Dublin, Ireland, 102
Dudevant, Aurore Dupin (George Sand), 196–197, 199–201
Dutch emblem books, 118–123
Eastern culture. See Arab culture
“eaten heart,” 72–73
Egypt, ancient, 2–3, 96
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 34, 36, 95
Eliot, George, 198
Elizabeth I, 144
emblem books
Christ as magnet for the soul, 127
Christian love in Dutch emblem books, 129–131
Dutch emblem books advocating moderation, 121–123
heart icon in sixteenth-century French emblem books, 117, 121
portrayal of Cupid, 117
Renaissance-era, 117–118
Emblem Project Utrecht, 113(fig.)
Emblemata amatoria (Love Emblems) (Heinsius), 118
Emblemata amatoria: Afbeeldingen van minne (Emblems of Love) (Cornelisz), 121–122
Emblemata sacra (Sacred Emblems), 129
Emblèmes et devises d’amour (Love Emblems and Mottos), 89
Emblèmes mis de Latin en françois (Emblems Translated from Latin to French) (Boissard), 121
Emblemes ou devises chrestiennes (Christian emblems or Mottos) (Montenay), 127–129, 128(fig.)
emoji, 222–224
emotions
attributed to the uterus, 153
gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188
main function of the heart, 150
empiricism, 157–158
England
heart motif in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88
“lonely heart” ads, 183–184
marital love after the Reformation, 182
playing card suits, 93–94
the brain as the source of love, 155
Erec et Enide (Chrétien de Troyes), 49
Eros. See Cupid/Eros
erotic literature, 161–169
erotic love. See sensual love
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 158
Eudes, Jean, 134–135
exchanging hearts, 59(fig.)
minstrels and storytellers, 45
with Jesus, 60–68
fabliaux (satirical tales), 48
Facundus Beatus, 30–31
faithfulness. See adultery and infidelity
falling in love, 225–227
Fanny Hill, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Cleland), 168
feudal courts, 34
fidelity. See adultery and infidelity
Fielding, Henry, 160–161
filial love, 146–147
fin’ amor, 34–37, 40–41
Finé, Oronce, 116(fig.)
Fishpool Hoard, British Museum, 1–2, 1(fig.)
folk art, heart motif in, 176–178
Foundling Home Museum, London, England, 159–160, 159(fig.)
Fouquet, Jean, 68
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–30
Fraktur (artistic writing style), 172
France
eighteenth-century French novels, 166–168
fin’ amor, 34–37
Florentine artists in, 77
heart burial of Richard I, 95–96
heart burials of French kings and queens, 96–100
heart motif depictions on artifacts, 27
heart motif in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88
heart motif in manuscripts, tapestries, and objets d’art, 85–88
love as a prerequisite to marriage, 183
mass-produced valentines, 216–217
playing card suits, 93–94
poetry of Charles d’Orléans, 208–210
poetry of Christine de Pizan, 208–210
Romantic novels, 196–199
success of eighteenth-century English novels, 166–168
the brain as the source of love, 155
troubadours, 4
Valentine’s Day as vice-laden holiday, 210–211
Francis (saint), 5, 60–61
Francis I of France, 115
fraternal organizations, 173–176
Freemasons, 173–174
French Revolution, 100
frescoes, 78–82
Galen (physician), 54, 150, 152, 156
game, love as a, 11–13
Gellius, Aulus, 14
genitalia in classical art, 17–18
Germany
heart burials, 102
heart motif in tapestries, 86–88
medieval love stories, 50–52
Minnesingers, 37–40
playing card suits, 93–94
Gerson, Jean, 58
Gertrude of Hackeborn, 61–62
Gertrude the Great of Helfta (saint), 5, 61–65, 130, 133
gifts on Valentine’s Day, 212–213
Giotto, 75, 77–79, 82
Girona Beatus, 28–30, 29(fig.)
Glaser, Milton, 219–221
gods, Greco-Roman, 16–17, 114–115. See also Cupid/Eros
Gospel of John, 63
Gospel of Luke, 66
Gower, John, 208
Grandson, Oton de, 207–208, 210
graphic arts
Codex Manesse, 33(fig.)
emoji, 222–224
Florentine artists, 76–77
heart icon’s appearance in colonial America, 171–173
heart motif in folk art, 176–178
“I heart NY” and other pop art, 219–222
lack of heart images in eighteenth-century art, 170
portrayal of human genitalia, 17–18
The Romance of Alexander, 83(fig.), 84–85
Sacred Heart and the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 68
stained glass, 125(fig.)
Greece, ancient
as model for Renaissance art, 114–115
divine design for human love, 16–17
Dutch emblem books drawing on art forms, 121
four humors of the human body, 149–150
Sappho’s writings on love, 7–8
writings on human love, 7–9
Greece (modern), Lord Byron in, 192–194, 201
grief and despair
addiction to love, 224–225
death of Cicero’s daughter, 15
in Bellini’s Norma, 190–191
pre-Islamic Arab poetry, 19–20
troubadours’ songs, 37
Guillaume de Lorris, 56–58
Guinizelli, Guido, 70
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 145
handfasting, 180–181
hands, hearts and
handfasting as betrothal ritual, 180–181
love as a prerequisite of marriage, 181–183
Odd Fellows’ emblem, 174
Pride and Prejudice, 184–186
Roman marriage customs, 179–180
the Irish Claddagh, 183–184
Harrison, Robert, 72
Harvey, Christopher, 130, 131(fig.)
Harvey, William, 149, 154
heart, amorous
in dialogue with lover, 106–108
as sentient being, 108–110
in Protestant emblem books, 129–131
the independent heart, 106–112
heart, anatomical
anatomy of, 151–153
carrying a beloved’s image within, 36–37
Cartesian view of love and, 156–157
connection to the uterus, 153
eighteenth-century novels of seduction, 161–164
empiricists’ reflections on, 157–158
gendered division of the male brain and the female heart, 188
in eighteenth-century English novels, 161–166
in Italian art, 75–76
locking love into one’s heart, 38–39
main function of, 149–150
Pascal separating heart and brain functions, 157
Sacred Heart, 132
understanding the function of, 154
The Heart Book, 90(fig.)
heart icon
absence in eig
hteenth-century art, 170
acquiring the meaning of love, 92–93
appearance in colonial America, 171–173
as Martin Luther’s theological symbol, 126–127
as New York logo, 219(fig.)
as religious symbol, 125–135
cordiform maps, 115–116, 116(fig.)
“cruel love” concept, 90–91
global popularity and diversity, 226–227
heart-shaped songbook, 89
in Barberino’s manuscripts, 78–80
in Dutch emblem books, 121–123
in early manuscripts and jewelry, 85–86
in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88, 91–92
in Florentine art, 77–79
in folk art, 176–178
in fraternal organizations, 173–176
in Italian art and literature, 70–73
in Protestant art, 126–129
in religious organizations’ drawings, 174–176
in Renaissance art, 115–116
medieval appearance of, 5–6
Odd Fellows heart in hand carving, 174(fig.)
psychological meanings, 135–136
The Romance of the Pear, 53–54
Sacred Heart, 130–132
Sala’s miniature book of love poems, 89–90
heart offering, 56, 83(fig.)
“The Heart Offering” manuscript illustration, 83(fig.)
heart-in-hand symbol, 174–175, 174(fig.)
Heinsius, Daniel, 118
Helfta. See Gertrude the Great of Helfta
Héloïse, 44–45
Henri de Mondeville, 54–55
Henry I of England, 96
Henry II of England, 34, 95
Henry IV of France, 100
The Herald of Divine Loving-Kindness (Legatus divinae pietatis), 62–64
“Herr Alram von Gresten: Minne Gespräch,” 33(fig.)
Hildegard of Bingen, 5
Hippocrates, 149–150, 156
The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (Fielding), 160
Hobbes, Thomas, 155, 157–158
Holland: emblem books, 118–123
homoerotic love, 64
Hooft, Pieter Cornelisz, 121–122
Howland, Esther, 215–216
Huerta, Ellen, 224–225
Hugo, Victor, 195–196, 198
Hume, David, 157–158
humors of the human body, 149–150
Hundred Years’ War (1337–1454), 96, 207
Ibn Hazm, 23–24, 48
illegitimate children, 109
illuminations and illustrations
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–31
Girona Beatus, 29(fig.)
The Romance of Alexander, 83(fig.), 84
The Romance of the Pear, 52–54
Sala’s miniature book of love poems, 89–90
the heart in Pennsylvania Dutch documents, 171–173
Immaculate Heart of Mary, 66–68
The Immaculate Heart of Mary (oil on panel), 67
Imru’ al-Qays, 20–21
independent heart, 106–112
Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), 174
Indiana (Sand), 196
Indiana, Robert, 220, 220(fig.), 221
Industrial Revolution: mass-produced valentines, 215–216
infidelity. See adultery and infidelity
introspection, 130–131
Ireland: Claddagh rings, 183–184
Isabeau de Bavière, 98
Isabelle of Lorraine, 109
Italy
amorous heart in fourteenth-century art and literature, 70–73
caritas in art and literature, 75–76
“cruel love” concept, 90–91
heart imagery surrounding caritas, 74–76
heart motif in fifteenth-century European jewelry, 88
Romanticism in, 201
Jager, Eric, 158
James II of England, 100–101
Jamil (poet), 22
Jane Eyre (Brontë), 187, 198–199
Japan
emoji, 222
Valentine’s Day celebrations, 217
Jean de Bruges, 84
Jean de Grise, 83(fig.), 84
Jean de Meun, 56–58
Jean de Montchenu, 89
Jesus, exchanging hearts with, 60–68
jewelry, heart motif in, 1–2, 27, 88, 91–92
Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloise (Julie, or the new Heloise) (Rousseau), 166–167
Justine (Sade), 168
King Lear (Shakespeare), 146–147
Kupelwieser, Leopold, 67
Kurita, Shigetaka, 222
La Mettrie, Julien, 169
A Lady Crowning Her Lover (mirror case), 55–56, 55(fig.)
Lancelot (Chrétien de Troyes), 47–50
Lee, Mother Ann, 175
Lélia (Sand), 196
Leonardo da Vinci, 151–152
Lesbia, 9–10
Leviathan (Hobbes), 158
Lewes, G.H., 198–199
Lex Julia de adulteris, 16
Les liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons) (Choderlos de Laclos), 167–168
liebestod (love death), 51
Life of Johnson (Boswell), 160–161
The Life of Teresa of Jesus, 132–133
Livret des Emblèmes (Alciato), 117
Locke, John, 155, 157–158
logos: “I heart NY,” 219(fig.)
“lonely heart” ads, 183–184, 224–225
Louis VII of France, 34
Louis XII of France, 98–99, 108
Louis XIV of France, 100
love. See amorous love; sensual love
lovers
Arab culture, 21–22
exchange of hearts metaphor, 137–139
French and British Romantic novels, 196–200
Ibn Hazm combining secular and religious love, 23–24
Minnesinger songs, 38–40
the fate of the characters in Norma, 189–192
the writings of Lord Byron, 192–194
The Love-Smitten Heart (René d’Anjou), 108–110
Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti), 194–195
Lupercalia, 206–207
Luther, Martin, 126
Lutheranism, 126–127, 129–131
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 144–145
Macrobius, 14
madness, love as, 7–8
Madonna with Caritas, 75
“The Magnets” (Dine), 221–222
Maître de Bari, 43(fig.), 52
Maius, 28
Malaysia, Valentine’s Day in, 217
Manon Lescaut (Prévôt), 167
maps, hearts in, 115–116, 116(fig.)
Marcorelle, Jean, 128(fig.)
Marie de Champagne, 45, 47, 49, 181–182
marriage
changes under the Protestant Reformation, 140–141
decorated nineteenth-century American folk art, 176–177
decorated tombstones, 176–177
fin’ amor songs contrasting with real life, 40–41
Greek literature portraying, 17–18
hearts and hands signifying, 179–181
in Jane Eyre, 199–200
Jane Austen’s views and portrayal, 184–186
love as a prerequisite to, 181–183
lovers in Arab poetry, 22
medallion tapestry, 87–88
medieval view of the lack of love in, 48–49
parents’ selection of a husband for daughters, 140, 163–166
Renaissance art, 114–115
Renaissance morals and values, 117–118
Roman traditions and views of, 13–16
Roman views of adultery, 15–16
Shakespearean love, 138–147
The Taming of the Shrew, 141
the ideal of the Roman husband and wife, 14–16
valentines as written cards, 211–212
Valentine’s Day as vice, 211
Victor Hugo’s wife and mist
ress, 195–196
women’s financial dependence on, 186–187
women’s lack of rights in, 187–188
Mechtilde of Hackeborn, 61–62, 65–66
medallion tapestries, heart motif on, 86–88, 87(fig.)
Medea, 17
medical science
Leonardo da Vinci’s understanding of the human body, 151–152
understanding the function of the human heart, 149,154
melancholy. See grief and despair
mend.com, 224–225
mental health: love leading to madness in Lucia di Lammermoor, 194–195
Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare), 154–155
merging hearts, 44–47
metaphorical heart, Shakespeare’s portrayal of, 141–142
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 3(fig.)
Middle Ages
allegories, 52–58
eighteenth-century English novels and, 162
exchange of hearts metaphor, 137–139
fin’ amor, 34–37
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 28–30
French stories of adultery, 197
German love stories, 50–52
heart as representation of love, 92–94
heart motif depictions on artifacts, 27
Héloïse and Abélard, 44–45
history of Valentine’s Day, 207
Immaculate Heart of Mary, 66–68
Jesus’s wounded heart, 60–61
literature of amorous love, 44–46
minstrels, 44
refined view of women in poetry, 41
The Romance of the Pear, 52–54
Sacred Heart, 63–66
separate burial of the heart of the deceased, 96–97
the church’s jurisdiction over marriage, 181–182
the heart and the brain as the source of love, 154–155
the independent heart, 112
the main functions of the human heart, 150–151
A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Shakespeare), 147
mimetic desire, 73–74
Minnekönigen (goddess), 86
Minnesingers, 37–40
minstrels, 4, 34–37, 44–45
mirror case, 55–56, 55(fig.)
Molière, 183
Moll Flanders (Defoe), 168
de Montenay, Georgette, 127–129, 128(fig.)
Mozarabs, 28–31
Much Ado About Nothing (Shakespeare), 139
Mundinus, 54–55
music
Bellini’s Norma, 189–192
heart-shaped songbook, 89
Minnesingers, 37–40
the operas of Richard Wagner, 202–204
Musset, Alfred de, 196
“My True Love Hath My Heart” (Sydney), 137–138
nature
depiction in The Romance of Alexander, 84–85
digital heart images, 224
heart motif in French tapestries, 86
in German poetry and song, 39–40
in Renaissance and Baroque art, 114–115
in Shaker drawings, 175
New York, New York, 219(fig.)
nobility
marital love, 181–182
Tristan and Isolde, 51
The Amorous Heart Page 22