by John Waugh
33. John Day Smith describes Gibbon in The History of the Nineteenth Regiment of Maine Volunteer Infantry, 1862–1865 (Minneapolis: Nineteenth Maine Regimental Association, 1909), pp. 77–78.
34. Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–65: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, ed. George R. Agassiz (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1922), p. 107.
35. Frank A. Haskell, The Battle of Gettysburg, ed. Bruce Catton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), pp. 78–81.
36. Birkett Davenport Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge at Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (1879), p. 92.
37. June Kimble, “Tennesseeans at Gettysburg—the Retreat,” Confederate Veteran 1–8 (October 1910), p. 460.
38. Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” p. 362n.
39. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 146–47.
40. Haskell, The Battle of Gettysburg, pp. 82–83.
41. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, pp. 95–96.
42. Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” p. 88; Thompson, “A Scrap of Gettysburg,” p. 101.
43. Whitelaw Reid, A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865, ed. James G. Smart, 2 vols. (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1976), vol. 2, p. 57.
44. John West Haley, The Rebel Yell & the Yankee Hurrah: The Civil War Journal of a Maine Volunteer, ed. Ruth L. Silliker (Camden, ME: Down East Books, 1985), p. 103.
45. Ashe, The Charge at Gettysburg, p. 7; Robert Goldthwaite Carter, Four Brothers in Blue, or Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion: A Story of the Great Civil War from Bull Run to Appomattox (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), p. 317; Winfield Scott, “Pickett’s Charge as Seen from the Front Line,” War Papers, no. 1, California Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (8 February 1888), p. 8; Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” p. 89; Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” p. 343.
46. Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” p. 372; Johnston, The Story of a Confederate Boy, pp. 205–6; H. T. Owen in Hoke, The Great Invasion, p. 368.
47. Clark, North Carolina Regiments, vol. 2, p. 363.
48. Account of Erasmus Williams, Daniel Papers.
49. Augustus D. Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, with Complete Roll of Companies, Biographical Sketches, Incidents, Anecdotes, etc. (Newberry, SC: Elbert H. Aull, 1899), pp. 200–1.
50. Robert Tyler Jones, “Gen. L. A. Armistead and R. Tyler Jones,” Confederate Veteran 2 (September 1894), p. 271.
51. B. L. Farinholt to John W. Daniel, 15 April 1905, Daniel Papers.
52. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 547.
53. Gibbon describes his walk through the tempest in Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 147–49.
54. Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” p. 362.
55. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 255.
56. Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” p. 363.
57. Ibid., p. 364.
58. Ibid.
59. The moment is described by Longstreet, in “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” pp. 344–45; From Manassas to Appomattox, p. 392; and in his introduction to Pickett, Pickett and His Men, p. xi.
60. L. A. Smith, “Recollections of Gettysburg,” War Papers Read before the Michigan Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Detroit: James H. Stone, 1898), vol. 2, p. 304.
61. Johnston, The Story of a Confederate Boy, p. 207.
62. William H. Morgan, Personal Reminiscences of the War of 1861–5 (Lynchburg, VA: J. P. Bell Company, 1911), p. 166.
63. The order of march is nicely laid out in Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1962), vol. 3, p. 112. Also see Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 90–91; Hoke, The Great Invasion, p. 393; and B. L. Farinholt to John W. Daniel, 15 April 1905, Daniel Papers.
64. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, pp. 33–34.
65. Rawley W. Martin, “Armistead at the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 39 (1914), p. 186. Also see Rawley W. Martin and John Holmes Smith, “The Battle of Gettysburg, and the Charge of Pickett’s Division,” SHSP 32 (1904), p. 188.
66. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, pp. 20–21.
67. Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” p. 90.
68. Gerard A. Patterson, “George E. Pickett—A Personality Profile,” Civil War Times Illustrated 5 (May 1966), p. 22.
69. Hoke, The Great Invasion, p. 385.
70. Clark, North Carolina Regiments, vol. 2, p. 365.
71. Jones, “Gen. L. A. Armistead and R. Tyler Jones,” p. 271; John H. Lewis, Recollections from 1860 to 1865 (Washington: Peake & Company, 1895), p. 79.
72. H. T. Owen in Hoke, The Great Invasion, p. 385; Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” p. 90.
73. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” p. 345.
74. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 261.
75. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” p. 345.
76. Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” p. 365; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 261.
Where Is My Division?
1. Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” p. 91.
2. Thompson, “A Scrap of Gettysburg,” p. 102.
3. Smith, “Recollections of Gettysburg,” p. 304.
4. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, p. 150; O. R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 417.
5. Haskell, The Battle of Gettysburg, p. 98, p. 101.
6. Scott, “Pickett’s Charge as Seen from the Front Line,” pp. 10–11.
7. B. L. Farinholt to John W. Daniel, 15 April 1905, Daniel Papers.
8. Lewis, Recollections from 1860 to 1865, p. 81.
9. Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” pp. 92–93.
10. W. B. Robertson to his niece Mattie, 28 July 1863, Daniel Papers.
11. Ashe, The Charge at Gettysburg, pp. 10–11.
12. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 431.
13. Ibid., p. 454.
14. Lewis, Recollections from 1860 to 1865, p. 81.
15. Smith, “Recollections of Gettysburg,” p. 304; Scott, “Pickett’s Charge as Seen from the Front Line,” pp. 11–12; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 1, pp. 392–93.
16. Haley, The Rebel Yell & the Yankee Hurrah, p. 106.
17. James E. Poindexter, “General Armistead’s Portrait Presented,” SHSP 37 (1909), p. 147.
18. W. B. Robertson to his niece Mattie, 28 July 1863, Daniel Papers.
19. Jones, “Gen. L. A. Armistead and R. Tyler Jones,” p. 271.
20. Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” p. 332.
21. Morgan, Personal Reminiscences of the War of 1861–5, p. 167.
22. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” p. 346; Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” p. 93; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” p. 431; Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate, p. 431.
23. Freemantle, Three Months in the Southern States, pp. 265–66.
24. Ralph Orson Sturtevant, Pictorial History Thirteenth Regiment Vermont Volunteers, War of 1861–1865 (Burlington, VT: Regimental Association, 1910), p. 19.
25. G. G. Benedict, Vermont in the Civil War: A History of the Part Taken by the Vermont Soldiers and Sailors in the War for the Union, 1861–5, 2 vols. (Burlington, VT: Free Press Association, 1886–1888), vol. 2, pp. 468–69, p. 469n.
26. H. T. Owen in the Philadelphia Weekly Times, 26 March 1881, quoted in Benedict, Vermont in the Civil War, p. 471.
27. Ibid.
28. Dooley, John Dooley, Confederate Soldier, p. 106.
29. Charles T. Loehr, “The ‘Old First’
Virginia at Gettysburg,” SHSP 32 (1904), p. 35; Clark, North Carolina Regiments, vol. 2, p. 366.
30. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Kemper, James Lawson.”
31. Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” p. 333.
32. James Kemper to John B. Bachelder, 4 February 1880, John B. Bachelder Papers, Gettysburg National Military Park Library.
33. Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge at Gettysburg,” p. 93; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 2, p. 387; Winfield Peters, “The Lost Sword of Gen. Richard B. Garnett, Who Fell at Gettysburg,” SHSP 33 (1905), p. 29.
34. Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge at Gettysburg,” p. 93.
35. Jones, “Gen. L. A. Armistead and R. Tyler Jones,” p. 271.
36. John W. H. Porter, “The Confederate Soldier,” Confederate Meteran 24 (October 1916), p. 460.
37. Gibbon, Personal Reminiscences of the Civil War, pp. 152–53.
38. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, p. 394.
39. Poindexter, “General Armistead’s Portrait Presented,” p. 149.
40. James Kemper to John B. Bachelder, 4 February 1880, Bachelder Papers; Poindexter, “General Armistead’s Portrait Presented,” p. 149.
41. Jones, “Gen. L. A. Armistead and R. Tyler Jones,” p. 271; Farinholt, “Battle of Gettysburg—Johnson’s Island,” p. 469; “Col. and Dr. R. W. Martin, of Virginia,” Confederate Veteran 5 (February 1897), p. 70; Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” pp. 333–34.
42. Edmund Rice, “Repelling Lee’s Last Blow at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, vol. 3, p. 389.
43. B. L. Farinholt to John W. Daniel, 15 April 1905, and Erasmus Williams’s account, Daniel Papers.
44. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 441, p. 454; Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” p. 366.
45. That is how Pickett’s inspector general, Walter Harrison, saw it in Pickett’s Men, p. 98. Without question it is the way Pickett also saw it.
46. Robert A. Bright, “Pickett’s Charge,” SHSP 31 (1903), p. 232.
47. Ibid., pp. 233–35.
48. The Wilcox and Lang accounts are in O.R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 2, p. 620, p. 632; the Vermont point of view is from Benedict, Vermont in the Civil War, vol. 2, p. 473; Alexander’s comment is in Military Memoirs of a Confederate, p. 425.
49. Account by Erasmus Williams, Daniel Papers.
50. George L. Christian to John W. Daniel, 4 January 1898, Daniel Papers.
51. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 212.
52. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 2, p. 659; Clark, North Carolina Regiments, vol. 5, p. 146.
53. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 2, p. 672.
54. Isaac R. Trimble, “North Carolinians at Gettysburg,” Our Living and Our Dead 4 (March 1876), p. 60.
55. Clark, North Carolina Regiments, vol. 5, p. 128.
56. H. T. Owen in Hoke, The Great Invasion, p. 390.
57. Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, p. 246.
58. Account by Erasmus Williams, Daniel Papers; Kimble, “Tennesseeans at Gettysburg—the Retreat,” p. 461; Clark, North Carolina Regiments, vol. 2, p. 366.
59. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” p. 347.
60. Shotwell, “Virginia and North Carolina in the Battle of Gettysburg,” pp. 95–96.
61. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” p. 347.
62. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall: Reminiscences of William Thomas Poague, ed. Monroe F. Cockrell (1957; reprint, Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1898), pp. 75–76.
63. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, p. 97.
64. William Nathaniel Wood, Reminiscences of Big I, ed. Bell Irvin Wiley (Jackson, TN: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1956), p. 47.
65. Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 75.
66. William Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (1910), p. 317; Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” p. 349.
67. Bright, “Pickett’s Charge,” p. 234. No two accounts agree on Lee’s exact words. I have used Bright’s version since he was standing beside Pickett when they were spoken. But see, for instance, Loehr, War History of the Old First Virginia, p. 38; and Armistead L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (New York: J. M. Stoddart & Co., 1886), p. 296.
68. Bright, “Pickett’s Charge,” p. 234; A Soldier of the Civil War, p. 42.
69. Bright, “Pickett’s Charge,” p. 234. Alexander describes this incident with a slightly different dialogue in Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 266. Williams’s role as one of Kemper’s stretcher bearers is mentioned in his account in the Daniel Papers.
70. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, p. 166.
71. Thomas D. Houston, “Storming Cemetery Hill,” with a letter by John T. James, Philadelphia Weekly Times, 21 October 1882.
72. John D. Imboden, “The Confederate Retreat from Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders, vol. 3, pp. 420–21.
PART 6 CLOSING OUT THE WAR
The Meeting on the Court House Steps
1. Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, p. 430.
2. Frank Potts, The Death of the Confederacy: The Last Week of the Army of Northern Virginia as Set Forth in a Letter of April, 1865, ed. Douglas Southall Freeman (Richmond: Private printing, 1928), p. 9.
3. Carlton McCarthy, “Detailed Minutiae of Soldier Life,” Paper No. 5, SHSP 6 (1878), p. 209.
4. Pattie Guild, “Journey to and from Appomattox,” Confederate Veteran 6 (January 1898), p. 11.
5. George A. Forsyth, “The Closing Scene at Appomattox Court House,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 96 (1897–1898), pp. 700–1.
6. McCarthy, “Detailed Minutiae of Soldier Life, Paper No. 5, p. 210.
7. Newhall, With General Sheridan in Lee’s Last Campaign, p. 211.
8. Venable’s account is in Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, p. 421.
9. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 316–17.
10. Samuel C. Lovell, “With Lee after Appomattox,” ed. Stuart H. Buck, Civil War Times Illustrated 17 (November 1978), pp. 40–41.
11. Gibbon describes this gathering on the courthouse steps in Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 317–20. Also see his “Personal Recollections of Appomattox,” Century Magazine, new jer. 41 (April 1902), p. 939.
12. Henry Heth to Darius N. Couch, 25 March 1891, Couch, “Cadmus M. Wilcox,” pp. 34–35.
13. Wilcox’s book is Rifles and Rifle Practice: An Elementary Treatise upon the Theory of Rifle Firing (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1859).
14. William C. Davis and Julie Hoffman, eds., The Confederate General, 6 vols. (Harrisburg, PA: National Historical Society, 1991), vol. 6, p. 141; Gerard A. Patterson, Rebels from West Point (New York: Doubleday, 1987), pp. 15–16.
15. The sketch of Wilcox borrows also from Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Wilcox, Cadmus Marcellus”; Washington Post, 3 December 1890; Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants vol. 2, pp. 619–26 and vol. 3, pp. 202–3; and James D. Porter, Tennessee, vol. 10 of Evans, Confederate Military History, pp. 342–43.
16. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 320–21.
17. The meeting on the courthouse steps was described in the New York Freeman’s Journal and Catholic Register, 22 April 1865. A good modern summary is in Frank P. Cauble, The Surrender Proceedings: April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court House, 3d ed. (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1987), pp. 38–44. Wilcox tells of Gibbon’s blank cartridge proposal in his typescript report on the Petersburg campaign, Lee Headquarters Papers, Virginia Historical Society, p. 21.
18. Wesley Merritt, “Note on the Surrender of Lee,” The Century Magazine, new ser. 41 (April 1902), p. 944.
19. Caldwell, The History of a Brigade of South Carolinians, p. 237.
20. Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 125.
21. Frederick M. Colston, “Recollections of the Last Months in the Army of Northern Virginia,” SHSP 38 (1910), p. 12.
22. Julius L. Schwab,
“Some Closing Events at Appomattox,” Confederate Veteran 8 (February 1900), p. 71.
23. McCarthy, “Detailed Minutiae of Soldier Life,” Paper No. p. 5, p. 212.
24. Henry T. Lee, “The Blue, Rank and File, at Appomattox,” Confederate Veteran 3 (February 1895), pp. 44–45.
25. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 321–22, pp. 324–25.
26. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, The Passing of the Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac.… (1915; reprint, Dayton: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1989), pp. 248–49.
27. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 326–28.
28. Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, p. 91.
29. Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, pp. 328–32, is the source for the meeting of the negotiators, the only exception being the Irish wedding quote from Gordon.
30. Horace Porter, “The Surrender at Appomattox Court House,” Battles and Leaders, vol. 4, p. 746; Grant, Personal Memoirs, p. 634; Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Wilcox, Cadmus Marcellus.”
31. Quoted in Cauble, The Surrender Proceedings, p. 93.
32. Chamberlain, The Passing of the Armies, p. 259.
33. Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, p. 449.
34. Chamberlain, The Passing of the Armies, pp. 260–61.
35. Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, p. 444.
36. Chamberlain, The Passing of the Armies, p. 261.
37. Quoted in Chris M. Calkins, The Final Bivouac: The Surrender Parade at Appomattox and the Disbanding of the Armies, April 10-May 20, 1865, (Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1988), p. 37.
38. Chamberlain, The Passing of the Armies, pp. 261–62.
39. Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, pp. 448–49.
40. Chamberlain, The Passing of the Armies, pp. 262–65, p. 269.
41. “The Opposing Forces in the Appomattox Campaign,” Battles and Leaders, vol. 4, p. 753.
42. Edward Porter Alexander, “Lee at Appomattox: Personal Recollections of the Break-up of the Confederacy,” Century Magazine, new ser. 41 (April 1902), p. 931.