Bermuda, which had declared for the King in late August 1649: Pestana, English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 91.
p. 68
‘quietest and most peaceable wayes of sending these malignants into Exile’: ‘A. B.’, A Brief relation, 3.
p. 68
better to kill than to exile the ‘Independent’ Roundheads, to prevent them stirring up trouble in England: Davis, Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados, 173n.
p. 69
‘the worse for Liquour’: ibid., 144.
p. 69
‘Colonel Drax, that devout Zealot of the deeds of the Devill’: Foster, A Briefe relation of the late Horrid Rebellion, 24.
p. 69
‘sheathed my sword in [Drax’s] Bowells’, ‘My ayme is Drax, Middleton and the rest’: Davis, Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados, 148.
p. 69
‘the Independent doggs’ who refused to ‘drink to the Figure II’: Harlow, History of Barbados, 52.
p. 69
‘That no man should take up Armes, nor act in any hostile manner upon paine of death’: Foster, A Briefe relation of the late Horrid Rebellion, 37.
p. 70
had his ‘tongue … bored through with a hot iron’: Schomburgk, History of Barbados, 271.
p. 70
‘vast quantities of Flesh and Fish’: Davis, Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados, 169fn.
p. 70
Drax had corresponded from Barbados: BL Stowe MSS 184, fols. 124–7.
p. 70
‘notorious robbers and traitors’ … ordering a trade embargo: Bliss, Revolution and Empire, 61.
p. 71
‘All Ships of Any Foreign Nation whatsoever’: Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, 39.
p. 71
‘it shall cost them more than it is worth before they have it’: Schomburgk, History of Barbados, 274.
p. 71
‘In truth this would be a slavery far exceeding all that the English nation hath yet suffered’: ibid., 706.
p. 71
Drax’s cargo consisted of a valuable consignment of horses: Cal Col 1574–1660, p. 345.
p. 71
seven warships carrying 238 guns and somewhere near 1,000 men: Clarke, ‘Imperial Forces in Barbados’, 174.
p. 71
Roundhead refugees had reported that conquest of the island would be easy: Davis, Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados, 173.
p. 72
‘so great was the repulse which they received, that they was inforced to make good their Retreat’: Anon., Bloudy Newes, 8.
p. 72
to ‘manfully fight’ ‘with our utmost power’ for ‘ye defence of this Island’: Harlow, History of Barbados, 72.
p. 72
Drax himself was sent ashore to contact Thomas Modyford: ‘A. B.’, A Brief relation, 9.
p. 72
‘want of necessary refreshment brought our men into ye scurvye’: Bodleian, Oxford, Tanner MSS 55, fol. 141.
p. 73
‘ye Seamen runninge in upon ye Enemye’: ibid., fols. 141–2b.
p. 74
‘the soldiers could scarce keep a match lighted’: Cal Col 1574–1660, p. 375.
p. 74
‘seeing that the fire is now dispersed in the bowels of the island’: Willoughby to Ayscue, 9 January 1652, ibid., p. 372.
p. 74
‘as great freedom of trade as ever’: Cal Col 1675–6, 1574–1674, Addenda no. 199.
7. The Plantation: Life and Death
p. 77
‘… since the Climate is so hot, and the labour so constant.’ Tyron, Friendly Advice, 201–2.
p. 77
Drax Hall, built, it seems, some time in the early 1650s: a piece of copper guttering has the date 1653, although it is possible this is from an earlier structure.
p. 77
‘unsatisfied spirits’: Gragg, Englishmen Transplanted, 53.
p. 77
‘more violent’: Cal Col 1574–1660, p. 410.
p. 77
Drax and Modyford were organising petitions to Cromwell: ibid., p. 413.
p. 77
Drax sold to fellow Barbadians Robert Hooper and Martin Bentley ‘one-eighth part of the Ship Samuel and one-eight part of Pinnace Hope’: Brandow, Genealogies of Barbados Families, 339.
p. 78
James, aged about 15, Henry, about 12, and John, 11: Oliver, History of the Island of Antigua, 1:149.
p. 78
William (in London since at least June 1653): Cal Col 1574–1660, p. 451.
p. 78
A loan of £1,000 to two of Margaret’s brothers: Drax will, PRO PROB/11/307.
p. 78
Margaret gave birth to a stillborn child, Bamfield, before the end of the year: MacMurray, Records of Two City Parishes, 332.
p. 78
James Drax started buying up land in various parts of England: PRO E/134/33Chas2/East2.
p. 78
‘[On] the day of his departure’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 69.
p. 79
‘far better here … than ours do in England’: Whistler, Journal of the West India Expedition, 145–6 (9 February 1655).
p. 79
‘ladies and young women as well dressed as in Europe’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 67–8.
p. 79
‘many men loaded, and almost half melting’: Hillary, Observations on the Changes of the Air, ix–x.
p. 80
‘The wealth of the island consists of sugar’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 66.
p. 80
By the early 1650s, England was importing 5,000 tons of Barbadian sugar annually: Menard, ‘Plantation Empire’, 310.
p. 80
The price of sugar in 1652 was less than half that of 1646, and it would continue to drop: Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 69.
p. 80
some 20,000, by 1655: ibid., 31–2.
p. 80
‘like villages … ordinarily handsome [with] many rooms’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 65.
p. 80
‘very inferior wood, look[ing] almost like dog-houses’: Gunkel and Handler, ‘A German Indentured Servant’, 92.
p. 81
‘his whole body is drawn in, and he is squeez’d to pieces’: Littleton, Groans of the Plantations, 19.
p. 81
‘’tis hard to save either Limb or Life’: ibid., 20.
p. 82
consumption rose as much as fourfold in the 40 years after 1640: Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, 21.
p. 82
‘a hott hellish and terrible liquor’: ‘A Briefe Discription of the ilande of Barbados’, reprinted in Hutson, English Civil War in Barbados, 67.
p. 82
‘infinitely strong, but not very pleasant to taste’: Ligon, A True and Exact History, 33.
p. 82
the ‘meaner sort’: Colonel Robert Rich, quoted in Ogilby, America, 380.
p. 83
‘wondered more that they were not all dead’: quoted in Cundall, Historic Jamaica, 51.
p. 83
‘the impoverishing (if not ruine) of many families’: Gragg, Englishmen Transplanted, 8.
p. 83
more than 100 taverns in Bridgetown alone. Southey, Chronological History, 2:15.
p. 83
‘debaucht’: ‘A Briefe Discription of the ilande of Barbados’, reprinted in Hutson, English Civil War in Barbados, 63.
p. 83
‘Drunknes is great, especially among the lower classes’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 68.
p. 83
‘nothing lacking in the way of meats …’: ibid., 62.
p. 83
‘After one has dined, and the table has been cleared’: ibid., 62.
p. 83
‘A German for his drinking …’: ‘A Briefe Discription of the ilande of Barbados’, reprinted in Hutson, English Civil War in Barbados, 63.
p. 83
the English a tavern: Walduck, ‘T. Walduck’s Letters from Barbados’, 35.
p. 84
‘I did not always go’: Handler, ‘Father Antoine Biet’s Visit’, 62.
p. 84
‘Tortions in the Bowells’: Ligon, A True and Exact History, 27.
p. 84
‘Most persons who come here from Europe will have to overcome an illness’: Gunkel and Handler, ‘A Swiss Medical Doctor’s description of Barbados’, 5–6.
p. 84
In the West Indies it was as low as 10: Burnard, ‘“The Countrie Continues Sicklie”’, 59.
p. 84
during the 1650s and three times as many deaths as baptisms: Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 77.
p. 85
‘vanity, and folly, and madness’: Rous, ‘A warning to the Inhabitants of Barbadoes’, 1–2.
p. 85
‘a chaos of all Religions … Rogue Island’: Bridenbaugh, Fat Mutton, 3–5.
p. 86
‘trade decreased, and the king’s subjects most impoverished’: Cal Col 1675–6, no. 787.
p. 86
to just over 25,000 a decade later: McCusker and Menard, Economy of British America, 153.
p. 87
as many as 60 new vessels: Clarke, ‘Imperial Forces in Barbados’, 175.
8. Cromwell’s ‘Western Design’: Disaster in Hispaniola
p. 88
‘rascally rabble of raw and unexperienced men?’: letter printed in Anon., Interesting Tracts, 91.
p. 88
‘This wose a sad day with our maryed men’: Whistler, Journal of the West India Expedition, 145–6 (26 December 1654).
p. 89
the ‘Miserable Thraldome and bondage both Spirituall and Civill’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 109.
p. 89
the navy was by now over a million and a half pounds in debt. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 39.
p. 89
‘I offer a New World’: Gage, English-American, 2.
p. 90
‘The Spaniards cannot oppose much’: Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 22.
p. 90
Modyford … advised attacks on Guiana or Cuba. Long, History of Jamaica, 1: 222–3.
p. 90
‘to gain an interest in that part of the West Indies in the possession of the Spaniard’: ‘Instructions unto Generall Robert Venables’, 112.
p. 90
‘wil obstruct the passing of the Spaniards Plate Fleete into Europe’: ibid.
p. 91
‘the unfittest man for a commissioner I ever knew employed’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 60.
p. 91
‘slothful and thievish servants’: ‘I.S.’ A brief and perfect Journal, 513.
p. 91
‘the looser sort out of hopes of plunder’: Pitman, Development of the West Indies, 371.
p. 91
‘old beaten runaways’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 40.
p. 91
‘A wicked army it was, and sent out without arms or provisions’: ibid., xli.
p. 91
little ammunition or powder was to be found. Taylor, Western Design, 18.
p. 91
replacement horses and weapons: Cal Col 1574–1660, p. 432.
p. 92
the commanders were forced to abandon the wait: Anon., Interesting Tracts, 91.
p. 92
‘a people that went to inhabit some country already conquered than to conquer’: ‘I.S.’, A brief and perfect Journal, 515.
p. 92
‘into a Great pachon’: Whistler, Journal of the West India Expedition, 150. (10 April 1655).
p. 92
‘Wee … Ware asharing the skin before wee had Cached the foxx’: ibid., 150.
p. 92
‘appear afar off like the smoke of ordnance’: Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 22.
p. 92
warning beacons appeared in sight on the coast: Whistler, Journal of the West India Expedition, 151. (13 April 1655)
p. 93
‘Our very feet scorched through our Shoes’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 21.
p. 93
‘Our horses and men (the sun being in our zenith) fell down for thirst’: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 128.
p. 93
In desperation, men started drinking their own urine: ‘I.S’., A brief and perfect Journal, 515.
p. 93
‘popish trumperie … wasted’: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 128–9.
p. 93
‘brought forth a large statue of the Virgin Mary’: ibid., 130.
p. 93
‘extreamly troubled with the Flux’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 34.
p. 94
‘very nobelly rune behind a tree’: Whistler, Journal of the West India Expedition, 154. (17 April 1655).
p. 94
‘The great guns from the fort gawling us much’: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 131.
p. 94
‘Lances … a most desperate wepon’: Whistler, Journal of the West India Expedition, 155. (17 April 1655).
p. 94
‘the ennimie with light maches’: ibid., 161 (21 April 1655).
p. 95
‘a uery sad condichon, 50 or 60 stouls in a day’: ibid., 156–7 (19 April 1655).
p. 95
‘sufficiently faint and almost choaked of thirst’: ‘I.S.’, A brief and perfect Journal, 515.
p. 95
‘whom the Negroes and Molattoes soon after dispatched’: ibid., 517.
p. 96
‘in a most sad and lamentable condition’: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 134.
p. 96
their army of thousands had been routed by just 200 Spaniards: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 136; ‘I.S.,’ A brief and perfect Journal, 518.
p. 96
‘if all of like nature had been so dealt with, there would not have been many whole swords left in the army’: ‘I.S.,’ A brief and perfect Journal, 518.
p. 96
‘severely chastised’: Long, History of Jamaica, 1:232.
p. 96
‘so cowardly as not to be made to fight’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 30.
p. 96
‘the Disgrace of the army on Hispaniola’: ibid., xi.
p. 96
‘smaller success’: ibid., 34.
9. The Invasion of Jamaica
p. 97
‘wee saw Jamaica Iland, very high land afar off’: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 136.
p. 98
‘the fairest island that eyes have beheld’: Black, History of Jamaica, 25.
p. 98
‘otherwise a paradise and worth more than gold’: Cundall, Historic Jamaica, 271.
p. 100
the men were leaping out into the waist-deep warm waters of the bay: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 136–7.
p. 100
‘but must vanquish or die’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 35.
p. 100
‘wanting guides … very weak … with bad diet’: ibid., 35.
p. 100
‘divers Spaniards … with other large overtures, and high compliments’: ‘I.S.’, A brief and perfect Journal, 520.
p. 101
The hides were collected (and later sent on a Dutch ship to New England to exchange for provisions): Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 138.
p. 101
‘a uery sad creater’ … afflicted with the ‘French-disease’. ‘I.S.’, A brief and perfect Journal, 520.
p. 101
‘if they complied, they were utterly ruined, and desired rather to expose their lives to the hazzard of warr then to condescend to such termes’: Anon., Letters Concerning the English Expedition, 137.
p. 101
; Bodies of dead English soldiers started being discovered, stripped naked and horribly mutilated: Taylor, Western Design, 100.
p. 102
‘did more weaken and disable them in ten miles march there, than forty in their own country’: ‘I.S.’, A brief and perfect Journal, 521.
p. 102
on starvation rations of half a biscuit per man a day: Long, History of Jamaica, 1:240.
p. 102
within 12 days of the landing, lack of food and water had halved the strengths of the companies: Whistler, Journal of the West India Expedition, 166.
p. 102
‘dead men, just crept abroad from their graves’: Long, History of Jamaica, 1:241.
p. 102
‘which sweep them away by Ten and twenty per diem frequently’: Firth, Narrative of General Venables, 49–50.
p. 102
The Sugar Barons Page 50