by Luke Bennett
Croce, Bal, 33, 37, 234, 248
Crouch, David, 139, 141, 143, 193
Crouch, Tracey, 235
cruise missiles, 5, 246
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 135, 140, 141, 143
Cuba, 5
Cuban missile crisis, 5
Dale, Karen, 7, 19
Daniels, Stephen, 83, 92
Dasher, George, 120–121, 128
Davis, Sophia, 80, 92
Dean, Tacita, 89, 92
decay, 9, 11, 43, 45, 61, 65, 71, 105, 198, 210.
See also contamination, ruins
DeLanda, Manuel, 102, 103, 110
Deleuze, Gilles, 134, 143
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) (UK), 235, 248
Department of the Army (US), 169, 181
Derrida, Jacques, 50, 55, 59, 72
DeSilvey, Caitlin, 8, 9, 19
Dicks, Bella, 62, 67, 71, 72, 193, 200
Dillon, Brian, 8, 19, 44–45, 55, 71–72, 196, 200
Douglas, Joseph, 124–125, 129
Dowling, Taylor, 5, 20
Downs, Simon, 42, 55
Drakulic, Slavenka, 147, 161
drawing, 41–56
Dr No, 57, 60, 72n4, 72n6
Dr Strangelove, 57, 60, 72n4, 72n6, 249
Dunlop, Gair, 64, 71–72, 236–237, 242, 248
Duim, René van der, 132, 143
Dyer, Geoff, 89, 92
Edensor, Tim, 8, 19, 20, 77, 78, 92, 157, 161, 177, 182
Ehrensweig, Anton, 48, 55
Elden, Stuart, 120, 128–129
embodied experience, 12, 26, 43, 25–27, 66, 69, 100–101, 134, 172.
See also affect; clambering; phenomenology
English Heritage, 75, 168, 195–198, 199n6, 201, 203, 207, 209, 214
enthusiasts, 13, 15, 170–181, 196–199, 243
ethnographic surrealism, 17, 115
ethnography, 12, 115, 170–172, 241
Everts, Jonathan, 173, 182
Farbøl, Roseanna, 236, 248
Fårösund (Sweden), 238
Feld, Steven, 140, 143
Felmingham, Stephen, 16, 35, 41, 47, 51–52, 55, 77, 92, 243–244, 251
Ferguson, Frances, 35, 37
fetishisation, 32–33, 160,
Fisher, Mark, 84, 85, 89, 92, 200
Fleming, Ian, 59, 72n5
Flintham, Matthew, 16, 43, 55, 64, 83, 92, 97, 98, 101, 238, 243, 244, 246, 252
Foley, Malcolm, 33, 37
Foote, Kenneth E., 171, 182
Fort Knox (US), 63, 64
Fort Vechten (Netherlands), 228
Fortress Europe, 27
Forty, Adrian, 10, 20, 31
Foucault, Michel, 178, 182
Fowler, Luke, 64
Fox, Renata, 185, 193, 200
France, 7, 23, 29, 31, 115, 157, 190, 197, 235
France-Lanord, Albert, 237
Frankenheimer, John, 59, 72n5
Franklin, Adrian, 132, 143, 186
Frayling, Christopher, 63–64, 67, 72
Freedgood, Elaine, 139, 143
Freud, Sigmund, 32, 43, 55
Fulda Gap (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany), 170
Furie, Sidney J., 72n6
Galaty, Michael L., 146, 152–153, 161
Gallaccio, Anya, 83, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93
Gander, Ryan, 64
Gane, Mike, 28, 37
Garde-Hansen, Joanne, 171, 182
Garrett, Bradley L., 177–178, 182
Gee, Grant, 82, 84, 87, 89, 91–92
Geesink, Arno, 18, 215, 221, 223, 238, 243–245, 252
geocaching, 17, 167–170, 176–180, 183, 243–244
Geoghegan, Hilary, 10, 15, 19, 20, 116, 127–129, 243, 248
Germany, 7, 167–181
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), 17, 167, 170, 181n3
German Democratic Republic (East Germany), 167
Gesler, Wilbert, 142–143
Gibson, James Jerome, 137, 143
Giddens, Anthony, 173, 182
Gilloch, Graeme, 13, 20
Glass, Emily, 17, 145, 149–151, 156, 161, 243–244, 252
Glenny, Mischa, 149, 161
Goldfinger, 63, 72n7
González-Ruibal, Alfredo, 132, 143, 145, 161
Gosden, Chris, 146, 161
Gup, Ted, 114, 129
Günter, Grass, 25, 37, 246, 248
Graham, Stephen, 237, 241, 248
granite, 135–136, 140
Graves-Brown, Paul, 137, 143
Greece, 145
Greenbrier bunker (West Virginia, USA), 113, 115–125, 126, 127–128
Greenham Common (cruise missile bunkers), 246
Greenwald, David S., 31, 37
Gunterson, Hugh, 242, 248
Haakonsen, Mette, 9, 20, 25, 26, 37
Hack Green bunker (Cheshire, UK), 187, 199n1
Hajer, Maarten, 192, 200
Halbwachs, Maurice, 186, 200
Hall, Derek R., 147, 153, 161
Halstead, Robin, 80, 92
Hamilton, Bill, 147, 153, 161
Hamilton, Guy, 72n7
Hamm, Harry, 153, 161
Harman, Graham, 16, 20
Harré, Rom, 134, 143
Harris, Samantha, 208, 212, 214
Harrison, Rodney, 178, 182, 241, 245, 248
Harvey, David, 178, 182
Hatherley, Owen, 8, 20
haunting, 11, 30, 32, 34, 41, 59, 48, 80, 83, 92,141, 212, 215, 240, 243
Hauntology. See haunting
Heazell, Paddy, 79, 92
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 138, 143
Heidegger, Martin, 53
Hell, Julia, 8, 20
Hennessy, Peter, 234, 248
heritage, 6, 9, 12–15, 17–18, 21, 25–26, 38, 47, 59, 62, 69–71, 80, 84, 125, 133, 136, 158, 160–163, 168, 171, 173, 177–179, 181, 182, 185–203, 206, 208–215, 217, 220, 228–229, 233, 235, 236, 238–240, 242–245, 247–249, 252–253;
agency of visitors, 191–194;
as a social construct, 25, 192;
authenticity, 18–19, 69–70, 206–212, 235, 238–239;
authorised heritage discourse, 18, 186, 242;
co-option of the fine arts, 196, 211–214, 242;
curation, 136, 196, 206–212, 243–244;
frozen in time, 242;
geographies of heritage, 190;
heritage professionals, 14, 18, 243;
landscape heritage, 178;
passivity of visitors, 188–190;
plasticity of, 19, 247;
prematurity of, 240;
preservation of, 228–229.
See also taxonomic (experts); tourism
Hermann, Inge, 18, 185, 197, 200, 236, 242, 244, 252
Hessen (Germany), 170–171
Hetherington, Kevin, 136, 141, 143
Highly Enriched Uranium Material Facility (HEUMF) (US), 235,
Hirst, Paul, 8, 20, 37, 106, 110
Historic England. See English Heritage
Hobsbawm, Eric, 246–248
Hodder, Ian, 10, 16, 20
Hodge, Nathan, 126, 129
Hogg, Jonathan, 235, 248
Hollinshead, Keith, 193, 200
Holloway, Julian, 116, 127, 129
Holtrop, Anne, 228
Hoppe, Wiebke, 171, 182
Hoskins, Janet, 158–159, 161
Hoskins, W. G., 14, 20
Howes, David, 134, 143–144
Hoxha, Enver, 17, 145–147, 148–153, 155, 158, 162
Huntsville (Alabama, US), 126
Huse, Norbert, 172, 182
Huyssen, Andreas, 34, 37
Iacono, Francesco, 158, 161
identity (personal and national), 17, 34, 46, 134, 140, 142, 144–145, 149, 155, 157, 159–162, 171, 179, 182, 186, 189, 193, 196, 198
Ijssel Line Foundation (Netherlands), 229n5
In Absence of the Smoky God (Stokes), 77
Inglis, Fred, 5, 20
The Ipcress File, 60, 72n6
Iron Curtain, 168
Isaacs, Jeremy, 5,
20
Joel, Tony, 7, 20, 198, 200
Johnson, Christopher, 47, 55
Johnson, William Gray, 21, 152, 162
Joly, Christophe, 29, 37
Jones, Owain, 171, 182
Kaminsky, Annette, 167, 182
Kansteiner, Wulf, 171, 182
Kaser, Michael, 147, 162
Kaufmann, J. E., 152, 162
Keiller, Patrick, 105, 110
Këlliçi, Klejd, 158, 161
Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker (Essex, UK), 187, 199n2
Kiefer, Anselm, 24, 36n2
Kinmen Island (Taiwan), 17, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 253;
Kinmen National Park, 136, 142n3;
Kinmen Tunnel Music Festival, 136–141;
Zhaishan Tunnel, 132, 135, 136, 137–142
Kinsey, Gordon, 79, 92
Kjeldstadli, Knut, 190, 200
Klimchouk, Alexander, 119, 129
Klinke, Ian, 7, 14, 20, 29, 30, 37
Knapp, A. Bernard, 157, 162
Korea, 5
Kotting, Andrew, 88, 92
Kraenzel, Christina, 81–82, 92
Kristeva, Julia, 45–47, 54, 55
Ksamil, 17, 145–146, 148, 150, 151, 154–159
Kubrick, Stanley, 72n4
Kuçovë, 151
Kudrna, 155
Kuningtou battle (Taiwan), 131, 136, 139, 142n2
Kuomintang Nationalist Army (Taiwan), 131
Kyriakides, Yannis, 76
Lafleur, Marc, 30, 37, 237, 240, 248
Landesdenkmalamt im Ministerium für Umwelt, 172, 182
Lang, Sabine, 64
Laird, Dugan, 209, 214
Larsen, Bjorn T., 99, 111
The Last Things (Moore), 237
Latham, John, 236
Latour, Bruno, 55
larvikite, 100, 110
Laurie, Peter, 5, 6, 20
Leader, Darian, 45, 55, 65, 72
le Carré, John, 59, 72n5
Lee, Ian, 31, 35
Legg, Stephen, 171, 182
Lehmann, Maria, 97–111
Lennon, John J., 33, 37
Levinas, Emmanuel, 70, 72
Ley, Willy, 107, 111
Lighthouse Island (Vuurtoreneiland, Netherlands), 228
limestone, 116, 120
Limon, Enrique, 31, 37
Linehan, Denis, 38, 249
Lippard, Lucy, 62, 72
Lotringer, Sylvère, 30, 38, 237, 249
Lowe, David, 7, 20, 198, 200
Lucas, Gavin, 157, 161
Lüpertz, Markus, 24
Lyotard, Jean-François, 42, 53–55
Macfarlane, Robert, 82–84, 86–88, 93
Mackay Brown, George, 108, 111
Maginot Line, 24, 152
Magmatism, 102, 111
Mallory, Keith, 8, 20
Marshall, Yvonne, 146, 161
Martin, Daryl, 8, 20
Masco, Joseph, 31–33, 35, 37, 234–235, 248
materiality, 7, 9–10, 14, 16–17, 19, 25–26, 29, 37, 46–47, 58, 67, 76, 86–87, 92, 103, 107, 113, 116, 122, 103, 107, 127, 131–144, 146–148, 158, 160–162, 173, 177, 180, 182–183, 214, 216, 223, 238, 240, 243–244, 247, 252;
affective-materiality, 7, 25, 223, 134–135;
commemorative materialities, 134;
entanglement of matter and meaning, 16, 134–135, 146, 243–244;
geo-humanities, 16–17;
materiality of conflict, 133–134, 147, 216;
meaningful materiality, 180;
mineralization, 102–103, 111
mineral-organic agency, 107, 243;
object-orientated, 103;
recuperative materialities, 17, 131–142;
social-materiality, 7;
vibrant-materiality, 9–10, 19, 29, 143, 247
Maus, Gunnar, 17–18, 167, 170, 175–176, 179–180, 182, 243–244, 253
McCamley, Nick, 8, 12, 20
McClaren, Duncan, 82, 93
McClintock, Ann, 32, 38
McLaren, Duncan, 82, 93
McMillan, Robert, 237, 249
meaning making. See acoustic analysis; affect; ambivalence; archaeology; assaying history; autoethnography; bunker hunting; bunkerology; bunker studies; clambering; counterpoint; drawing; embodied experience; ethnographic surrealism; ethnography; fetishisation; geocaching; haunting; heritage; materiality; memory; multivalence; myth; nostalgia; objectification; perception; performance; poetics; practice; propaganda; psychological aspects of experience; representational practices; sublime; symbolism; taxonomic; tourism; trauma; uncanny; urban exploration; valorization; vandalism
memory, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 33, 37, 42, 44–50, 53–56, 58–59, 61–62, 65–68, 70, 72–73, 76–77, 81, 83, 90, 125, 131, 133, 138–139, 140–141, 143–144, 147, 153, 157–158, 160–162, 167–171, 173, 177–183, 185–199, 200, 209–210, 213, 216, 229, 233, 235–236, 240, 244–249, 251, 253;
anamnesis, 67, 72n3;
at bunker museums, 185–199;
collective memory, 49;
communicative memory (Assman), 171;
constructed memory, 68, 70, 171;
cultural memory (Assman), 171, 177–178;
forgetting the bunker, 235–236, 244–247;
geography of memory, 169, 180–181;
half-remembered (Sandys), 58, 67;
Hauntology (Derrida), 59, 83;
memorialization, 18, 125, 133, 138, 143;
memory of place (Trigg), 46;
memoryscapes, 144;
memory traces (Casey), 44;
nachleben (Warburg), 47;
palimpsest, 81;
popular historical geographies (Maus), 178–181;
remanences (Casey), 44;
repressed memory, 33, 42, 48–49, 153;
secrecy, 76;
spatial memory (Trigg), 46.
See also materiality; monuments; myth; nostalgia
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 26, 134
Meusburger, Peter, 171, 181–182
military-industrial complex, 242
military-pastoral, 55, 92
military reconnaissance, 24, 105–106
Miller, Daniel, 10, 15, 20, 159, 243, 249
Miller, Jeremy, 98, 92
Ministry of Defence (Albania), 153,
Ministry of Defence (UK), 41, 44,
Mir, Aleksandra, 64
Mitchell, Katie, 88
monuments, 24, 47, 171–172, 194, 203–204, 235;
Mahnmals, 24;
Monuments Protection Programme (UK), 194–195
Moshenska, Gabriel, 147, 154, 162
mountain. See bunker forms
Mozambique, 5
multivalence, 11, 13, 17, 37, 92, 146, 168, 178, 181, 233, 241, 246–248, 251
Museum of the Decorative Arts (Paris), 27
mushroom-shaped bunkers. See bunker forms, pillbox
Mussolini’s bunker, 236
Muzaini, Hamzah, 126, 144
Mydyti, Gyler, 146, 163
myth (Barthes), 20, 57, 59, 62, 64, 69, 70–72, 108, 162, 176, 193, 234
Mytum, Harold, 159, 162
Napier, W. M., 101, 110
National Civil Defense Fallout Shelter Program (US), 114, 123
National Property Board (Sweden), 238
National Speleological Society (US), 117, 124–125
National Trust, 8–9, 75, 83
NATO, 5, 195, 229n5
Neate, Hannah, 19, 128
Negarestani, Reza, 16, 20
Netherlands, 7, 181, 190, 197, 215–216
Nevada Test Site (NTS) (US), 239
Non-Representational Theory, 10, 133
Norway, 7, 16, 23, 97–110,
nostalgia, 61–62, 64–65, 78, 158, 160, 174, 182, 190, 199, 239
nozems, 220, 229n3
nuclear fallout, 3, 29, 34, 36, 41, 60, 113–114, 116, 122–123, 125, 129, 201–202, 235
objectification, 16, 27, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50–52, 62, 66–69, 71, 78, 82, 133–135, 140–143, 146, 147, 154, 155, 157, 15
9–161, 163, 171–172, 178, 186, 189, 192–193, 195, 198, 205, 206, 208–210, 213, 218, 220, 235, 237, 238, 240, 243, 252. See also fetishisation
Office of Civil Defense (US), 123
O’Hara, Kenton, 177, 183
Olick, Jeffrey K., 171, 183
Ong, Walter J., 138, 141, 144
Ongyerth, Gerhard, 171–172, 183
Orange, Hilary, 161, 235, 249
Orford Ness, 8, 11, 75n2, 79–91, 237
Organ Cave (West Virginia, USA), 114–117, 121–125, 126, 127–128
Organisation Todt (OT), 24, 104
Ortiz, Fernando, 115–116, 128–129
Osborne, Brian S., 186, 193, 214
Osborne, Mike, 8, 12, 20
Ottar, Avid, 8, 20
Oxford Trust for Contemporary History (OTCH), 196
‘palliative curation’, 9, 19, 81
Pandolfi, Mariella, 152, 162
Parent, Claude, 27
Pawlik, Kurt, 211, 214
perception, 26–27, 31–32, 41–43, 47–48, 52–54, 56, 62, 64, 67, 70–71, 134, 143, 146, 150–153, 155, 158–159, 189, 199, 210, 211, 218, 251. See also affect; drawing; peripheral vision; phenomenology; representational practices
Pérez, María Alejandra, 17, 113, 117, 126, 129, 238, 243, 244, 253
performance, 9, 14, 20, 25, 34, 37, 76, 78, 131, 136–139, 140–141, 143, 171–172, 175–176, 178–180, 183, 185–186, 193, 196, 199–200, 235, 213, 240, 253. See also practice
peripheral vision, 41–42, 48–54
phenomenology, 16, 19, 26–27, 45, 49–50, 53, 55, 56, 58–59, 63, 64, 66, 70, 72–73, 144, 173, 218, 242, 244. See also affect, embodied experience
Phillips, Adam, 82
Phillips, Richard, 116, 129
Piette, Adam, 32–34, 38, 45, 55
pillbox. See bunker forms
PINDAR (UK Government bunker), 237
Pionen White Mountains (Stockholm, Sweden), 237–238
Plinius, 82, 93
poetics, 13, 26, 91, 137, 138
Pojani, Dorina, 152, 155, 162
Pollock, Griselda, 47, 49, 51, 55
post-communism, 17, 145, 147, 153, 154, 159–160, 162
practice, 8, 10–14, 15, 17–19, 21, 37, 41, 42, 48, 54, 57, 64, 70–71, 76, 92, 113, 117, 122, 124, 128, 132, 139, 143, 152, 155, 160, 167–183, 186, 189, 192–194, 197, 200, 205, 215–216, 235–236, 238, 242–243, 245, 248, 251–253;
Practice Theory (Schatzki), 17, 168, 170, 173–178;
praxeology, 183;
praxis, 173, 180–181.
See also representational practices
Practice (Gee), 89
Prifti, Peter R., 146, 149, 152, 162
propaganda, 146, 151
psychological aspects of experience, 13, 28, 31–33, 48, 55–56, 78, 82, 91, 105, 109, 134–135, 140–141, 144, 154–155, 159, 195, 210, 214, 234. See also trauma