by Joel Garreau
On the Shaping of the Boston Metropolitan Area
Arnst, Catherine. “MIT: the Engine That Drives Massachusetts’ Economy.” Reuters, October 25, 1987.
“Boom.” New England Monthly, February 1987.
The storm before the lull. Ironically and tragically, New England Monthly magazine is dead—a victim of the bust.
Byrne, Thérèse E., and David J. Kostin. The Boston Office Market: Will It Survive the Massachusetts Miracle? New York: Salomon Brothers, December 1989.
Daly, Christopher B. “Plans for Developing Walden Raise Star-Studded Opposition.” Washington Post, April 26, 1990.
Including Don Henley of the Eagles, Bonnie Raitt, and actor Don Johnson in benefit fund-raising stints.
Drier, Peter, David C. Schwartz, and Ann Greiner. “What Every Business Can Do About Housing.” Harvard Business Review, September-October 1988.
King, John. “Overnight Real Estate Fortunes End As Housing Sales in Boston Sag.” Washington Post, July 23, 1989.
Stein, Charles. “128: Why It Will Never Be the Same.” Boston Globe, January 3, 1989.
Stout, Hilary. “Jobless Aren’t Migrating to Boom Areas: Great Disparity in Living Cost Is Major Deterrent.” Wall Street Journal, February 21, 1989, 1.
Tye, Larry. “The Boom Produces a Boomerang.” Boston Globe, 1 March 1988, 1.
Not only did housing costs skyrocket. So did the cost of water, electricity, natural gas, car insurance, a plumber, and an electrician.
“U.S. Ranks New England as Wealthiest Region.” Providence Journal, August 21, 1987.
On the Shaping of the Detroit Metropolitan Area
Conot, Robert. American Odyssey. New York: Morrow, 1974.
Gavrilovich, Peter. “Money Tells Story of Detroit’s Rise to Fame.” Detroit Free Press, Sunday, September 15, 1985, 1G.
Lacey, Robert. Ford: The Men and the Machine. New York: Ballantine, 1986.
“Toronto and Detroit: Canadians Do It Better.” The Economist, May 19, 1990, 17.
On the Shaping of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area
Dedman, Bill. “The Color of Money.” Series in the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 1–4, 1988, and after.
Hartshorn, Truman A., et al. Atlanta: Metropolis in Georgia. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1976.
—–, and Peter O. Muller. “Suburban Downtowns and the Transformation of Metropolitan Atlanta’s Business Landscape.” Urban Geography 10, no. 4 (1989): 375–95.
Perimeter Center: The Art of Environment. Atlanta: Taylor & Mathis, n.d.
A rather more breathtaking than average glossy-stock, lushly photographed paean to an Edge City, it features such lines as “To have succeeded in creating a masterpiece to the art of environment can only be the beginning.” An artifact worth going out of your way to obtain.
Scenes of Black Atlanta: A Full Color Pictorial Guide and Location Directory. Atlanta: Farris Color Visions, Inc., 1989.
“The Shaping of Atlanta.” Series in the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 3–7, August 9–16, December 27–31, 1987.
White, Dana F. “The Black Sides of Atlanta: A Geography of Expansion and Containment, 1970–1870.” Atlanta Historical Journal 26, nos. 2–3 (Summer-Fall 1982).
—–, and Timothy Crimmins. “Celebrating 150 Years of ‘Can-do’ Spirit: New Voices Rise to Make Atlanta Sun Belt Capital”; “Reconstruction Transformed City into Metropolis”; and “As the Suburbs Spread, the Downtown Grew Higher.” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, October 4, 1987, 1S.
On the Shaping of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area
Dragos, Stephen. “Desert-Cities: Look to the Future.” Urban Land (November 1989).
Laake, Deborah. “The Pfuture Without Pfister: If the Head of the Salt River Project Doesn’t Keep Phoenix Safe from the Storm, Who Will?” New Times, November 14–20, 1990.
McKeough, Margaret E. “Phoenix Community Alliance: Leading Downtown Development.” Arizona Business and Development, Fall 1990.
Sargent, Charles, ed. Metro Arizona. Scottsdale: Biffington Books, 1988.
A Valley Reborn: The Story of the Salt River Project. Phoenix: The Salt River Project, n.d.
On the Shaping of the Dallas Metropolitan Area
Big D: Why Did They Put Such a Big City So Far Out in the Country? (Answer: John Bryan Thought He Had Found the Next Galveston.) Dallas: Community Access, 1986.
Cartwright, Gary. “Paradise Lost.” Texas Monthly, October 1987, 116.
Dillon, David. “Las Colinas Revisited.” American Planning Association, December 1989.
Dimeo, Jean. “This Is Exxon: Streamlined Economic Powerhouse Heads for Las Colinas Home.” Dallas Times Herald, May 13, 1990.
Ingersoll, Richard. “Las Colinas: The Ultimate Bourgeois Utopia,” Texas Architect (January-February 1989).
“The Swearingen Report.” The Swearingen Company, Commercial Real Estate Services, midyear 1990.
On the Shaping of the Houston Metropolitan Area
Feagin, Joe. Free Enterprise City. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988.
Fox, Stephen. Houston: Architectural Guide. Houston: American Institute of Architects/Houston Chapter and Herring Press, 1990.
More than a guide, and more than just about Houston, this is a critical, lively, and thoughtful analysis that takes seriously—but not too seriously—the ultimate free-enterprise individualist landscape that is at the heart of every Edge City.
Morgan, George T., Jr., and John O. King. The Woodlands: New Community Development, 1964–1983. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987.
Shulman, David, and Mari Canton. Houston Real Estate Market. New York: Salomon Brothers, June 1986.
Brutal.
Trow, George W. S. “Our Far-Flung Correspondents: Empty or Nearly So in Houston.” The New Yorker, January 30, 1989, 84.
West, Richard. “My Home, the Galleria: Under the Glass Roof Is Everything That Makes Life Worthwhile—Food, Drink, Fine Clothes, Sex, Gossip, and Intrigue.” Texas Monthly, July 1980, 97.
On the Shaping of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
Baldassare, Mark. Trouble in Paradise. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Banham, Reyner. Los Angeles: The Architecture of the Four Ecologies. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971.
Brodsly, David. L.A. Freeway: An Appreciative Essay. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Entering the 21st Century/Portrait for Progress: The Economy of Los Angeles County and the Sixty-Mile Circle Region. Los Angeles: Security Pacific Bank, July 1988.
Himmelsbach, Eric, Sunni Bloyd, and Eve Belson. “Nixon: Now More Than Ever—The Enduring Influence of Orange County’s Favorite Son.” Orange Coast: The Magazine of Orange County, July 1990, cover story.
Kotkin, Joel. “I Love L.A.: Why Los Angeles Is Fast Replacing New York City as the Economic Capital of America.” Inc., March 1989, 96.
—–. “Fear and Reality in the Los Angeles Melting Pot.” Los Angeles Times Magazine, November 5, 1989.
LA 2000: A City for the Future. Los Angeles: Los Angeles 2000 Committee, 1988.
Lockwood, Charles, and Christopher B. Leinberger. “Los Angeles Comes of Age.” Atlantic, January 1988, 31.
McWilliams, Carey. Southern California: An Island on the Land. Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, 1973.
Manasian, David. “California: A Survey.” The Economist, October 13, 1990.
Mathews, Jay. “Cities in West Steering away from Growth: More Compact Style Marks California Life.” Washington Post, June 14, 1987, A3.
Including the news that Californians now commute about the same distance each day as do average Americans and consume less gasoline per capita.
Morrison, Patt, T. Jefferson Parker, and Steve Harvey. “L.A. vs. O.C.: A Special Report.” Los Angeles Times Magazine, June 17, 1990.
Wickedly accurate and funny comparison of Los Angeles and Orange County, confirming and skewering the prejudices of the residents of both.
Rose, Frederick. “Californi
a Babel: The City of the Future Is a Troubling Prospect If It’s to Be Los Angeles: To Cultural Stew Add Crime, Poverty, Pollution, Traffic, Film Fantasies and Tofu; Economic Base: Cheap Labor.” Wall Street Journal, June 12, 1989, A1.
Shulman, David, Mari Canton, and David J. Kostin. Los Angeles Real Estate Market. New York: Salomon Brothers, January 1987.
Soja, Edward W., “The Orange County Exopolis: A Contemporary Screen-Play.”
A paper with a through-the-looking-glass quality, nonetheless based on fact, written by the UCLA professor in the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, and scheduled to appear in an as yet untitled book on the “city of the future,” edited by Michael Sorkin for Pantheon.
Starr, Kevin. Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Timmons, Tim. Anyone Anonymous. Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1990.
On the Shaping of the San Francisco Metropolitan Area
Beers, David. “Tomorrowland: We Have Seen the Future, and It Is Pleasanton.” San Francisco Examiner, January 18, 1987. Image magazine.
Do wall, David E. The Suburban Squeeze: Land Conversion and Regulation in the San Francisco Bay Area. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
Jordan, Susan. San Jose/Silicon Valley Research and Development and Office Parks. New York: Salomon Brothers, January 1989.
Kroll, Cynthia. Employment Growth and Office Space Along the 680 Corridor: Booming Supply and Potential Demand in a Suburban Area. Berkeley: Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics, Institute of Business and Economic Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California at Berkeley, 1984.
—–, and Efza Evrengil, The San Francisco Bay Area Economy: A Profile of the Region as It Approaches the 1990s. Berkeley: Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics, Institute of Business and Economic Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California at Berkeley, May 1989.
—–, and Elizabeth W. Morris. Economic Conditions and Forces of Change in San Joaquin County. Berkeley: Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics, Institute of Business and Economic Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California at Berkeley, 1988.
LeGates, Richard T., and Claude Pellerin. Planning Tomorrowland: The Transformation of Pleasanton, California. San Francisco: San Francisco State University Foundation and the San Francisco State University Public Research Institute, Working Paper No. 89–12, June 1989.
Rosen, Kenneth T., and Susan Jordan. San Francisco Real Estate Market: The City, the Peninsula and the East Bay. San Francisco: Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics, Institute of Business and Economic Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California at Berkeley, November 1988.
Vance, James E., Jr. Geography and Urban Evolution in the San Francisco Bay Area. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of Governmental Studies, 1964.
On the Shaping of the Washington Metropolitan Area, Especially the Virginia Side
Canton, Mari, Adele M. Hayutin, and David J. Kostin. Washington, D.C. Real Estate Market. New York: Salomon Brothers, April 1987.
Downey, Kirstin. “Emerging Cities: The Boom Goes On.” Washington Post, April 3, 1989.
Faux, Patricia L., Michael Hickock, Eric Smart, and Barbara Kaiser. A Pilot Study of Suburban Activity Centers: Tysons Corner, a Hybrid Downtown. Washington, D.C: Urban Land Institute, 1987.
Gardiner, John Rolfe. In the Heart of the Whole World. New York: Knopf, 1988.
If a place is not a place until it has a poet, Tysons Corner is now a place. This is the first engrossing novel of literary merit I am aware of that takes that exotic clime as its stage.
Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. Edited by William Peden. New York: Norton, 1982.
Kotkin, Joel. “The Future Is Here: The Apple Is History. In the 21st Century, Washington and Los Angeles Will Dominate the American Economy.” Washington Post Magazine, June 25, 1989, 17.
Mastran, Shelley S. The Evolution of Suburban Nucleations: Land Investment Activity in Fairfax County, Virginia, 1958–1977. College Park: University of Maryland Geography Department, 1988.
McDowell, Martha Shea. “The Ungreening of Tysons Corner: Hay One Dollar a Bale?” Virginia Country, Spring 1988, 13.
O’Donnell, Frank. “They Came, They Saw, They Built! … and Built, and Built, and Built: The Men Who Made—and Made Out in—Tysons Corner.” Regardie’s, September 1988, 167.
A Policies Plan for the Year 2000: The Nation’s Capital. Washington, D.C.: National Capital Planning Commission, National Capital Regional Planning Council, 1961.
One plan for an urban area that was pretty much built—with, of course, utterly Unintended Consequences. “The Power Elite: Our Annual Roster of the 100 Local People Who Have True Clout. If the Establishment Still Exists, This Is It.” Regardie’s, vol. 9, 1989.
This was the year both Til Hazel and Annie Snyder made it onto the list.
Richardson, Lynda, and Caroline E. Mayer. “Tysons Squared.” Washington Post, August 28, 1988, Ai; August 29, 1988, A1.
Stuntz, Connie Pendleton, and Mayo Sturdevant Stuntz. This Was Tysons Corner, Virginia. Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing, 1990.
On the Final Battle at Manassas
Save the Battlefield Coalition, P.O. Box 110, Catharpin, Virginia 22018, has an exhaustive library of newspaper, magazine, and video references to its fight. In fact, this huge yet scrupulously indexed and constantly updated and maintained file of information—plus a home copying machine to duplicate it—was its most potent weapon. Would-be activists, take note.
Those who cannot find or even pronounce Catharpin would be well advised to consult a database storing the articles of the Washington Post and search appropriately under the byline of John F. Harris, who followed the story fairly and indefatigably.
Congressional Record, 100th Cong., 2d sess., October 7, 1988, 134, no. 142, pt. 2:S15149.
The key battle and vote in the Senate.
Manassas National Battlefield Park Amendments of 1988, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks and Forests, of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 4526 to Provide for the Addition of Approximately 600 Acres to the Manassas National Battlefield Park, September 8, 1988 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989)
Rhodes, Karl. “The Third Battle of Manassas.” Virginia Business, December 1988.
Webb, Robert. “Manassas Tragedy: Paving over the Past.” Washington Post, March 13, 1988, Outlook section.
Indispensable References
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1975.
Hoffman, Mark S., ed. The World Almanac and Book of Facts. Annual. New York: Pharos Books.
King, Glenn W., et al., ed. Statistical Abstract of the United States: The National Data Book. Annual. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
One of the best-kept secrets in Washington. Own this book and you will never be at a loss for instant expertise.
Rand McNally Road Atlas: United States, Canada, Mexico. Annual. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company.
The authentic sound of spring for me is that of this atlas hitting the paperback bestseller list.
Notes
Chapter 1 The Search for the Future Inside Ourselves: Life on the New Frontier
1 the majority of metropolitan Americans now work: Residential and job statistics from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1990, 110th ed. (Washington, D.C., 1990). Office space statistics from Salomon Brothers, Inc., New York, and the Office Network, Houston. See also Robert Fishman, “Megalopolis Unbound,” Wilson Quarterly (1990): 24.
2 High Mall: Oxford English Dictionary, see “mall.”
3 the best-housed civilization: See, for example, Irving Welfeld, Where We Live: T
he American Home and the Social, Political, and Economic Landscape, from Slums to Suburbs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988).
4 Already, two thirds of all American office facilities: Peter O. Muller, Journal of Urban History 13, no. 3 (May 1987): 352.
5 By the mid-1980s, there was far more office space: Existing prime office space inventory, March 1988: midtown Manhattan, 155.6 million square feet; downtown Manhattan (Wall Street), 78.2 million square feet. Existing prime office space inventory in New York suburbs (Edge Cities), December 1987: 183.7 million square feet (21.1 million on Long Island, 33.5 million in Westchester, 40.1 million in Fairfield, and 89.0 million in northeastern New Jersey). Even by the mid-1980s, more than twice as much space was under construction in the Edge Cities of the New York area than in all of Manhattan, a trend that continues into the 1990s. By 1988, 11.6 million square feet were being absorbed in the Edge Cities, but the Manhattan figure actually turned to a negative 800,000 square feet. See David Shulman et al., New York Metropolitan Area Office Market (New York: Salomon Brothers, July 1988); Thérèse E. Byrne, The Edge City as a Paradigm: Remodeling the I-78 Corridor (New York: Salomon Brothers, September 1989). Also see “The Office Network Office Market Report” (Houston, various dates); Peter O. Muller, “A Review of Suburban Gridlock by Robert Cervero,” Geographical Review 78, no. 4 (October 1988): 447–48.
6 Most of the trips metropolitan Americans take: “According to the 1980 U.S. Census, there were twice as many suburbanites commuting to suburban jobs in metropolitan areas as there were to jobs in the central cities. Between 1960 and 1980, intrasuburban commuting accounted for 57 percent of the increase in metropolitan commuting. Less than 8 percent of regional workers—ranging from 3 percent in Los Angeles to 10.9 percent in San Francisco—are employed in the 10 largest urbanized areas. For a typical area, the central business district commuter probably represents less than 10 percent of all highway travelers during the heaviest rush hour.” Myths and Facts About Transportation and Growth (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Land Institute, 1989). Also see Robert Cervero, Suburban Gridlock (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University, Center for Urban Policy Research, 1986); Cervero, Americas Suburban Centers: A Study of the Land Use/Transportation Link (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, January 1988); Alan E. Pisarski, Commuting in America: A National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends (Westport, Conn.: Eno Foundation for Transportation, 1987); U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States.