by John Waugh
5. Doubleday, “From Moultrie to Sumter,” pp. 46–47.
6. Chester, “Inside Sumter in ’61,” p. 61.
7. Within Fort Sumter, or, a View of Major Anderson’s Garrison Family for One Hundred and Ten Days, by One of the Company (New York: N. Tibbals & Company, 1861), pp. 14–15.
8. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 134, p. 136.
9. Doubleday, Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie, pp. 100–1.
10. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 136, p. 138.
11. Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, vol. 3, pp. 89–90.
12. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 140.
13. Harper’s Weekly, 26 January 1861.
14. Within Fort Sumter, p. 11.
15. Ibid., p. 24.
16. Ibid., p. 25.
17. Harper’s Weekly, 23 February 1861; Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, p. 207; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 161–63.
18. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 5.
19. Chester, “Inside Sumter in ’61,” pp. 54–56.
20. Ibid., p. 60.
21. Within Fort Sumter, p. 22.
22. Chester, “Inside Sumter in ’61,” p. 56.
23. Doubleday describes his fellow officers in Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie, pp. 22–24.
24. O.R. ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 163, p. 191.
25. Samuel Millens, “ ‘When Once the Ball is Commenced …’: A Pennsylvania Irishman at Fort Sumter,” ed. Rowland T. Berthoff, Pennsylvania History 24 (July 1957), p. 221.
26. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 171, p. 173. Six of these elegant sketches are in George B. Davis, Leslie J. Perry, and Joseph W. Kirkley, The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War, compiled by Calvin D. Cowles (1891; reprint, New York: Arno Press and Crown Publishers, 1978), Plates I and II.
27. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 173.
28. Lawton, Major Robert Anderson and Fort Sumter, p. 9.
29. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 182.
30. Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War, p. 69, p. 290.
31. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 158.
32. Ibid., p. 212.
33. Talbot to his mother, 15 March 1861, Talbot Papers.
34. The English journalist, William Howard Russell, describes Beauregard in My Diary North and South, ed. Fletcher Pratt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954), p. 56.
35. Within Fort Sumter, pp. 32–33; O.R. ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 26.
36. For Jones see G. Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (1905; reprint, Dayton: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1978), p. 56; and Dictionary of American Biography, s.v., “Jones, David Rumph.”
37. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 190–91.
38. Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War, pp. 278–79.
39. Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 65.
40. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 272, p. 275.
41. Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed Roy P. Basler, 8 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), vol. 4, p. 266.
42. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 202.
43. Ibid., p. 197.
44. Ibid., pp. 196–97.
45. Nicolay, The Outbreak of the Rebellion, p. 57; Samuel Wylie Crawford, “The First Shot against the Flag,” in The Annals of the War Written by Leading Participants North and South (1879; reprint, Dayton: Morningside, 1988), p. 324.
46. O.R. ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 245.
47. Ibid., p. 235.
48. Ibid., p. 294.
49. Ibid., p. 251.
50. Nicolay, The Outbreak of the Rebellion, p. 57.
51. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 289, p. 297.
52. Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War, pp. 398–99.
53. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 250–51.
54. Ibid., pp. 16–17.
55. Ibid., p. 249, p. 294, p. 251.
56. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 4, pp. 41–42; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 17–18.
57. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 297.
58. Mary Boykin Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 45.
59. Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–65, 2 vols. (Hartford, CT: O.D. Case & Company, 1866), vol. 1, p. 448.
60. Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, p. 44.
61. Quoted in Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War, p. 305.
The First Shot
1. The guns and their positions are pinpointed in O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 18.
2. Ibid., pp. 18–19.
3. Ibid., p. 59.
4. Ibid., p. 13.
5. Crawford, “The First Shot against the Flag,” p. 326.
6. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 13.
7. Ibid., p. 59; Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War, p. 424.
8. The Battle of Fort Sumter, p. 3.
9. This train of events is distilled from Stephen D. Lee, “The First Step in the War,” Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, pp. 75–76. Also see A. R. Chisolm, “Notes on the Surrender of Fort Sumter,” Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, p. 82; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 14, p. 60; Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War, pp. 424–26; and “Fort Sumter—Who Fired the First Gun on the Fort?” SHSP 20 (December 1892), pp. 62–63.
10. Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, p. 55.
11. “Fort Sumter—Who Fired the First Gun on the Fort?” p. 63.
12. Lee, “The First Step in the War,” p. 76.
13. Chisolm, “Notes on the Surrender of Fort Sumter,” p. 82.
14. Stephen D. Lee, “Who Fired the First Gun at Sumter?” Letter From S. D. Lee with Reply from Julian M. Ruffin, SHSP 11 (1883), p. 502.
15. Beauregard describes the signal shot in Otto Eisenschiml and Ralph Newman, The Civil War: The American Iliad as Told by Those Who Lived It (1947; reprint, Secaucus, NJ: Blue and Grey Press, 1985), p. 20. Also see Lee, “The First Step in the War,” p. 76.
16. Edmund Ruffin, The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, ed. William Kauffman Scarborough, 3 vols. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972–1989), vol. 1, p. 482, p. 588, p. 602.
17. Doubleday, “From Moultrie to Sumter,” p. 47; Doubleday, Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie, pp. 142–44.
18. Lee, “The First Step in the War,” p. 77.
19. Susie Pennal Beaty, “The Battle of Fort Sumter,” Confederate Veteran 18 (September 1910), p. 419.
20. Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, p. 46.
21. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 11.
22. Parker describes the early hours of the bombardment in “The Battle of Fort Sumter as Seen from Morris Island,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 62 (April 1961), p. 66.
23. Chester, “Inside Sumter in ’61,” pp. 66–67.
24. Within Fort Sumter, p. 44.
25. Ibid., pp. 44–45.
26. Doubleday, Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie, p. 146; Parker, “The Battle of Fort Sumter as Seen from Morris Island,” p. 66.
27. Charleston Courier, 13 April 1861, quoted in SHSP 26 (1898), p. 106.
28. Within Fort Sumter, pp. 47–48.
29. Doubleday, Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie, p. 151.
30. Ibid., pp. 148–49.
31. Foster describes the situation in O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 19–20.
32. Ibid., p. 21; Beaty, “The Battle of Fort Sumter,” p. 419.
33. Chester, “Inside Sumter in ’61,” p. 54.
34. Parker, “The Battle of Fort Sumter as Seen from Morris Island,” p. 67.
35. Ibid., p. 69.
36. Within Fort Sumter, pp. 52–54.
37. Parker, “The Battle of Fort Sumter as Seen from Morris Island,” p. 69.
38. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 22.
39. Within Fort Sumter, pp. 54–56; Crawford, The Genesis of the Civil War, pp. 437–38.
40. Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, p. 517.
41. Wigfall’s description is a composite drawn from Chester, “Inside Sumter in ’61,” p.
72; Russell, My Diary North and South, pp. 62–64; Greeley, The American Conflict vol. 1, p. 448; and Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, p. 12.
42. Wigfall’s visit is an amalgam combining accounts by three different firsthand sources, all differing in detail: Within Fort Sumter, pp. 56–59; Chester, “Inside Sumter in ’61,” pp. 72–73; and O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 23.
43. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 32.
44. Anderson’s confrontation with Beauregard’s three official representatives is from O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, pp. 63–64.
45. Ibid., pp. 64–65.
46. Ibid., p. 65.
47. Ibid., p. 25; Foster’s Report to the Committee on the Conduct of the War, p. 9.
48. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 24.
49. The Battle of Fort Sumter, p. 10.
50. Within Fort Sumter, pp. 64–68.
51. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 1, p. 314.
52. Ibid., 28; Within Fort Sumter, pp. 68–69; Parker, “The Battle of Fort Sumter as Seen from Morris Island,” p. 69.
53. London Times, April 27, 1861, in Frank Moore, The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, 12 vols. (1868; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1977), vol. 1: doc., p. 228; George Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor, eds. Anna Ticknor and George S. Hilliard, 2 vols. (Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1876), vol. 2, p. 433; Lee, “The First Step in the War,” p. 77; Theodore F. Upson, With Sherman to the Sea: The Civil War Letters, Diaries & Reminiscences of Theodore F. Upson, ed. Oscar Osburn Winther (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958), p. 10.
54. Schaff, The Spirit of Old West Point, pp. 246–47.
55. John Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War (1928; reprint, Dayton: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1988), pp. 4–6.
56. Maury, Recollections of a Virginian, pp. 128–30.
57. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, p. 6, p. 9.
58. Maury, Recollections of a Virginian, pp. 131–32.
Stonewall’s Great Locomotive Heist
1. James H. Lane, “Stonewall Jackson: Reminiscences of Him as a Professor in the Virginia Military Institute,” SHSP 20 (1892), p. 3.
2. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 141.
3. William A. Obenchain, “Stonewall Jackson’s Scabbard Speech,” SHSP 16 (1888), p. 46.
4. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 150. Other accounts differ in detail. See for example Cook, Family and Early Life, pp. 156–57; and John Esten Cooke, Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography, (New York: D. Appleton, 1876), pp. 35–36.
5. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 151.
6. The traffic on the B&O main line is described in Festus P. Summers, The Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1939), pp. 63–66; and in George Edgar Turner, Victory Rode the Rails (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1953), p. 73.
7. Edward Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1827–1927, 2 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928), vol. 2, p. 7.
8. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Garrett, John Work.”
9. Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, pp. 6–7. For additional detail: Summers, Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War, p. 66; Chambers, Stonewall Jackson vol. 1, pp. 338–39.
10. John D. Imboden, “Jackson at Harper’s Ferry in 1861,” Battles and Leaders vol. 1, p. 123.
11. Ibid., pp. 122–23. Jackson’s high-handed diversion of B&O property is also described in Chambers, Stonewall Jackson vol. 1, p. 339; Turner, Victory Rode the Rails, pp. 74–75; Summers, Baltimore and Ohio in the Civil War, pp. 65–67; and Angus James Johnston, Virginia Railroads in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: Published for the Virginia Historical Society by the University of North Carolina Press, 1961), pp. 22–23.
12. Brief descriptions of this initial operation are in Chambers, Stonewall Jackson vol. 1, p. 339; and Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, vol. 2, p. 7.
13. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 167.
14. The background on Sharp and the account of the hijacking procedures in the paragraphs that follow are mainly from Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, vol. 2, p. 135n, pp. 8–14. Bits of detail are added from Johnston, Virginia Railroads in the Civil War, p. 24; Chambers, Stonewall Jackson vol. 1, pp. 349–50; and George B. Abdill, Civil War Railroads (Seattle: Superior Publishing Co., 1961), p. 61.
15. Quoted in Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, vol. 2, p. 10.
16. Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, vol. 2, p. 12.
17. Engine 199’s passage from Mount Jackson to Staunton is described by Hungerford in The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad vol. 2, pp. 12–14, although he does not tell us where he got it. Also see Turner, Victory Rode the Rails, pp. 89–90.
18. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the President and Directors to the Stockholders … for the Year Ending September 30, 1861 (Baltimore: William M. Innes, 1863), p. 25.
19. Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, vol. 2, p. 135n.
The Shirttail Skedaddle
1. Russell, My Diary North and South, pp. 230–31.
2. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 2, p. 753.
3. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “McDowell, Irvin”; Whitelaw Reid, Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1868), vol. 1, p. 693.
4. Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 193, p. 196.
5. McClellan’s biographer, Stephen W. Sears, has compiled the general’s important wartime writings and messages into a published volume, The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865 (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1989). The letter to Fitz John Porter is on p. 4–5 of that work, which will be cited hereafter as McClellan, Civil War Papers. The sentiment addressed to Ellen is from a short note to her in the George B. McClellan, Jr. Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, container 5.
6. For more on Dennison, see Reid, Ohio in the War, vol. 1, p. 26, pp. 1017–19.
7. How McClellan looked fifteen years out of West Point is a mosaic weaved from Jacob D. Cox, “War Preparations in the North,” Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, pp. 89–90; Washington Evening Star, 5 August 1861; and Russell, My Diary North and South, 240.
8. Cox, “War Preparations in the North,” pp. 89–90. McClellan, Civil War Papers, p. 82.
9. Sears, George B. McClellan, pp. 68–69.
10. Cox, “War Preparations in the North,” p. 90.
11. McClellan, Civil War Papers, p. 11.
12. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 2, p. 802.
13. Theodore F. Lang, Loyal West Virginia from 1861–1865 (Baltimore: Deutsch Publishing Co., 1895), p. 320.
14. For the living room scene: George Brinton McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story, ed. William C. Prime (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887), p. 50. The texts of McClellan’s various telegrams are in O.R., ser. 1, vol. 2, pp. 44–49.
15. Philippi in 1861 is described by Ruth Woods Dayton in “The Beginning—Philippi, 1861,” West Virginia History 13 (July 1952), pp. 254–56.
16. Lang, Loyal West Virginia, p. 320.
17. Dayton, The Beginning—Philippi, 1861, p. 261.
18. Catharine Merrill, The Soldier of Indiana in the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Merrill and Company, 1866), vol. 1, p. 28. Also see Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Morris, Thomas Armstrong.”
19. Merrill, The Soldier of Indiana, vol. 1, p. 25.
20. Activity in the Confederate camp is reported in John A. McNeil, “Famous Retreat from Philippi,” SHSP 34 (1906), p. 290.
21. Merrill, The Soldier of Indiana, vol. 1, p. 31.
22. E. Douglas Branch, “Frederick West Lander, Road-Builder,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 16 (September 1929), p. 172n, p. 184. Also see Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Lander, Frederick West,” and “Lander, Jean Margaret Davenport.”
23. Mrs. Humphreys’s contribution to the battle is described in Hu Maxwell, The History of Barbour County, West Virginia (1899; reprint, Parsons, WV: McClain Printing Company, 1968), pp. 255- 56; and in Fritz Haselberger, Yanks From the South! The First Land Campaign of the Civil War: Rich Mountain, West Virginia (Baltimore: Past Glories, 1987), pp. 68–69.
24. Merrill, The Soldier of Indiana, vol. 1, p. 33.
25. New York Express, 10 June 1861, in Moore, The Rebellion Record, vol. 2: doc., p. 82; Merrill, The Soldier of Indiana vol. 1, p. 33.
26. Lander, his horse, and his gallop through the town are described in Merrill, The Soldier of Indiana, vol. 1, p. 33; and in the New York Express account cited above.
27. Wheeling (VA) Intelligencer, 6 June 1861, in Moore, Rebellion Record, vol. 1: doc., p. 336.
28. McNeil, “Famous Retreat from Philippi,” p. 289.
29. Wheeling (VA) Intelligencer, in Moore, Rebellion Record, vol. 1: doc, p. 336.
30. Lang, Loyal West Virginia, p. 321.
31. Thomas J. Arnold, “Battle of Rich Mountain,” Randolph County Historical Society Magazine of History and Biography 2 (1925), p. 46.
32. New York Express, in Moore, Rebellion Record, vol. 2: doc., p. 82.
33. Rosecrans to McClellan, 5 June 1861, McClellan Papers, A13: 6.
34. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Garnett, Robert Seiden.”
35. These depressing adjectives, plus “dreary-hearted man” in the next paragraph are from Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, p. 176.
36. Edward Porter Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate: A Critical Narrative (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907), p. 14.
37. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 2, p. 237.
38. Elizabeth Cometti and Festus P. Summers, eds., The Thirty-Fifth State: A Documentary History of West Virginia (Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1966), p. 8.
39. Merrill, The Soldier of Indiana, vol. 1, p. 20.
40. William Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac (1866; reprint, Secaucus, NJ: Blue & Grey Press, 1988), p. 36.
41. The aroma at Laurel Hill is evoked by Whitelaw Reid in the Cincinnati Gazette, reprinted in Moore, Rebellion Record, vol. 2: doc., p. 288. Garnett’s doomsday prophecy is from Chesnut, Mary Chestnut’s Civil War, p. 176.