4. David Willis McCullough, ed., Chronicles of the Barbarians (1998), p. 8.
5. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, p. 62.
6. “The Cursing of Agade,” in ETC.
7. Ibid.
8. Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 330.
9. “A tigi to Bau for Gudea,” in ETC.
10. “The Victory of Utu-hegal,” in ETC.
11. Kramer, The Sumerians, p. 325.
12. “Ur-Namma the canal-digger,” in ETC.
13. “A praise poem of Ur-Namma” in ETC.
Chapter Seventeen The First Monotheist
1. Gen. 10:11–24.
2. Victor P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1–17 (1990), p. 363.
3. Adapted from “The death of Ur-Namma (Ur-Namma A),” in ETC.
4. Jonathan N. Tubb, Canaanites: Peoples of the Past (1998), p. 15.
5. J. M. Roberts, p. 41.
6. Tubb, p. 39.
7. Donald B. Redford Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (1992), pp. 63–64.
8. Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2004), p. 80.
9. Quoted in Redford, Egypt, pp. 67–68.
10. Qur’an 2.144–150.
11. Roaf, p. 101.
12. Quoted in Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 132–133.
13. Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 126.
14. Roaf, p. 102.
15. Tubb, p. 38.
Chapter Eighteen The First Environmental Disaster
1. John Perlin, Forest Journey: The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization (1991), p. 43.
2. Thorkild Jacobsen, Salinity and Irrigation Agriculture in Antiquity (1982), p. 468.
3. D. Bruce Dickson, “Circumscription by Anthropogenic Environmental Destruction: An Expansion of Carneiro’s (1970) Theory of the Origin of the State,” American Antiquity 52:4 (1987), p. 713.
4. Kramer, The Sumerians, pp. 333–334, adapted.
5. Ibid., pp. 334–335, adapted.
6. Slightly adapted from “The Lament for Urim,” in ETC.
7. Ibid.
Chapter Nineteen The Battle for Reunification
1. Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 137.
2. Stephan Seidlmayer, “The First Intermediate Period,” in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw (2002), pp. 128–129.
3. Verbrugghe and Wickersham, p. 194.
4. Clayton, p. 72.
5. “Instructions for Merikare,” in Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1 (1975), p. 70.
6. Shaw, p. 161.
7. Ibid., p. 151.
8. Dodson and Hilton, p. 87.
9. Ibid., p. 90.
10. “The Prophecy of Nerferti,” quoted in Shaw, p. 158.
11. Clayton, p. 79.
12. Shaw, p. 160.
13. Silverman, p. 79.
Chapter Twenty The Mesopotamian Mixing Bowl
1. Reconstruction of “Ishbi-Erra and Kindattu,” segments A, B, D, and E in ETC.
2. Roaf, p. 110.
3. Saggs, Assyria, pp. 28–30.
4. Reconstructed from the somewhat fragmented “Letter from Nann-ki-ag to Lipit-Estar about Gungunum’s troops” and “Letter from Lipit-Estar to Nann-ki-ag about driving away the enemy,” both in ETC.
5. “An adab to Nanna for Gungunum (Gungunum A),” in ETC.
6. L. W. King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, vol. 3 (1976), p. 213, translation of “Reign of Sumu-abu.”
7. Translated by A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (1975), p. 155.
8. Assyrian king list quoted in Saggs, Assyria, p. 25.
9. Daniel David Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylon, Volume I: Historical Records of Assyria from the Earliest Times to Sargon (1926), p. 16.
10. Saggs, Assyria, p. 37.
11. Roaf, p. 116.
12. Saggs, Assyria, p. 25.
13. Gwendolyn Leick, The Babylonians: An Introduction (2003), p. 33.
14. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, p. 156.
15. H. W. F. Saggs, Babylonians (1995), p. 98.
Chapter Twenty-One The Overthrow of the Xia
1. Ssu-ma Ch’ien, The Grand Scribe’s Records, vol. 1, ed. William H. Nienhauser, Jr., translated by Tsai-fa Cheng et al. (1994), p. 21.
2. Ibid., p. 22.
3. Ibid., p. 32.
4. John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (2002), p. 37.
5. Li Liu and Xingcan Chen, State Formation in Early China (2003), p. 35.
6. Ibid., p. 35.
7. Ch’ien, p. 37.
8. Ibid., p. 38.
9. J. A. G. Roberts, p. 5.
10. Ch’ien, p. 38; the exact quote is “I regret failing to kill T’ang in Hsia-t’ai; that is what has brought me to this.”
Chapter Twenty-Two Hammurabi’s Empire
1. Jorgen Laessoe, People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence (1963), p. 47.
2. Slightly paraphrased for clarity, from Laessoe, p. 50.
3. Laessoe, pp. 68–69.
4. Ibid., p. 76.
5. Ibid., p. 78.
6. André Parrot’s reconstruction, from the Mari letters, recapped in Jack M. Sasson, “The King and I: A Mari King in Changing Perceptions,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 118:4 (1998), p. 454.
7. King, vol. 2, p. 176.
8. Pritchard, p. 142.
9. Norman Yoffee, “The Decline and Rise of Mesopotamian Civilization: An Ethnoarchaeological Perspective on the Evolution of Social Complexity,” American Antiquity 44:1 (1979), p. 12.
10. Saggs, Babylonians, p. 101.
11. King, vol 1, p. xxxvii.
12. Roaf, p. 121.
Chapter Twenty-Three The Hyksos Seize Egypt
1. Shaw, p. 169.
2. Clayton, p. 93.
3. Josephus, Against Apion, 1.14.74–77, in The Works of Josephus (1987).
4. Ibid., 1.14.85.
5. Redford, Egypt, p. 126.
6. George Steindorff and Keith C. Steele, When Egypt Ruled the East (1957), p. 29.
Chapter Twenty-Four King Minos of Crete
1. J. Lesley Fitton, Minoans (2002), p. 67.
2. Ibid., pp. 104–105.
3. Ibid., p. 138.
4. Apollodorus, The Library (1921), 3.1.3–4 and 3.15.8.
5. Cyrus H. Gordon, The Common Background of Greek and Hebrew Civilizations (1965), pp. 51–52.
6. Thucydides, The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, translated by Richard Crawley (1998), 1.4–5.
7. Herodotus, 1.171.
8. Thucydides, 1.8.
9. Rodney Castleden, Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete (1990), p. 148.
10. Fitton, p. 166.
11. Christos G. Doumas, Thera, Pompeii of the Ancient Aegean (1983), p. 134.
12. Ibid., pp. 134–135.
13. Ibid., p. 139.
14. Ibid., p. 147.
Chapter Twenty-Five The Harappan Disintegration
1. Wolpert, p. 21.
2. G. F. Dales, “The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo Daro,” in Ancient Cities of the Indus, ed. G. L. Possehl (1979), p. 291.
3. Gregory L. Possehl, “The Mohenjo-daro Floods: A Reply,” American Anthropologist 69:1 (1967), p. 32.
4. Ibid., p. 35.
5. Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2002), p. 87.
6. Julian Reade, “Assyrian King-Lists, the Royal Tombs of Ur, and Indus Origins,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60:1 (2001), p. 27.
7. Wolpert, p. 27.
8. Ibid., p. 24.
9. Keay, p. 20.
Chapter Twenty-Six The Rise of the Hittites
1. Robert S. Hardy, “The Old Hittite Kingdom: A Political History,” American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 58:2 (1941), p. 180.
2. Trevor Bryce, Life and Society in the Hittite World (2002), pp. 116–117.
3. G. G. Giorgadze, “The Hittite Kingdom,” in Early Antiquity, ed. I. M. Diakanoff, tra
ns. Alexan-der Kirjanov (1991), p. 271.
4. Bryce, p. 230.
5. Robert S. Hardy, p. 181.
6. Giorgadze, p. 272.
7. Robert S. Hardy, p. 194.
8. The Hittite Testament, quoted at length in Bryce, p. 11.
9. Bryce, p. 31.
10. Redford, Egypt, p. 134.
11. Leick, The Babylonians, p. 42.
12. Robert S. Hardy, p. 206.
13. Bryce, p. 107.
Chapter Twenty-Seven Ahmose Expels the Hyksos
1. Slightly paraphrased from Steindorff and Steele, p. 31.
2. Silverman, p. 30.
3. Clayton, p. 102.
4. Josephus, Against Apion, 1.14.
5. Lewis, p. 98.
6. Shaw, p. 216.
7. Redford, Egypt, p. 129.
8. Eliezer D. Oren, “The ‘Kingdom of Sharuhen’ and the Hyksos Kingdom,” in The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, ed. Eliezer D. Oren (1997), p. 253.
9. Lewis, p. 98.
Chapter Twenty-Eight Usurpation and Revenge
1. Dodson and Hilton, p. 127.
2. Clayton, p. 105.
3. Edward F. Wente, “Some Graffiti from the Reign of Hatshepsut,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 43:1 (1984), pp. 52–53. Wente points out that the graffiti can be given alternate interpretations.
4. E. P. Uphill, “A Joint Sed-Festival of Thutmose III and Queen Hatshepsut,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 20:4 (1961), pp. 249–251.
5. I. V. Vinogradov, “The New Kingdom of Egypt,” in Early Antiquity, ed. I. M. Diakonoff, trans. Alexander Kirjanov (1991), p. 178.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 180.
8. Steindorff and Steele, p. 58.
9. Ibid., p. 57.
Chapter Twenty-Nine The Three-Way Contest
1. Laessoe, p. 83.
2. Ibid., p. 87.
3. Steindorff and Steele, p. 63.
4. Robert S. Hardy, p. 206.
5. Ibid., p. 208.
6. Bryce, pp. 28–29.
7. Laessoe, p. 89.
8. Redford, Egypt, p. 164.
9. Ibid., p. 167.
10. Alan R. Schulman, “Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 38:3 (1979), p. 83.
Chapter Thirty The Shifting Capitals of the Shang
1. Ch’ien, p. 43.
2. Kwang-Chih Chang, Shang Civilization (1980), p. 11.
3. Ch’ien, p. 45.
4. Arthur Cotterell, China: A Cultural History (1988), p. 16.
5. Chang, p. 10.
6. Quoted in Chang, p. 11.
7. Ch’ien, p. 47.
Chapter Thirty-One The Mycenaeans of Greece
1. Lord William Taylour, The Mycenaeans (1983), p. 18.
2. Plutarch, Plutarch’s Lives, vol. 1, The Dryden Translation (2001), p. 10.
3. Taylour, p. 41.
4. Ibid., p. 147; Robert Morkot, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece (1996), p. 29.
5. Taylour, p. 137.
6. John Chadwick, Linear B and Related Scripts (1987), pp. 44–49.
7. Herodotus, 3.122.
8. Taylour, p. 156.
9. Fitton, p. 179.
10. J. T. Hooker, “Homer and Late Minoan Crete,” Journal of Hellenic Studies 89 (1969), p. 60.
Chapter Thirty-Two Struggle of the Gods
1. Clayton, p. 116.
2. David O’Connor and Eric H. Cline, Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign (1998), p. 13.
3. Ibid., p. 11.
4. Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome (1996), p. 111.
5. Details found in Ernest A. Wallis Budge, Tutankhamen: Amenism, Atenism, and Egyptian Monotheism (1923), p. 68, and also Clayton, p. 117.
6. Donald B. Redford, Akhenaten: The Heretic King (1984), pp. 36–37.
7. Clayton, p. 116.
8. O’Connor and Cline, p. 20.
9. Laessoe, p. 90.
10. O’Connor and Cline, p. 243.
11. William L. Moran, ed. and trans., The Amarna Letters (1992), p. 1.
12. Ibid., pp. 1–2.
13. Ibid., p. 8.
14. O’Connor and Cline, pp. 2–3.
15. Redford, Akhenaten, p. 162.
16. Dodson and Hilton, p. 142.
17. Redford, Akhenaten, p. 52.
18. Cyril Aldred, Akhenaten, King of Egypt (1988), p. 278.
19. Ibid., pp. 241–243.
20. Redford, Akhenaten, p. 141.
Chapter Thirty-Three Wars and Marriages
1. Slight paraphrase of the letter labelled El Amarna (hereafter EA) 20 by archaeologists, quoted in Moran, p. 48.
2. Redford, Akhenaten, p. 195.
3. EA 41, in Moran, p. 114.
4. EA 16, in Moran, p. 16.
5. Redford, Akhenaten, p. 197.
6. Laessoe, p. 90.
7. EA 9, in Moran, p. 18.
8. Saggs, Babylonians, pp. 118–119.
9. Clayton, p. 134.
10. Nicholas Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, The Tomb, The Royal Treasure (1995), p. 23.
11. Clayton, p. 135.
Chapter Thirty-Four The Greatest Battle in Very Ancient Times
1. Clayton, p. 138.
2. Ibid., p. 146.
3. Bryce, p. 111.
4. Shaw, p. 298.
5. Diakonoff, p. 189.
6. Shaw, p. 298.
7. Clayton, p. 151.
8. Letter translated and quoted in Bryce, p. 172.
9. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 27.
10. Bryce, p. 108.
11. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 40.
12. Redford, Egypt, p. 188.
13. Clayton, p. 153.
14. Ibid., p. 155.
Chapter Thirty-Five The Battle for Troy
1. Taylour, p. 159.
2. Homer, The Iliad, Book 3; this translation is E. V. Rieu’s (1950).
3. Virgil, The Aeneid, 2.13–20, translated by C. Day Lewis (1950).
4. Ibid., 2.265–267, 327.
5. E. V. Rieu, “Introduction,” in Homer, The Iliad (1950), p. xiv.
6. Chadwick, p. 36.
7. Clayton, p. 162.
8. Herodotus, 1.4.
9. Herodotus, 1.5.
10. Barbara W. Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (1984), p. 43.
11. Thucydides, 1.11.1.
12. Homer, The Odyssey, Book 3, Samuel Butler translation (1898).
13. Thucydides, 1.12.2.
Chapter Thirty-Six The First Historical King of China
1. J. Legge and C. Waltham translation, quoted by Chang, p. 12.
2. Fairbank and Goldman, p. 34.
3. J. A. G. Roberts, p. 67.
4. Ibid., p. 8.
5. Chang, pp. 32–35.
6. A. Waley translation, quoted in Chang, p. 13.
7. Cotterell, China, p. 24.
Chapter Thirty-Seven The Rig Veda
1. Keay, p. 26.
2. Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey (2001), pp. 3–4.
3. Keay, p. 29. A mandala can refer to anything with qualities of circularity.
4. The Rig Veda, translated by Franklin Edgerton in The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy (1965), pp. 52–56.
5. Kulke and Rothermand, p. 35.
6. Thapar, Early India, p. 114.
Chapter Thirty-Eight The Wheel Turns Again
1. Redford, Egypt, p. 247.
2. Clayton, p. 157.
3. Bryce, p. 94.
4. Ibid., p. 22.
5. K. A. Kitchen, trans., Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical, vol. 4 (1969), 5.3.
6. Bryce, p. 95.
7. Ibid., p. 109.
8. Ibid., p. 26.
9. Ibid., p. 234.
10. Redford, Egypt, p. 245.
11. Adapted from the letter labelled RS 34, found in Sylvie Lackenbacher, Le roi bâtisseur. Les récits de construction assyriens des origins à Teglatphalasar III (1982).
/> 12. Itamar Singer, “New Evidence on the End of the Hittite Empire,” in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. Eliezer D. Oren (2000), p. 22.
13. Laessoe, p. 98.
14. Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 209.
15. Chronicle P, quoted in Saggs, Babylonians, p. 119.
16. Quoted in Roaf, p. 148.
17. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 49.
18. Saggs, Assyria, p. 52.
19. Luckenbill, Ancient Records, vol. 1, p. 49.
20. Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 251.
21. Saggs, Babylonians, p. 120.
22. The Great Harris Papyrus, quoted by A. Malamat in “Cushan Rishathaim and the Decline of the Near East around 1200 BC,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13:4 (1954), p. 234.
Chapter Thirty-Nine The End of the New Kingdom
1. Clayton, p. 160.
2. Condensed slightly from the translation in Lewis, p. 219.
3. Jacobus van Dijk, “The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom,” in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw (2000), pp. 304–305.
4. Condensed slightly from the translation in Redford, Egypt, p. 251.
5. Redford, Egypt, p. 252.
6. Lewis, p. 245.
7. David O’Connor, “The Sea Peoples and the Egyptian Sources,” in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. Eliezer D. Oren (2000), p. 95.
8. Ibid., p. 85.
9. Lewis, pp. 245–246.
10. van Dijk, p. 306.
11. Lewis, p. 247.
12. Ibid., p. 252.
13. Ibid., p. 254.
14. Clayton, p. 168.
15. See van Dijk, p. 308, and also Lewis, p. 265.
16. Clayton, p. 171.
Chapter Forty The Dark Age of Greece
1. Taylour, p. 159.
2. Morkot, p. 46.
3. Herodotus, 5.76.
4. Konon, Narratives, Sec. 26, in The Narratives of Konon: Text Translation and Commentary of the Diegesis by Malcolm Brown (2003).
5. Thucydides, 1.12.2–4.
6. Taylour, p. 161.
7. E. Watson Williams, “The End of an Epoch,” Greece & Rome, 2d series, 9:2 (1962), pp. 119–120.
8. Philip P. Betancourt, “The Aegean and the Origin of the Sea Peoples,” in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. Eliezer D. Oren (2000), p. 300.
9. Homer, The Iliad, 1.12–14, translated by Robert Fitzgerald (1974).
10. Williams, p. 117.
11. Quoted in Williams, p. 112.
Chapter Forty-One The Dark Age of Mesopotamia
1. Translated by H. Otten in the journal Mitteilungen des deutschen Orientgesellschaft 94 (1963), p. 21, and quoted in Redford, Egypt, p. 254.
2. Roaf, p. 149.
3. A. T. Olmstead, “Tiglath-Pileser I and His Wars,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 37 (1917), p. 170.
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