by Jeffrey Lee
3Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddima, trans. F. Rosenthal (New York, 1958), quoted in Carole Hillenbrand, ‘On the Captivity of Reynald de Chatillon’, in Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D. S. Richards, ed. Chase F. Robinson (Leiden, 2003)
4William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XVIII, Chapter XXXIV
5Brian Keenan, An Evil Cradling (London, 1993), p.103
6Edna J. Hunter, ‘The Vietnam POW Veteran; Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Captivity’, in Stress Disorders among Vietnam Veterans, ed. Charles R. Figley (1978)
7This is Yvonne Friedman’s point in Encounter Between Enemies, Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Leiden, 2002), pp.180-1
8Hillenbrand, op. cit.
9This is the view of, for instance, the leading modern historian of the Latin Kingdom, Joshua Prawer, in The Crusaders’ Kingdom (New York, 1972), p.71
10William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XX, Chapter XXVIII
11‘Un peu de lettres’, quoted in Gustave Schlumberger, Renaud de Châtillon (Paris, 1898), p.158
12Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.221
13Ibid.
11 Phoenix
1Peter of Blois, trans. Newton, op. cit.
2William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XX, Chapter XI
3Ibid.
4William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XXI, Chapter I
5Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.234
6Reynald’s part in this embassy was cleverly detected by Professor Bernard Hamilton in The Leper King and His Heirs, p.111
7Choniates, op. cit.
8Ernoul, op. cit., Chapter IV
9List of knights’ service by John of Ibelin, from Livre de Jean d’Ibelin, in Receuil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens Occidentaux, Vol. 1., pp.422-6
10Hamilton, Leper King, p.118
11William of Tyre, History, quoted in Joel Gourdon, Le Cygne et l’Elephant (Paris, 2001), p.121
12William of Tyre, History, quoted in Hamilton, Leper King, p.118
13William of Tyre, History, quoted in Hamilton, Leper King, p.128
14William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XXI, Chapter XX
15Abu Shama, op. cit., and Michael the Syrian, op. cit.
12 Hero
1Bertran de Born, trans. Smythe, op. cit., p.90
2William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XXI, Chapter XXIV
3Ernoul, op. cit., Chapter VII
4Baha al-Din, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (2002), p.54
5Michael the Syrian, op. cit.
13 Lord of La Grande Berrie
1Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354 (London, 1929), p.72
2Prawer, op. cit., p.395
3Imad al-Din in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.259
4Baha al-Din, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.48
5Ibid.
6Hamilton, Leper King, p.141
7Quoted in Hamilton, Leper King, p.140
8William of Tyre, History, quoted in Hamilton, Leper King, p.151
9William of Tyre, History, quoted in Hamilton, Leper King, p.152
10William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XXI, Chapter IV
11Ernoul, op. cit., Chapter VIII
12Abu Shama, op. cit.
13William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, op. cit., Book XXII, Chapter VI
14 Desert Raider
1Ibn Battuta, op. cit., p.72
2Hamilton, Leper King, p.171
3Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.276
4Baha al-Din, quoted in Abu Shama, op. cit.
5Ibn Jubayr, trans. Broadhurst, op. cit.
6Ibid.
15 Sea Wolf
1Ernoul, op. cit., Chapter VII
2Hamilton, ‘Elephant of Christ’
3Ibn Jubayr, trans. Broadhurst, op. cit.
4Letter from the Qadi Al-Fadil to the caliph in Baghdad, quoted in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.233
5Letter from the Qadi al-Fadil to Baghdad, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.234
6Quran, sura 39, verse 71
7Letter of Saladin, quoted in M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin, The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge, 1982), p.187
8Imad al-Din, quoted in Schlumberger, op. cit., pp.280-1
9Letter from the sultan, quoted in Lyons and Jackson, op. cit., p.187
10Ibn Jubayr, trans. Broadhurst, op. cit.
16 The Lion and the Wolf
1Letter of Qadi Al-Fadil, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.253
2Letter to the Emir Toghtekin, quoted in Lyons and Jackson, op. cit., p.202
3William of Tyre, History, quoted in Lyons and Jackson, op. cit., p.207
4Gregory the Priest, op. cit.
5Abu Shama, op. cit., pp.252-4
6Letter of Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.255
7Ibid.
8Ernoul, op. cit., Chapter IX
9William of Tyre, History, quoted in Hamilton, Leper King, p.199
17 The ‘Manchurian’ Regent
1Ibn Jubayr, trans. Broadhurst, op. cit., p.324
2G. Axelrod (screenplay), The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
3Ibn Jubayr, trans. Broadhurst, op. cit., p.324
4Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.315
5Oldenbourg, op. cit., p.404
6Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.258
7Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, quoted in Lyons and Jackson, op. cit., p.241
18 King-maker
1Main sources for Sybilla’s coronation as described on previous pages and here: Ernoul, op. cit., Chapter XI, and Estoire d’Eracles, Chapter XVII. Reynald’s speech in the Holy Sepulchre is in Estoire d’Eracles, Chapter XVII.
2Anonymous, Itinerarium Perigrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, trans. Helen J. Nicholson (2001), p.122
3Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. Peter Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Farnham, 1996), p.46
4Latin Continuation of William of Tyre, quoted in Hamilton, Leper King, p.223
5Ernoul, op. cit., Chapter XI
6Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.258
7The Latin Continuation of William of Tyre
8Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.316
9Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.257
10References for Reynald’s statements: Ernoul, op. cit, and Baha al-Din in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.280
19 Truce-breaker
1Runciman, op. cit., Vol. II, pp.450, 459
2Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.316
3Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.259
4Ibid.
5Lyons and Jackson, op. cit., p.248
6Itinerarium Perigrinorum, trans. Nicholson, op. cit., p.23
7Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.316
8Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.319
9Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.263
10Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., pp.261-3
11Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.263
12Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit.
13Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit.
14Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit.
15References for these statements: Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, Chapter XXXII; Ibn al-Athir, Al-Kamil fi’l Tarikh
20 Apocalypse
1Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.324
2Baha al-Din, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.73
3Old French Continuation, Chapter XXXIII
4Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.267
5This stop was identified in the best account of the battle – the scholarly and objective account by B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Battle of Hattin Revisited’, in The Horns of Hattin, Proceedings for the Second Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East (1987)
; 6Estoire d’Eracles, Chapter XL
7Estoire d’Eracles, Chapter XLI
8Baha al-Din, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.73
9Old French Continuation, trans. Edbury, op. cit., p.46
10Estoire d’Eracles, Chapter XLI
11Baha al-Din, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.74
12Itinerarium Perigrinorum, trans. Nicholson, op. cit., p.32
13Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.270
14Anna Comnena, Alexiad
15Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.323
16Ibid.
17Ibid.
18Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.322
19Old French Continuation, trans. Edbury, op. cit., p.47
20Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.274
21Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.323
22Ibid.
21 The Ultimate Crusader
1Diwan rasai’il al-Katib al-Isfahani, MS. Nuri Osmaniye (Istanbul), No. 3745, quoted in Lyons and Jackson, op. cit., p.264
2Including: Old French Continuation, trans. Edbury, op. cit., p.48; Baha al-Din, trans. Richards, op. cit., pp.38, 75; Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., pp.323-4
3Gregory the Priest, op. cit., Chapter X
4Peter of Blois, trans. Newton, op. cit.
5Michael the Syrian, op. cit.
6 Itinerarium Perigrinorum, trans. Nicholson, op. cit., p.34
7Diwan rasai’il al-Katib al-Isfahani, MS. Nuri Osmaniye (Istanbul), No. 3745, quoted in Lyons and Jackson, op. cit., p.264
8Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit., p.290
9Ibn al-Athir, trans. Richards, op. cit., p.324
10Itinerarium Perigrinorum, trans. Nicholson, op. cit., p.34
11Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit. p.271
12Ibid.
13Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit. p.272
14Imad al-Din, in Abu Shama, op. cit. p.273
15Ibid.
16Ibid.
17Abdul Rahman Azzam, Saladin (London, 2009), p.113
18Itinerarium Perigrinorum, trans. Nicholson, op. cit., p.44
19Quoted in Gourdon, op. cit., p.231
20Itinerarium Perigrinorum, trans. Nicholson, op. cit., p.34
21Christopher Tyerman, God’s War, A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006)
22Peter of Blois, trans. Newton, op. cit.
23Peter of Blois, trans. Newton, op. cit.
24Gourdon, op. cit., p.232
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The seeds of God’s Wolf were sown by the inspirational history department at Sherborne School. With Jerry Barker we re-enacted AD 43 at Maiden Castle and glimpsed the Dark Age warrior Arthur on Bokerley Dyke and South Cadbury (‘which is Camelot’). Huw Ridgeway and Giles ‘Doc’ Mercer then kindled an enduring fascination for the twelfth century and the crusades.
At Oxford I would like to thank Alan Jones for teaching me Arabic, and D. S. Richards for his patient tutorials on the Seljuk period and latterly for his masterly translations of Baha al-Din and Ibn al-Athir. I was especially fortunate to be taught history – and how to do history – by the late, much missed Patricia Crone, the world’s most acute and brilliant historical mind, who read this book early on and provided great encouragement.
I am grateful to Professor Carole Hillenbrand who generously read a draft and made helpful suggestions, as did Julian Ellison, Robert Twigger, and the ever supportive Hoss and Hass Amini. Bill Newton provided an invaluable, vibrant translation of the Passio Reginaldi by Peter of Blois – the first time it has appeared in print in English. Thanks as well to Stephanie Cabot, to my determined and perceptive agent, Julian Alexander, and to James Nightingale and the creative, professional team at Atlantic – it has been fun! Of course any errors in fact or interpretation are my own.
Finally, a profound thank you to the constantly amazing Tannaz Lee, who among many other wonderful traits, tolerates her husband’s ‘obsession with old walls’.