, 12, 16, 231; relationship with Rome, 272–3
Carthaginiensis, province, 208, 209, 344, 345, 398
Caspian Sea, 147, 150
Cassiodorus, senator, author and administrator of Ostrogothic kings, 352, 353
Castinus, commander, 258, 259, 261, 265–6
Castra Martis, 195, 196, 198, 388
Catalaunian fields, battle, 338–9
Catuvoleus, king of Eburones, 3, 13
Caucasia, 73
Caucasus: Hunnic presence, 204, 286, 386–7, 433–4; Hunnic raid, 202; Valens’ concessions, 176
cavalry, 62–3, 155, 179–80, 247
Celestiacus, landowner, 294
Celtic language, 189, 245, 407
Celts, 6, 9, 53, 57, 228
cemeteries, 121, 331–2, 364
Censorius, count, 344
Cernjachov culture, 199–200
Charaton, king of the Huns, 324–5
Charlemagne, emperor, 436
Chatti, 54, 84, 85, 93
Chersonesus, Roman defeats, 309, 312, 342
Cherusci, 46, 48, 49, 55, 84, 85
Childeric, leader of group of Salian Franks, 416, 418, 452
China, 148–9, 303, 446
Chionitae, 150
Chnodomarius, over-king of Alamanni, 82, 83, 85, 90, 92, 458
Christianity: architecture, 121; Arian, 267; bishops, 125, 126, 133; Catholic, 293, 438; Church hierarchy, 126, 441–3; Constantine’s conversion, 78, 119, 121; doctrine, 78–9, 126; education, 442; endowments, 121, 123; Germanic, 58; Gibbon’s view, 14, 119–20, 121, 122–3, 443; Gothic, 76–80, 162, 227, 267, 457; Nicene definition, 78–9; Pelagian, 345; persecutions, 75, 92, 96, 293; relationship with emperor, 123–5, 126–8, 441–3; values, 121–2
Chrysaphius, eunuch, 322–3
churches, 121
Cicero, orator, 17, 20, 42, 252
cities, Roman, 33–5, 38–9, 302–3
citizenship, Roman, 108, 439
Claudian, poet, 217
Claudius, emperor, 9, 56, 275
Clermont-Ferrand: Avitus’ estates, 375; siege, 416, 418–19, 422
client kingdoms, 80–4, 97–8, 292, 451
Clovis, king of Salian Franks, 452–3
Codex Argenteus, 76, 78
Codex Sangallensis, 283
cohortales (bureaucratic functionaries), 133, 134
coinage, 56, 64–5, 70, 71, 89, 456
Colias, Gothic commander, 172
Comagenis: defences, 411; military base, 411
combs, 88–9
comitatenses (mobile field forces), 28, 62, 63, 215, 246, 247
comites (counts), 40, 43
communications, 106–7, 170
Constans, brother of Constantius, 83
Constans, emperor, 130
Constantia, fall of, 310
Constantine I, emperor: arch, 15; conversion to Christianity, 78, 119, 121, 123, 127, 442; creation of counts, 40; foundation of Constantinople, 170, 385; gifts to churches, 121; military organization, 63; pacification of Rhine frontier, 81; powersharing, 24; religious authority, 125, 441; sons, 24, 130; treatment of captured kings, 68; treaty with Tervingi, 162; victory over Goths, 73, 75, 77, 82; victory over Licinius, 130, 262
Constantine II, emperor, 130
Constantine III, usurper: accession in Britain, 209; challenges to, 237; defeat and death, 237, 238, 256; in Gaul, 210–11, 221, 222, 225, 247, 264; head displayed, 254; sons, 225, 254; Stilicho’s assassination plan, 221; threat to Rome, 236, 243; treaties, 211
Constantine VII Porphyryogenitus, emperor, 305–6, 319, 351, 372
Constantinople: armada, 400–6, 412, 426–7; bishop of, 126; council (381), 78, 80; defences, 203–4, 343, 366, 388; earthquake, 309; foundation, 170; Gothic advance, 175, 182, 229; Haghia Sophia, 400, 427; hostages at, 75; Hunnic embassy, 314; Hunnic threat, 298, 388; imperial capital, 25, 26, 28, 29; infrastructure, 170–1; mob lynching, 211; Ottoman capture, 431; patriarchate, 126, 442–3; relationship with western empire, 385–9, 426; religion, 443–4; resistance to Valens, 176; senate, 31, 69, 72, 116, 186, 212, 312; Stilicho’s policy, 216, 219–20; tribute to Goths, 368, 388; tribute to Huns, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 366
Constantinus, praetorian prefect, 309
Constantius II, emperor: agreement with Limigantes, 159–61; appearance, 23; death, 121; paranoia, 131; reign, 24, 82; religion, 77–8, 79; shared sovereignty, 24; suppression of usurpers, 83; Themistius’ influence, 102; Zizais’ appeal to, 98
Constantius, Flavius, emperor: army, 434; background, 281; career, 236–8, 239, 240–1, 243, 247–8, 454; death, 251, 255, 258, 263, 265, 281; marriage, 251, 255, 257; relationship with Goths, 378, 390; relationship with Huns, 303, 327, 343; rise to power, 238, 250, 255–6; rule, 252–3, 264, 265, 266
Cornuti, 12
corruption, 101–3, 439
Corsica, 382
Cotta, Lucius Aurunculeius, legate, 4–7, 13, 22, 38, 48, 55
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, triumvir, 59
Crimea, 12, 353
Ctesiphon, city, 70
curials, 111, 117, 118, 133, 440
cursus publicus (public transport system), 105, 106, 125, 313, 394, 395
Dacia: abandoned by Rome (275), 85; Gothic presence, 183, 214, 215, 220; Hunnic raid, 368; Stilicho’s demand, 219; Theodosius’ control, 187
Dacia Ripensis, 196, 388
Dacian language, 49
Dacians, 199
Dahn, Felix, 48
Dalmatia, 225, 426, 428
Danube, river: bridges, 73; Carpathian mountains, 193–4; Dacia, 85; ferrymen, 315–16; Germanic peoples, 49; Gothic presence, 72–4, 81–2, 84, 86, 146, 154, 202; Gothic refugees, 145, 151–3, 158–64, 169, 433, 436, 445; Gothic war, 73–4, 82; Hunnic attack, 298; Hunnic crossing (447), 308; Hunnic groups, 202; Hunnic resettlement, 360; Hunnic tombs, 203; migration across, 367–8; nomadic populations, 147–8; peace treaties, 72–3, 82, 162; Roman advance, 9; Roman communications, 73, 170; Roman defences, 28, 73, 81, 171, 199, 211; Roman frontier, 9, 26, 48, 58, 67, 71, 367; summit meeting (369), 72
Danubian plain, 168, 170, 171, 172
Darius I, king of Persia, 58, 59, 71
denarii (coins), 64–5
Dengizich, son of Attila: defeat and death, 359; invasion (467/8), 353, 356, 361, 363, 368; leadership, 354, 363
Dibaltum, battle, 175
Dill, Sir Samuel, 376
Diocletian, emperor: financial reforms, 64, 110, 114, 386; military strength, 63, 386; Prices Edict, 65, 111; Tetrarchy, 25, 130, 131, 262
diplomacy, 12, 173, 306
Dniester, river, 145, 151
Domitianus, praetorian prefect, 116
Don, river, 84, 154, 195, 286
Donatus, death of, 324–5
Dory, Goths, 353
Dulcitius, governo
r of Asia, 116
Durostorum, fortress, 158, 172
Dyrrhachium, city, 170
Eburones, 3, 4, 7, 13, 22, 48
Ecdicius, son of Avitus, 418–19
Edeco, ambassador of Attila, king of the Sciri, 314–17, 323, 325, 329, 357–8
Edobichus, general, 237
education: bishops, 133; law, 133; literacy, 49, 56, 80, 441; schools, 37, 44; traditional Roman, 17–19, 20, 117, 440–1
Egypt: army, 400; climate, 274; province, 104, 105; religion, 83; Roman annexation, 9; Roman defences, 387; Theophanes’ journey, 105
Ejsbøl Mose, weapon sacrifice, 92, 93
Elbe, river, 9, 48, 56, 67
elites, 90–1, 117, 440, see also landowners
Ellac, son of Attila, 354
Elpidia, nurse to Placidia, 258
emperors: authority and control, 108–10, 120–1, 130–1; divine status and Christianity, 123–5, 441–3; imperial bureaucracy, 28, 116–18; imperial court, 27, 252–3; modes of succession, 28–9; power-sharing, 24, 66, 130; power struggles, 262; taxation, 120–1; usurpers, 66
Epirus, Gothic invasion, 214, 220, 221, 225
Ermenaric, leader of Greuthungi, 151, 153
Eslas, ambassador of Attila, 323–4
Eucherius, defender of Auvergne, 420
Eucherius, son of Stilicho, 222, 223, 254
Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III, wife of Huneric, 292, 371, 378, 379, 395–6
Eudoxia, Licinia, daughter of Theodosius II, wife of Valentinian III, 129, 371, 379, 396
Eugenius, lover of Honoria, 335
Eugenius, usurper, 212, 216, 217, 236, 254
Eugippius, monk, 407, 413
Eunapius, historian, 155, 192, 194, 223
Euphrates, river: irrigation, 62; Persian frontier, 59; Roman frontier, 13, 26, 40, 44, 106
Eupraxius, praetorian prefect, 253
Eurasian steppe, see Great Eurasian Steppe
Euric, king of the Visigoths, 415–17, 418–25, 429, 435–6
Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 125
Eusebius, imperial official, 256
Eutropius, chamberlain, 214
Expositio Totius Mundi, 279
Faviana: defences, 411; military base, 409, 412
Feddersen Wierde, farming settlement, 86–7
Felix, general, 258, 260–1, 285, 321, 374
Felix, martyr, 122
Ferreolus, Tonantius, praetorian prefect, 419
feudalism, beginnings of, 94–6
Fiesole, defeat of Radagaisus, 194, 205
Finno-Ugrian languages, 148
fireships, 403–4
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