2. Simon Baron-Cohen, Alan M. Leslie, and Uta Frith, “Does the Autistic Child Have a ‘Theory of Mind’?” Cognition 21 (1985): 37–46.
3. Uta Frith, “Looking Back,” https://sites.google.com/site/utafrith/looking-back-.
4. Kevin A. Pelphrey and Elizabeth J. Carter, “Brain Mechanisms for Social Perception: Lessons from Autism and Typical Development,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1145 (2008): 283–99.
5. Leslie A. Brothers, “The Social Brain: A Project for Integrating Primate Behavior and Neurophysiology in a New Domain,” Concepts in Neuroscience 1 (2002): 27–51.
6. Stephen J. Gotts et al., “Fractionation of Social Brain Circuits in Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Brain 135, no. 9 (2012): 2711–25.
7. Cynthia M. Schumann et al., “Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cortical Development through Early Childhood in Autism,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 12 (2010): 4419–27.
8. Leo Kanner, “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact,” The Nervous Child: Journal of Psychopathology, Psychotherapy, Mental Hygiene, and Guidance of the Child 2 (1943): 217–50.
9. Alison Singer, personal communication, March 24, 2017.
10. Ibid.
11. Erin McKinney, “The Best Way I Can Describe What It’s Like to Have Autism,” The Mighty, April 13, 2015, themighty.com/2015/04/what-its-like-to-have-autism-2/.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Beate Hermelin, Bright Splinters of the Mind: A Personal Story of Research with Autistic Savants (London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2001).
15. Stephan J. Sanders et al., “Multiple Recurrent De Novo CNVs, Including Duplications of the 7q11.23 Williams Syndrome Region, Are Strongly Associated with Autism,” Neuron 70, no. 5 (2011): 863–85.
16. Thomas R. Insel and Russell D. Fernald, “How the Brain Processes Social Information: Searching for the Social Brain,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004): 697–722.
17. Niklas Krumm et al., “A De Novo Convergence of Autism Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience,” Trends in Neuroscience 37, no. 2 (2014): 95–105.
18. Augustine Kong et al., “Rate of De Novo Mutations and the Importance of Father’s Age to Disease Risk,” Nature 488 (2012): 471–75.
19. Guomei Tang et al., “Loss of mTOR-Dependent Macroautophagy Causes Autistic-like Synaptic Pruning Deficits,” Neuron 83, no. 5 (2014): 1131–43.
20. Mario De Bono and Cornelia I. Bargmann, “Natural Variation in a Neuropeptide Y Receptor Homolog Modifies Social Behavior and Food Response in C. elegans,” Cell 94, no. 5 (1998): 679–89.
21. Thomas R. Insel, “The Challenge of Translation in Social Neuroscience: A Review of Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Affiliative Behavior,” Neuron 65, no. 6 (2010): 768–79.
22. Ibid.
23. Sarina M. Rodrigues et al., “Oxytocin Receptor Genetic Variation Relates to Empathy and Stress Reactivity in Humans,” PNAS 106, no. 50 (2009): 21437–41.
24. Simon L. Evans et al., “Intranasal Oxytocin Effects on Social Cognition: A Critique,” Brain Research 1580 (2014): 69–77.
25. Tang et al., “Loss of mTOR-Dependent Macroautophagy.”
3. EMOTIONS AND THE INTEGRITY OF THE SELF: DEPRESSION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER
1. William Styron, Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness (New York: Random House, 1990; repr. Vintage, 1992), 62.
2. Andrew Solomon, “Depression, Too, Is a Thing with Feathers,” Contemporary Psychoanalysis 44, no. 4 (2008): 509–30.
3. Helen S. Mayberg, “Targeted Electrode-Based Modulation of Neural Circuits for Depression,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 119, no. 4 (2009): 717–25.
4. Eric R. Kandel, “The New Science of Mind,” Gray Matter, Sunday Review, New York Times, September 6, 2013.
5. Mayberg, “Targeted Electrode-Based Modulation.”
6. Francisco López-Muñoz and Cecilio Alamo, “Monoaminergic Neurotransmission: The History of the Discovery of Antidepressants from 1950s until Today,” Current Pharmaceutical Design 15, no. 14 (2009): 1563–86.
7. Ronald S. Duman and George K. Aghajanian, “Synaptic Dysfunction in Depression: Potential Therapeutic Targets,” Science 338, no. 6103 (2012): 68–72.
8. Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer, “Case of Anna O,” in Studies on Hysteria, trans. and ed. James Strachey and Anna Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1955).
9. Steven Roose, Arnold M. Cooper, and Peter Fonagy, “The Scientific Basis of Psychotherapy,” in Psychiatry, 3rd ed., eds. Allan Tasman et al. (Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 2008), 289–300.
10. Aaron T. Beck et al., Cognitive Therapy of Depression (New York: Guilford Press, 1979).
11. Ibid.
12. Kay Redfield Jamison, An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 89.
13. Solomon, “Depression, Too, Is a Thing with Feathers.”
14. Mayberg, “Targeted Electrode-Based Modulation.”
15. Sidney H. Kennedy et al., “Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Follow-Up After 3 to 6 Years,” American Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 5 (2011): 502–10.
16. Jamison, An Unquiet Mind, 67.
17. Jane Collingwood, “Bipolar Disorder Genes Uncovered,” Psych Central, May 17, 2016, https://psychcentral.com/lib/bipolar-disorder-genes-uncovered/.
4. THE ABILITY TO THINK AND TO MAKE AND CARRY OUT DECISIONS: SCHIZOPHRENIA
For a general discussion on schizophrenia, see Steven E. Hyman and Jonathan D. Cohen, “Disorders of Thought and Volition: Schizophrenia,” in Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 1389–1401.
1. Elyn R. Saks, The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey through Madness (New York: Hyperion, 2007), 1–2.
2. Irwin Feinberg, “Cortical Pruning and the Development of Schizophrenia,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 16, no. 4 (1990): 567–68.
3. Jill R. Glausier and David A. Lewis, “Dendritic Spine Pathology in Schizophrenia,” Neuroscience 251 (2013): 90–107.
4. Daniel H. Geschwind and Jonathan Flint, “Genetics and Genomics of Psychiatric Disease,” Science 349, no. 6255 (2015): 1489–94.
5. David St. Clair et al., “Association within a Family of a Balanced Autosomal Translocation with Major Mental Illness,” Lancet 336, no. 8706 (1990): 13–16.
6. Qiang Wang et al., “The Psychiatric Disease Risk Factors DISC1 and TNIK Interact to Regulate Synapse Composition and Function,” Molecular Psychiatry 16, no. 10 (2011): 1006–23.
7. Aswin Sekar et al., “Schizophrenia Risk from Complex Variation of Complement Component 4,” Nature 530, no. 7589 (2016): 177–83.
8. Ryan S. Dhindsa and David B. Goldstein, “Schizophrenia: From Genetics to Physiology at Last,” Nature 530, no. 7589 (2016): 162–63.
9. Christoph Kellendonk et al., “Transient and Selective Overexpression of Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Striatum Causes Persistent Abnormalities in Prefrontal Cortex Functioning,” Neuron 49, no. 4 (2006): 603–15.
5. MEMORY, THE STOREHOUSE OF THE SELF: DEMENTIA
1. Larry R. Squire and John T. Wixted, “The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory Since H.M.,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 34 (2011): 259–88.
2. Eric R. Kandel, “The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses,” Science 294, no. 5544 (2001): 1030–38.
3. D. O. Hebb, The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1949).
4. Bengt Gustafsson and Holger Wigström, “Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Potentiation,” Trends in Neurosciences 11, no. 4 (1988): 156–62.
&n
bsp; 5. Elias Pavlopoulos et al., “Molecular Mechanism for Age-Related Memory Loss: The Histone-Binding Protein RbAp48,” Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 200 (2013): 200ra115.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Franck Oury et al., “Maternal and Offspring Pools of Osteocalcin Influence Brain Development and Functions,” Cell 155, no. 1 (2013): 228–41.
9. Stylianos Kosmidis et al., “Administration of Osteocalcin in the DG/CA3 Hippocampal Region Enhances Cognitive Functions and Ameliorates Age-Related Memory Loss via a RbAp48/CREB/BDNF Pathway” (in preparation).
10. Ibid.
11. Rita Guerreiro and John Hardy, “Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurotherapeutics 11, no. 4 (2014): 732–37.
12. R. Sherrington et al., “Alzheimer’s Disease Associated with Mutations in Presenilin 2 is Rare and Variably Penetrant,” Human Molecular Genetics 5, no. 7 (1996): 985–88.
13. Thorlakur Jonsson et al., “A Mutation in APP Protects against Alzheimer’s Disease and Age-Related Cognitive Decline,” Nature 488, no. 7409 (2012): 96–99.
14. Bruce L. Miller, Frontotemporal Dementia, Contemporary Neurology Series (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2013).
6. OUR INNATE CREATIVITY: BRAIN DISORDERS AND ART
1. Ann Temkin, personal communication, 2016.
2. Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons, rev. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2006).
3. Benjamin Baird et al., “Inspired by Distraction: Mind Wandering Facilitates Creative Incubation,” Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (2012): 1117–22.
4. Ernst Kris, Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art (New York: International Universities Press, 1952).
5. Bruce L. Miller et al., “Emergence of Artistic Talent in Frontotemporal Dementia,” Neurology 51, no. 4 (1998): 978–82.
6. John Kounios and Mark Beeman, “The Aha! Moment: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, no. 4 (2009): 210–16.
7. Charles J. Limb and Allen R. Braun, “Neural Substrates of Spontaneous Musical Performance: An fMRI Study of Jazz Improvisation,” PLOS One 3, no. 2 (2008): e1679.
8. Philippe Pinel, “Medico-Philosophical Treatise on Mental Alienation or Mania (1801),” Vertex 19, no. 82 (2008): 397–400.
9. Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations, upon the Diseases of the Mind (Philadelphia: Kimber and Richardson, 1812).
10. Cesare Lombroso, The Man of Genius (London: W. Scott, 1891).
11. Rudolf Arnheim, “The Artistry of Psychotics,” American Scientist 74, no. 1 (1986): 48–54.
12. Thomas Roeske and Ingrid von Beyme, Surrealism and Madness (Heidelberg, Germany: Sammlung Prinzhorn, 2009).
13. Hans Prinzhorn, Artistry of the Mentally Ill: A Contribution to the Psychology and Psychopathology of Configuration, 2nd German ed., trans. by Eric von Brockdorff (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995).
14. Ibid., 266.
15. Ibid., 265.
16. Ibid., vi.
17. Ibid., 150.
18. Ibid., 181.
19. Ibid., 160.
20. Ibid., 168–69.
21. Birgit Teichmann, Universität Heidelberg, personal communication, May 12, 2009.
22. Danielle Knafo, “Revisiting Ernst Kris’ Concept of Regression in the Service of the Ego in Art,” Psychoanalytic Review 19, no. 1 (2002): 24–49.
23. Kay Redfield Jamison, Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (New York: The Free Press, 1993).
24. Nancy C. Andreasen, “Secrets of the Creative Brain,” The Atlantic, July/August 2014, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/07/secrets-of-the-creative-brain/372299/.
25. Jamison, Touched with Fire.
26. Ruth Richards et al., “Creativity in Manic-Depressives, Cyclothymes, Their Normal Relatives, and Control Subjects,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97, no. 3 (1988): 281–88.
27. Catherine Best et al., “The Relationship Between Subthreshold Autistic Traits, Ambiguous Figure Perception and Divergent Thinking,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45, no. 12 (2015): 4064–73.
28. Oliver Sacks, An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 203.
29. Ibid.
30. David T. Lykken, “The Genetics of Genius,” in Genius and Mind: Studies of Creativity and Temperament, ed. Andrew Steptoe (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1998), 15–37.
31. Francesca Happé and Uta Frith, “The Beautiful Otherness of the Autistic Mind,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1522 (2009): 1346–50.
32. Darold A. Treffert, “The Savant Syndrome: An Extraordinary Condition. A Synopsis: Past, Present, Future,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1522 (2009): 1351–57.
33. Allan Snyder, “Explaining and Inducing Savant Skills: Privileged Access to Lower Level, Less-Processed Information,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1522 (2009): 1399–1405.
34. Pia Kontos, “The Painterly Hand: Rethinking Creativity, Selfhood, and Memory in Dementia,” Workshop 4: Memory and/in Late-Life Creativity (London: King’s College, 2012).
35. Bruce L. Miller et al., “Enhanced Artistic Creativity with Temporal Lobe Degeneration,” Lancet 348, no. 9043 (1996): 1744–45.
36. Wil S. Hylton, “The Mysterious Metamorphosis of Chuck Close,” The New York Times Magazine, July 13, 2016.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Rudolf Arnheim, “The Artistry of Psychotics,” in To the Rescue of Art: Twenty-Six Essays (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 144–54.
40. Andreasen, “Secrets of the Creative Brain.”
41. Jamison, Touched with Fire, 88.
42. Andreason, “Secrets of the Creative Brain.”
43. Ibid.
44. Robert A. Power et al., “Polygenic Risk Scores for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Predict Creativity,” Nature Neuroscience 18, no. 7 (2015): 953–55.
45. Ian Sample, “New Study Claims to Find Genetic Link Between Creativity and Mental Illness,” The Guardian, June 8, 2015, www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/08/new-study-claims-to-find-genetic-link-between-creativity-and-mental-illness.
46. Andreason, “Secrets of the Creative Brain.”
7. MOVEMENT: PARKINSON’S AND HUNTINGTON’S DISEASES
1. Charles S. Sherrington, The Integrative Action of the Nervous System (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1906).
2. James Parkinson, “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. 1817,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 14, no. 2 (2002): 223–36.
3. Arvid Carlsson, Margit Lindqvist, and Tor Magnusson, “3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as Reserpine Antagonists,” Nature 180, no. 4596 (1957): 1200.
4. A. Carlsson, “Biochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Parkinsonism,” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplementum 51 (1972): 11–42.
5. A. Carlsson and B. Winblad, “Influence of Age and Time Interval between Death and Autopsy on Dopamine and 3-Methoxytyramine Levels in Human Basal Ganglia,” Journal of Neural Transmission 38, nos. 3–4 (1976): 271–76.
6. H. Ehringer and O. Hornykiewicz, “Distribution of Noradrenaline and Dopamine (3-Hydroxytyramine) in the Human Brain and Their Behavior in Diseases of the Extrapyramidal System,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 4, no. 2 (1998): 53–57.
7. George C. Cotzias, Melvin H. Van Woert, and Lewis M. Schiffer, “Aromatic Amino Acids and Modification of Parkinsonism,” New England Journal of M
edicine 276, no. 7 (1967): 374–79.
8. Hagai Bergman, Thomas Wichmann, and Mahlon R. DeLong, “Reversal of Experimental Parkinsonism by Lesions of the Subthalamic Nucleus,” Science, n.s., 249 (1990): 1436–38.
9. Mahlon R. DeLong, “Primate Models of Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin,” Trends in Neurosciences 13, no. 7 (1990): 281–85.
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