Death of Caesar : The Story of History's Most Famous Assassination (9781451668827)
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Cassius of Parma was the last of Caesar’s assassins to die Velleius Paterculus, History of Rome 2.87.3.
CHAPTER 13. AUGUSTUS
Octavian held a triple triumph Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.21.
two of her children by Antony Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios. The third child, Ptolemy Philadelphus, is not mentioned, and presumably he was already dead. Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.21.8.
“too many Caesars is not a good thing” Arius in Plutarch, Antony 81.2.
On the eighteenth of the month Sextilis Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.22; Augustus, Res Gestae 19.
Caesar’s birthday Cassius Dio, Roman History 47.18.6. Caesar was actually born on July 13 but that day conflicted with an annual Apollo festival.
After Antony’s death: Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.19.3. See Jerzy Linderski, “The Augural Law,” in Hildegarde Temporini, ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2.16 (1986): 2187–88.
Parricide Day Suetonius, Julius Caesar 88; Cassius Dio, Roman History 47.19.1.
Pompey’s Senate House Suetonius, Julius Caesar 88, Augustus 31; Cassius Dio, Roman History 47.19; Eva Margareta Steinby, ed., Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae (Rome: Edizioni Quasar, 1993), vol. 1: 334–35.
“The evil that men do” Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, 3.2.75–76.
“If we want everything to stay the same” “Se vogliamo che tutto rimanga come è, bisogna che tutto cambi,” Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, Il Gattopardo, 1. ed. in “Le comete.”
Augustus portrayed Decimus as an archvillain So we can judge by Decimus’s prominence in Nicolaus of Damascus, who was influenced by Augustus’s memoirs.
“I’ll do it but only if I live” Seneca, Letters to Lucilius 10.82.12.
At least three or four friends of Brutus Publius Volumnius, Empylus, Asinius Pollio, Lucius Sestius, and Bibulus. See Ramsay MacMullen, Enemies of the Roman Order, 18 and, on Bibulus, Plutarch, Brutus 13.
The story goes that when Augustus saw a statue Plutarch, Comparison of Dion and Brutus 5.
magnificent funeral Tacitus, Annals 3.76.
lived into her eighties On her age, see L. Hayne, “M. Lepidus and His Wife,” Latomus 33 (1974): 76 and n. 4.
Index
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Actium, Battle of, 228, 229, 230
Aeneas, 54
Aetolia, 139
Africa, 10, 24–25, 139, 213
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 186
Ahala, Gaius Servilius, 22, 81, 165
Alesia, siege of, 129, 200
Alexander the Great, 36, 37, 42, 68, 235
Alexandria, 36, 37, 140, 209, 221
Allobroges, 206–7
Alps, 3
Amatius (Herophilus), 48, 190
Ambiorix, 92
Anatolia, 32, 74, 100–101
Anna Perenna, 112, 123, 147
Anti-Cato (Caesar), 26
Antipater, 178
Antistius, 140
Antium, 193, 194–95
Antonius, Gaius, 210, 214
Antony, Mark (Marcus Antonius), 8–11, 154, 195
against the Parthians, 227
angry crowd confronted by, 160
arrival in Narbonese Gaul, 207
assassin’s worries about, 145, 157
and attempted assassination of Caesar, 13
background of, 12
in battle of Actium, 228
in battle of Philippi, 221–22, 225–26
Brutus shown respect by, 188
Caesar offered kingship by, 62–63
Caesar’s funeral oration given by, 168, 174–75, 177
Caesar’s promotion of, 45
Caesar’s public funeral supported by, 167, 169
Caesar’s suspicion of, 102
Cassius’s reconciliation dinner with, 164–65, 167, 169
as Chief Priest of Lupercalia, 61, 62–63
children of, 89, 164, 230
Cicero’s lack of trust in, 152–53, 188–89, 193, 210
Cicero’s plan to attack, 130
Cicero’s pushing out of Rome, 198
Cleopatra and, 53, 89
confiscated property bought by, 10
conspirators’ attempted recruitment of, 91, 95–97
conspirators’ desire to kill, 96, 98, 157, 223–24
conspirators’ negotiation with, 152–53
conspirators’ worries about, 129
courage of, 8–9
death of, 229, 231
Decimus courted by, 199
Decimus denounced by, 179–80
Decimus’s battle with, 205–6
Decimus’s death ordered by, 216–17, 225
Decimus’s territory demanded by, 199–200
defeat of, 236
descendants of, 232
dictatorship abolished by, 161
Dolabella’s consulship opposed by, 113
drinking by, 8, 10
fear of, in aftermath of assassination, 145
gathering of Caesar’s supporters in house of, 155–57
Gaul governorship won by, 198
Gaul reentered by, 213
as High Priest, 192, 215
as largely absent from Caesar’s will, 169
as leader of veterans, 171
Lepidus as rival of, 170
Lepidus made Chief Priest by, 189–90
Lepidus’s alliance with, 206, 209
loyalty to Caesar of, 188
marriage of, 188
as Master of the Horse, 9–10
monuments to Caesar disdained by, 190
named public enemy by Senate, 203
on need to compromise with assassins, 160
Octavia in marriage to, 227
Octavian as rival of, 170, 187, 191–92, 226
Octavian’s battles over money with, 191
Octavian’s rise and, 13, 96
as People’s Tribune, 9
Plutarch’s biography of, 70
popularity with soldiers of, 8
property sold by, 139
protests put down by, 10
public addressed on assassination by, 164
and reading of Caesar’s will, 168–69
recruited to plot against Caesar, 91
remarriage of, 10–11
in return to Rome, 3, 4, 11, 14, 46
and riot at Caesar’s funeral, 176, 177
Roman Empire divided by, 226–27
service in Gaul of, 8, 9
in siege of Mutina, 200, 201–3
statue of Caesar set up by, 190–91
as suspicious of Brutus and Cassius, 196
threatening letter from Cassius and Brutus to, 196
in triumvirate, 213
troops executed by, 198
troops sent into Forum by, 149, 157
unpopularity of, 149
vengeance desired by, 160
veterans’ land allotment arranged by, 188
vote on Caesar’s tyranny opposed by, 159–60
Apollo, 49
Apollonia, 54, 185–87
Appian, 71, 82, 106, 115, 122, 123, 164, 168, 219
on aftermath of assassination, 145
on Antony’s funeral oration, 174
on assassination, 134, 135
on assassins’ departure from scene, 146
on battle of Forum Gallorum, 202
Brutus’s speech to crowd in, 162
on Caesar’s dismissal of soothsayers, 125
conspirators accused of boastfulness by, 150
on Decimus’s gladiators, 200
on Senate meeting on assassination, 159
on senators’ sympathy with assassins, 153
Appian Gate, 60, 61
Appian Way, 59, 99, 105, 116, 168, 174
Aquila, Lucius Pontius, 47–48, 94, 203
Aquinus, Marcus, 147
Arcesilaus, 43
Ardennes Forest, 92
Aristotle, 33
Armenia, 227
Artemidorus of Cnidus, 123–24
Artemis, 49
Artemisia of Halicarnassus, 210
Arx, 147
Asia, Roman, 196
Assembly Place, 43
Athens, 160–61, 210
Atia, 12, 56, 171, 174, 185
Atlantic, Battle of the, 4
Atticus, 56, 151, 167–68, 194, 209, 214, 221–22
Augustus, Emperor, see Octavian
Balbus, Gaius Octavius, 147
Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, 39–40, 57
Balkans, 230
banquets, 105–6
Basilus, Minucius, 91, 92, 149
Caesar stabbed by, 135
Bassus, Quintus Caecilius, 55–56, 180, 209
Bellienus, Lucius, 177
Bellovaci, 7, 83
Best Men (optimates), 17, 18, 34, 37, 47
Antony suspected of being enemy to, 188
Caesar’s alleged desire to join, 78, 79
Parthian War opposed by, 54
in plot to kill Caesar, 97–98
Bibulus, 26, 27, 69
Birria, 116–17
Bithynia, 92, 196
Bononia, 213
Brittany, 4, 234
Brundisium, 185, 186–87, 198
Brutus, Lucius Junius, 22, 52, 62, 80, 99
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 14, 15–18, 76, 93
in aftermath of assassination, 145–46
as alleged leader of plot to kill Caesar, 67–68, 70
alleged to be Caesar’s son, 22–23, 24, 81
allowed to remain praetor after assassination, 192
Antony’s murder opposed by, 98, 157, 223–24
Antony’s showing of respect for, 188
Antony’s suspicion of, 196
assassination injury of, 135, 150
assassination planned by, 98–99, 100
assassins recruited by, 87–88
Athens as power base of, 21
Atticus’s refusal to fund, 194
Caesar stabbed by, 135–37
Caesar’s alleged sparing of, 23–24
and Caesar’s desire to join Best Men, 78, 79
and Caesar’s funeral, 168
Caesar’s promises to, 17
on Caesar’s seizure of property, 94
and Caesar’s veterans, 145
Cassius’s forces combined with, 219–20
Cato as role model to, 21, 26
Cato’s suicide disapproved by, 25
charm of, 79
Cicero’s Cato commissioned by, 26
Cicero’s disappointment in, 18
Cicero’s meeting on return to power with, 194–95
in Civil War, 23–24
coin issued by, 131
coins with face of, 188
court paid to Caesar by, 19, 20
dagger used by, 131
death of, 224–26, 229, 235
on death of Cicero, 217–18
Decimus refused aid by, 207
and Decimus’s recruitment to plot, 81
in decision to kill Caesar, 77–81
depression of, 195
determination of, 24
dictatorship for Pompey opposed by, 77
divorce and remarriage of, 26, 27
Eastern exile of, 192, 193, 196–97
education of, 20
Favonius rejected for conspiracy by, 130, 146
in flight to Antium, 193
Gaius Antony’s execution ordered by, 217
glory of, 224–25
Greek philosophy loved by, 77, 79, 83, 196–97
hostages kept by, 164
Italian Gaul trusted to, 16–17
Lepidus and, 155, 164, 194
Lucius Junius Brutus claimed as ancestor of, 22, 52, 62, 80, 99
Macedonian governorship of, 211
in march to Capitoline Hill, 146
memory of, 234, 235
money-lending by, 23
money raised by, 217
on morning of assassination, 112–13
personality of, 15–16
at Philippi battle, 221–24, 225–26
in plans to return to power, 193–94
Plutarch’s biography of, 70, 79
and Porcia’s death, 211
as public face of plot, 144–45
public support desired by, 149, 162–64
republicanism of, 22, 234
Senate’s assignment of new province to, 195
speech on assassination by, 150, 151
Thracian victories of, 211–12
threatening letter to Antony from, 196
troops paid by, 219
as urban praetor, 75, 80
Brutus, Marcus Junius (father), 20
Brutus (Cicero), 19, 80
Bucolianus, 135
Byzantine Empire, 233
Caecina, Aulus, 101
Caesar, Gaius Julius:
Adriatic crossed by, 34
aging and health problems of, 8, 15
in alleged affair with Cassius’s wife, 76
alleged depression of, 102–3
as allegedly willing to join Best Men, 78, 79
in Anatolian campaign, 32, 101
Antony’s offering of crown to, 61–63
Antony’s statue of, 190–91
appearance of, 4, 32
Aquila’s dispute with, 47–48
army’s loyalty as political tool of, 37–39
assassination attempt against (46 B.C.), 13
autopsy of, 140
background of, 32–35
bodyguards of, 100–105
Brutus allegedly spared by, 23–24
Brutus put in charge of Italian Gaul by, 16–17
as Brutus’s alleged father, 22–23, 24, 81
Brutus’s paying court to, 19, 20
casualties in wars of, 4, 38
Cato imprisoned by, 34
Cato’s criticism of, 22, 31
and Cato’s suicide, 25
as Chief Priest, 101, 176, 189
chiefs of staff of, 39–40
Cicero visited by, 56–58
Cicero’s lack of trust in, 18–19, 31
Cleopatra’s affair with, 33, 36–37, 53, 141, 235
Cleopatra’s claim to throne supported by, 35, 68
coins with face of, 188
colonists settled abroad by, 41
column and altar erected to, 190
courage of, 103
as Dictator for Ten Years, 30, 44, 49
elections cut back on by, 149
enemies pardoned by, 4, 31, 88
epilepsy of, 44, 110, 122
in exile, 193
fifth triumph of, 47–49, 176
as fond of gladiators, 117–18
four triumphs celebrated by, 25–26, 29, 38, 39, 41, 176, 219
free speech crushed by, 19
funeral for, 167–78, 194
funeral pyre of, 171, 173, 176, 177–78, 190
in Gallic revolt, 6
gambling by, 123
imperial views of, 29–30
kingship allegedly desired by, 62–63, 79, 113, 220
Labienus offered consulship by, 89
land grants to veterans from, 40
legitimacy lacked by, 44
Lepidus’s dinner with, 105–6, 109–10
made Dictator in Perpetuity, 50–52, 68
made master of Egypt, 36
made official god, 53, 68, 215, 232
military intelligence of, 101–2
in move to Egypt, 24
and mutiny of soldiers, 10
name of, transformed into imperial title, 232
North Africa victory of, 25–26, 51
Octavian adopted by, 45–46, 51, 79, 83, 169, 189
overview of, 140�
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People’s Tribunes vs., 59–61, 63
Philippus visited by, 56
Plutarch’s biography of, 70
poor laws of, 33–34, 39, 40–41, 63, 141
as Populist, 18
practical ability of, 4
previous plots against, 100
promises to Brutus made by, 17
property confiscated by, 91, 94, 97–98, 141
public works projects of, 41–43
removal of body from Senate House, 153–54
Republic disdained by, 32
in return to Rome, 3–4, 13–14, 29, 31, 46, 47–49, 91
rioting soldiers executed by, 39
Rubicon crossed by, 34–35, 38, 61, 108, 144
Sabis River battle won by, 34
seductions by, 5
self-promotion by, 33
Senate honors mocked by, 58–59, 63, 104
Servilia given gift by, 20–21
in showdown with Pompey, 7
in siege of Alesia, 129, 200
soothsayers dismissed by, 125, 127
statues of, 42, 52–53
stripped of Gaul governorship, 9
Suetonius’s admiration for, 70–71
Sulla compared to, 103
Sulla’s retirement mocked by, 50–51
and threat of absolute monarchy, 235–36
troops paid by, 219
violence embraced by, 34
in war against Gaul, 5–6, 9, 33, 37, 39, 55, 79, 84, 123, 140, 233
and war against Parthia, 49, 54–56, 60, 68, 87, 96, 109, 119, 156, 178, 186, 192, 235
wealth of, 6, 20–21, 157, 187
will revised by, 45–46, 51, 79, 83, 155, 167, 168–71, 173, 179
Caesar, Gaius Julius, plot to kill:
aftermath of, 145–47
Artemidorus’s warning over, 123–24
Brutus as necessary to, 77–78
Brutus’s defense of, 162–64
Brutus’s speech on, 150, 151
and Caesar’s arrival at Senate, 123–25
and Caesar’s entrance into Senate, 128, 129–30
Caesar’s friends in, 88
Caesar’s lack of loyalty as motive for, 68
Caesar’s suspicion of, 102–3
calmness of plotters in, 120
Calpurnia’s dream and, 107
Cassius’s speech on, 150–51
Cicero as alleged guiding spirit of, 95
and conspirators’ fear of Mark Antony, 129
as court intrigue, 89
gathering at Cassius’s house on, 112, 113
hostages in, 164
immunity granted to plotters of, 161, 164
and issue of bodyguards, 104–5
Mark Antony’s refusal to join, 95–97
morning of, 107, 112–15, 120–23
motives for, 68, 69, 71, 74–77, 78, 89–90
number of conspirators involved in, 93