Legge, M.D., ‘Bishop Odo in the Bayeux Tapestry’, Medium Aevum, 56 (1987).
Le Maho, J., ‘La Tour-de-Rouen, palais du duc Richard 1er (d. 996)’ in de Beaurepaire, F., et Chaline, J.-P. (coordination), La Normandie vers l’an mil (Rouen: Societé de l’Histoire de Normandie, 2000).
Le Patourel, J., ‘Geoffrey of Montbray, Bishop of Coutances, 1049–1093’, English Historical Review, vol. 59, no. 234 (1944).
Le Patourel, J.H., ‘The Reports of the Trial on Penenden Heath’ in Hunt, R.W., Pantin, W.A., and Southern, R.W. (eds), Studies in Medieval History Presented to F.M. Powicke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948).
Le Patourel, J., The Norman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).
Lewis, M.J., ‘Identity and Status in the Bayeux Tapestry’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 29 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007).
Lewis, M.J., Owen-Crocker, G.R., and Terkla, D. (eds), The Bayeux Tapestry: New Approaches (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2011).
Loyn, H.R., The Making of the English Nation: From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I (London: Thames and Hudson, 1991).
Lyne, M., Excavations at Pevensey Castle, 1936–1964, British Archaeological Report, British Series, 503 (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2009).
Musset, L., The Bayeux Tapestry (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2002).
Mynors, R.A.B., Thomson, R.M., and Winterbottom, M. (eds. and tr.), William of Malmesbury: Gesta regum Anglorum, 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
Neveux F., ‘Les diocèses ecclésiastiques de Rouen du Xe au XIIe siècle’ in Bouet, P. and Neveux, F. (eds), Les Évêques normands du XIe siècle (Caen: Université de Caen, 1995).
Neveux, F., Bayeux et Lisieux: villes épiscopales de Normandie à la fin du Moyen Age (Caen: Éditions du Lys, 1996).
Orme, N., Medieval Schools (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006).
Overbey, K.E., ‘Taking Place: Reliquaries and Territorial Authority in the Bayeux Embroidery’ in Foys, M.K., Overbey, K.E., and Terkla, D. (eds), The Bayeux Tapestry: New Interpretations (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009).
Owen, D.D.R. (tr.), The Song of Roland (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1990).
Owen-Crocker, G.R., ‘Brothers, Rivals and the Geometry of the Tapestry’ in Owen-Crocker, G.R. (ed.), King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005).
Palliser, D.M., ‘Domesday Book and the “Harrying of the North”’, Northern History, 29 (1993).
Pastan, E.C., and White, S.D., ‘Problematising Patronage: Odo of ?Bayeux and the Bayeux Tapestry’ in Foys, M.K., Overbey, K.E., and Terkla, D. (eds), The Bayeux Tapestry: New Interpretations (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009).
Paul Drury Partnership, Rochester Castle Conservation Plan, Part 1 (Teddington: 2009).
Potts, C., ‘When the Saints Go Marching: Religious Connections and the Political Culture of Early Normandy’ in Hollister, C.W. (ed.), Anglo-Norman Political Culture and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1997).
Power, D., ‘Angevin Normandy’ in Harper-Bill, C., and van Houts, E.M.C. (eds), A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003).
Renn, D.F., Norman Castles in Britain (London: John Baker, 1968).
Renoux, A., ‘Palais épiscopaux des diocèses de Normandie du Mans et d’Angers (XIe–XIIIe siècle): état de la question’ in Bouet, P., et Neveux, F. (eds), Les Évêques normands du XIe siècle (Caen: Presses Universitaires de Caen, 1995).
Riley-Smith, J., The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Round, J. H., Geoffrey de Mandeville (London: Longmans, 1892).
Rowley, T., ‘William the Conqueror’ in Kightly, C., and Cyprien, M., A Traveller’s Guide to Royal Roads (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985).
Sharpe, R., ‘1088 – William II and the Rebels’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 26 (2004).
Stenton, F.M. (ed.), The Bayeux Tapestry: A Comprehensive Survey (London: Phaidon Press, 1957).
Stephenson, P., ‘Where a Cleric and Aelfgyva …’ in Lewis, M.J., Owen-Crocker, G.R., and Terkla, D. (eds), The Bayeux Tapestry: New Approaches (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2011).
Sumption, J., Pilgrimage (London: Faber and Faber, 1975).
Tabuteau, E.Z., Transfers of Property in Eleventh Century Norman Law (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).
Tsurushima, H., ‘Hic Est Miles: some images of three knights: Turold, Wadard and Vital’ in Lewis, M.J., Owen-Crocker, G.R., and Terkla, D. (eds), The Bayeux Tapestry: New Approaches (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2011).
van Houts, E.M.C. (ed.), The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
van Houts, E.M.C. (ed. and tr.), The Normans in Europe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000).
van Houts, E.M.C., ‘Serlo of Bayeux’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004–11).
Whitelock, D. (ed.), Douglas, D.C., and Tucker, S.I., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1961).
Williams, A., The English and the Norman Conquest (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995).
Williams, A., ‘The Anglo-Norman Abbey’ in Gem, R. (ed.), English Heritage book of St Augustine’s Abbey Canterbury (London: Batsford and English Heritage, 1997).
Winterbottom, M., and Thomson, R.M., William of Malmesbury: Gesta regum Anglorum, 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
www.catholic.org/saints consulted 27/11/2011
Plate Section
1 Bishop Odo’s seal. On one side he is represented as a mounted soldier and on the other as a bishop holding a staff. It is a perfect representation of Odo’s dual roles as a powerful prince/bishop. Finch Hatton MS. 170, Northamptonshire Record Office
2 The chapel at the gate and part of the perimeter wall of the Abbey of Grestain, founded by Odo’s father Herluin de Conteville c. 1150. Odo’s mother, Herleva, was buried here as was his brother Robert de Mortain as well as his father.
3 A surviving wall belonging to Odo’s eleventh-century castle at Neuilly l’Évêque, which was built into a later farmhouse. The herring-bone masonry seen here was characteristic of Anglo-Norman architecture, both secular and religious.
4 A thirteenth-century reliquary dedicated to St Exupere, the first Bishop of Bayeux.
5 The crypt of Odo’s Bayeux Cathedral, which was consecrated in 1077.
6 The Romanesque tower of the parish church of Cambremer, which formed a detached portion of the Diocese of Bayeux. The bishops of Bayeux held an important market here.
7 The gatehouse of the former abbey of Vigor le Grand. Little remains of the original abbey buildings created by Bishop Odo in the mid-eleventh century.
8 Earl Harold swearing an oath on two reliquaries in the presence of Duke William of Normandy in 1064, from the Bayeux Tapestry.
9 In this scene from the Bayeux Tapestry, Odo, seated next to William, appears to be ordering the construction of an invasion fleet.
10 A sandbank across the mouth of the estuary of the River Dives at Dives-sur-Mer. It was here that the invasion fleet was originally assembled.
11 Aerial view of Pevensey Castle, Sussex. This was the Roman Saxon-Shore fort of Anderitum, where Duke William established a base for his army immediately upon landing in England.
12 In this scene from the Bayeux Tapestry a mounted Norman soldier named Wadard is seen leading a foraging party before the Battle of Hastings. Wadard is believed to have been one of Odo’s vassals, and his depiction on the Tapestry as evidence of Odo’s close association with its creation.
13 In this scene from the Bayeux Tapestry a cleric, believed to be Odo, is blessing a feast after the Norman fleet landed in England. The crescent shaped table and the configuration of the diners is reminiscent of representations of the Last Supper. The soldiers to the left have to make do with a shield from which to eat their meal.
14 The three brothers, William,
Robert and Odo, are depicted together before the Battle of Hastings in this scene from the Bayeux Tapestry. Odo is gesticulating and leading the discussion, William is listening and Robert is about to leave.
15 Turold, recorded on the Tapestry, was probably another of Odo’s vassals. It is not clear if the name is applied to the dwarf holding the horse or, more feasibly, to one of the men on the left of the picture.
16 Vital is bringing news of King Harold’s movements before the battle in this scene. It is likely that he was also one of Odo’s followers. The specific naming of Vital, Turold and Wadard, all men with close links to Odo, provides a strong argument for Odo’s involvement in making the Tapestry.
17 The battlefield at Battle. Harold and the English army were sited at the top of the slope where the remains of Battle Abbey can be seen. The Normans and their allies repeatedly attacked up the hill before eventually dislodging the English.
18 Bishop Odo wielding a baton or mace at the Battle of Hastings. This powerful image has been much discussed. Was Odo participating in the fighting or simply encouraging the Norman troops to victory?
19 A painting of Queen Matilda and her assistants working on the Tapestry from the oil painting, La Reine Mathilde travaillant a la Telle du Conquest, by Alfred Guillard (1849). It was popularly believed that Matilda was personally responsible for the Tapestry and there are several similar pictures from the nineteenth century.
20 Noah’s Arc depicted on Aelfric’s Pentateuch, a late Saxon manuscript, that shows certain similarities in design to the Bayeux Tapestry.
21 A section of Romanesque sculpture depicting a battle scene above the door to the cathedral at Angouleme. The portrayal of soldiers, horses and buildings is remarkably similar to that on the Bayeux Tapestry.
22 Penenden Heath, where the famous ‘trial’ of Odo took place, now sited on the edge of Maidstone in Kent.
23 Aerial photograph of Deddington Castle, Oxfordshire. The defences of a large outer bailey with massive earthworks are defined by their tree cover. It is probable that this was the caput or headquarters for Odo’s Midland estates.
24 The fortified building depicted near the beginning of the Tapestry is probably the ducal castle at Rouen. Odo was imprisoned in the ‘tower’ here between 1082 and 1087.
25 Aerial photograph of Rochester Castle, Odo’s stronghold in Kent. The siege of Rochester (1088) led to Odo’s final banishment from England.
26 The motte at Tonbridge, Kent. The castle mound was probably erected soon after the Battle of Hastings and featured in the 1088 baron’s rebellion.
27 A near contemporary depiction of Pope Urban II preaching the First Crusade at the great Abbey of Cluny in 1096.
28 Preparations for crusade from a twelfth-century manuscript.
29 A panoramic view of Palermo, Sicily, painted by E. Cremp in the nineteenth century. It was here that Odo died and was buried in 1097. Chirico, 1992
• Copyright •
First published in 2013
The History Press
The Mill, Brimscombe Port
Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG
www.thehistorypress.co.uk
This ebook edition first published in 2013
All rights reserved
© Trevor Rowley, 2013
The right of Trevor Rowley to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights, and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
EPUB ISBN 978 0 7524 7867 8
MOBI ISBN 978 0 7524 7866 1
Original typesetting by The History Press
Ebook compilation by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk
The Man Behind the Bayeux Tapestry Page 20