p. 196
‘the mortality reigns chiefly over the new-comers’: ibid.
p. 196
reaching 42,000 by 1700: Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 312; Amussen, Caribbean Exchanges, 94.
17. Codrington the Younger in the West Indies
p. 197
‘A British Muse disdains’ quoted in Krise, Caribbeana, 329.
p. 197
‘to endeavour to get a law restraining inhuman severities’: Cal Col 1699, no. 766.
p. 198
‘Nothing will hinder me from promoting boldly’: PRO CO 152/3, no. 23, fol. 100.
p. 198
‘a long fit of sickness’: PRO CO 152/3, no. 57.
p. 198
purchase Dodington Hall in Gloucestershire from Samuel Codrington: Codrington papers, BL RP 2616, reel 8.
p. 198
very fair … well furnish’d’: Davies, History of the Caribby-Islands, 24.
p. 199
in a house only 90 by 16 feet, with four rooms: Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 139.
p. 199
‘too fulsome’, addresses: 11 Jan 1701, PRO CO 152/4, no. 11.
p. 199
‘dispatcht more business and done more justice’: PRO CO 152/4, no. 36.
p. 199
‘universal … the very air does change him in a short time’: Cal Col 1700, no. 751.
p. 199
‘for the Encouragement of poor settlers’: Acts of Assembly, Passed in the Charibbee Leeward Islands, 111–13.
p. 199
more than 500 acres in St Mary, Antigua and done nothing with it: Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 142.
p. 199
‘I have defended the poor against ye rich’: PRO CO 152/4, no. 36.
p. 199
attempted to take on the endemic illegal trading: Cal Col 1700, no. 658i.
p. 199
‘There is so much Ignorance, laziness and Corruption’: 5 May 1701, PRO CO 152/4, no. 21.
p. 199
‘a young gentleman of great virtue and efforts’: PRO CO 152/4, no. 46.
p. 199
‘They are a parcell of Banditts’: Codrington to Popple, 2 March 1704, PRO CO 152/5, no. 61.
p. 200
‘idle and vagrant fellows’: Acts of Assembly, Passed in the Charibbee Leeward Islands, 116.
p. 200
‘the only Governor that I have met’: PRO CO 152/4, no. 97.
p. 200
‘not unlike that of a Frenchman, who is as easily elevated, as soon depressed’: Beckford, Descriptive Account 2:375.
p. 200
‘where they had washed it with rum and triumphed over it’: PRO CO 152/4, no. 73.
p. 200
‘we have lost a very useful man in Maj. Martin’: ibid.; Higham, ‘Negro Policy’, 153.
p. 201
‘got drunk together and grew Friends agen’: PRO CO 152/4, no. 21.
p. 201
‘So much ye les of ye Commodity is made, and consequently ye price is rais’d’: ibid., nos. 44, 44i; Cal Col 1701, no. 744.
p. 201
rumours were that the Irish were preparing to hand the island over to the French: Cal Col 1701, no. 743.
p. 201
‘I have done all yt it wd. have been possible … I have been no onely General but Engineer, Serjt. and Corporall’: BL Add. Mss 34348; PRO CO 152/4, no. 30.
p. 202
‘meet their Enemys with their Eyes open and their Swords in their hands’: PRO CO 152/4, no. 31.
p. 202
‘had very nearly captured the General one night in a raid’: Eaden, Memoirs of Père Labat, 211ff.
p. 202
‘far more sober than are most of his nation as a rule’: ibid., 214.
p. 203
‘My honour is much dearer to me than an employ more valuable than mine is’: June 1702, Cal Col 1702–3 p. 654.
p. 203
‘as curious as any private one in Europe’: Codrington to Dr Charlett, 25 June 1702, quoted in Harlow, Christopher Codrington, 59.
p. 203
‘I am so weak and spiritless’ 28 June 1702, PRO CO 152/4, 104.
p. 203
‘Her [Majesty’s] Flag is now flying on ye French fort’: PRO CO 152/5, no.2.
p. 204
‘plant me some fruit trees and vines at Dodington’: 30 November 1702, PRO CO 239/1, no. 3.
p. 204
it could take Quebec and drive the French out of Canada: Cal Col 1702–3, nos. 192, 193.
p. 204
there were hardly enough seamen fit to man the boats: ibid., no. 298.
p. 205
‘murdered them with Drinking’: 24 February 1703, PRO CO, 7/1, no. 3.
p. 205
The will, dated 22 February 1703: Oliver, History of the Island of Antigua, 1:150–1.
p. 207
‘Negroes were equally the Workmanship of God with themselves’: Klingberg, Codrington Chronicle, 4.
p. 208
‘afflicted with terrible pains’: PRO CO 152/5, no. 48.
p. 208
‘just when we were to reap the fruit of our hazards & fatigues’: PRO CO 152/5.
p. 208
blamed the Creole contingent for a lack of fighting spirit: Bourne, Queen Anne’s Navy in the West Indies, 199.
p. 208
In one month the following year, out of 108 ships that left Barbados: October 1704, Oliver, History of the Island of Antigua, 1:lxxiv.
p. 208
‘I still continue so wretchedly weak’: Harlow, Christopher Codrington, 170.
p. 208
‘security of those Islands’: ibid., 172.
p. 209
‘tho it be with a Muskett on my shoulder’: PRO CO 152/5, no. l70.
p. 209
‘I may serve Her better than an another at present’: Cal Col 1704–5, no. 705.
p. 209
‘fine appearance and handsome bearing’: Dictionary of National Biography, 43:225.
p. 210
‘I heartily wish for Col. Park’s arrival’: Cal Col 1704–5, nos. 1215, 1281.
p. 210
carrying away 600 slaves and huge quantities of sugar-making equipment. Cal Col 1705–6, nos. 168, 195.
p. 210
The Nevis planters estimated the loss at over a million pounds sterling: Cal Col 1707–08, no. 355.
18. The Murder of Daniel Parke
p. 211
‘It will be very hard with this Island’: Redwood Library Archive, Newport.
p. 211
‘furnish’d his Cellars with Wine & liquors’: Walduck, ‘T. Walduck’s Letters from Barbados’, 139.
p. 211
‘the Queen must send some other unfortunate devil here to be roasted in the sun’: Parke to the Council of Trade, 28 August 1706, PRO CO 152/6, no. 63.
p. 212
‘I am deservedly punished for desiring to be a Governor’: Aspinall, West Indian Tales of Old, 29.
p. 212
‘the plague, the pestilence and bloody flux’: ibid., 27.
p. 212
‘a rich little Island, but here are but few people’: Cal Col 1706, no. 519.
p. 212
‘I think I have the good fortune to please the people, except Colonel Codrington’: Aspinall, West Indian Tales of Old, 29.
p. 212
was plotting to recover his governorship: Cal Col 1708–9, nos. 5, 116, 194.
p. 212
‘enraged with Envy, at Colonel Parke’s being preferr’d before him’: French, Answer to a Scurrilous Libel, 24.
p. 212
‘I continue my resolution of leaving the Indies’: Harlow, Christopher Codrington, 191.
p. 213
‘infused Fears and jealousises into the Minds of the People’: French, Answer to a Scurrilous Libel, 24.
p. 213
‘attempting to debauch some of the Chief women of the Island’: Walduck, ‘T. Walduck’s Letters from Barbados’, 139.
p.
213
‘expect the Queen should do everything for them’: Aspinall, West Indian Tales of Old, 28.
p. 213
‘a mungrill race … among the slaveish sooty race’: Cal Col 1710, nos. 391, 677.
p. 213
‘layd two bastards to him, but she giving him the pox, he turned her off’: Cal Col 1708–9, no. 532.
p. 213
‘pocket-pistoles’ … ‘his person and authority in contempt’: Aspinall, West Indian Tales of Old, 36.
p. 213
Parke requested that she change her name to his, and that anyone marrying her also become a Parke. Flannigan, Antigua and the Antiguans, 340–1.
p. 214
‘he continu’d to refresh the Dissensions he had sown’: French, Answer to a Scurrilous Libel, 24.
p. 214
‘insidious, restless, meddling’, addicted to gambling: Lucas Mss, JBMHS 15, 190.
p. 214
‘made prizes of them contrary to Law … sure to feel his resentments’: Walduck, ‘T. Walduck’s Letters from Barbados’, 139.
p. 214
‘his estate goes to those he mortally hated before he died’: Cal Col 1710–11, no. 228.
p. 214
‘the author and contriver of all this vilany against me’: Aspinall, West Indian Tales of Old, 41.
p. 215
‘bruised his head, and broke his back with the butt end of the pieces’: Cal Col 1710–11, no. 783.
p. 215
‘One Turnor a farrier’: ibid., no. 677.
p. 216
before marrying the daughter of the wealthy Antiguan planter: Oliver, History of the Island of Antigua, 3:46.
p. 216
‘the 3 barrels of bread and 3 barrels of beer’: Redwood to Dickinson, 11 February 1711, Redwood Archive, Redwood Library, Newport, RI.
p. 218
A census carried out by Governor Parke in 1708: Cal Col 1706–8, nos. 1383, 1396; Oliver, History of the Island of Antigua, 1:lxxviii.
19. The Beckfords: The Next Generation
p. 219
‘The Passions of the Mind’: Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands 1:xxxi.
p. 219
‘to succeed to the Government of Jamaica’: Cal Col 1696–7, no. 1368.
p. 219
sworn in as Receiver General in November 1696 ‘on giving the usual security’: ibid., no. 344.
p. 219
‘This Eve Mr Lewis [the Deputy Judge Advocate] was unfortunately killed’: PRO CO 134/4, p. 222.
p. 220
‘immediately dyed (his sword not being drawn out of the scabbard)’: Cal Col 1699, nos. 435, 449, 466; 1698, no. 86.
p. 220
‘To say the Truth, our young Squires are not much afraid of the Courts of Justice’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 42.
p. 220
‘by the interest that was made he … came off too without damage’: Cal Col 1708–9, no. 452.
p. 220
‘a people very capricious, jealous, and difficult to manage’: Cal Col 1702, no. 267.
p. 220
‘caused himself to be proclaimed [Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica], saying to the Assembly’: Cundall, Historic Jamaica, 359.
p. 220
‘without any reluctancye of the people’: Cal Col 1702, no. 323.
p. 220
‘generally disliked’: Cal Col 1702, no. 267.
p. 220
‘I have not heard one man speak well of him since I came to the Island’: Cal Col 1693–6, no. 2021.
p. 221
news of which reached Jamaica in July 1702: Cal Col 1702–3, no. 743.
p. 221
he implied that he had been part of the famous attack by Morgan 30 years earlier: Cal Col 1702–3, no. 1056.
p. 221
‘we were served so the last war and felt the unhappy consequence of it’: ibid.
p. 221
‘maintain things in a quiet and good posture’: ibid., no. 978.
p. 221
‘the Government of this Island now is entirely in the hands of the Planters’: Admiral Benbow to Secretary of State James Vernon, 1 June 1702, PRO CO 137/45.
p. 221
‘a brave and resolute officer’: Renny, An History of Jamaica, 47.
p. 221
‘ready … on all occasions to express my duty to her majesty’: Cal Col 1702–3, no. 275.
p. 221
returned by no fewer than three different parishes, choosing to sit for St Elizabeth: Cundall, Historic Jamaica, 360–1.
p. 222
Thomas also married an heiress, Mary Ballard: Redding, Memoirs of William Beck-ford, 1:5.
p. 222
‘thro’ the infirmity of his age’: Cal Col 1704–5, no. 1168.
p. 222
‘I am of opinion I have had a snake in my bosom all this while’: Cal Col 1704–5, no. 1303.
p. 222
‘Col. Beckford and his two sons, whom he has got into the House; they have been both tried for murder’: Cal Col 1706–8, no. 678.
p. 222
‘the chief contriver and promoter of faction and discord’: Cal Col 1720–1, no. 562.
p. 222
‘fell into such warm debates … that they put the whole Town into an uproar’: Cal Col 1710–11, no. 187.
p. 223
three in a hundred of the population survived beyond the age of 60: Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 332.
p. 223
‘sober’ hard-working and ‘fit’: Cal Col 1681–5, p. 590.
p. 223
‘early risers, temperate livers in general, inured to moderate exercise, and avoiders of excess in eating’: Long, History of Jamaica, 1:375.
p. 224
a further 3,593 acres in his own name: Sheridan, ‘Planter and Historian’, 38.
p. 224
the household goods and furniture inside the mansion were valued after Charles’s death at only £213: J. Arch. Inventories, Book 12, Charles Drax, inventory dated 7 March 1722.
p. 225
‘in a furrow, near her, generally to the sun and rain, on a kid skin, or such rags as she can procure’: Ramsay, Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves, 89.
p. 225
‘wear them out before they became useless, and unable to do service; and then to buy new ones to fill up their places’: Martin and Spurrel, Journal of a Slave Trader, 112.
p. 226
more than 20 times that of Charles Drax’s Great House: Sheridan, ‘Planter and Historian’, 39.
p. 226
he owned 1,737 slaves outright and had part-ownership in another 577: J. Arch. Inventories, Books 19–21; Watts, West Indies, 345.
p. 226
the ‘chief actor in all the unhappy differences in the country’: Cundall, Historic Jamaica, 361.
p. 226
‘the chief, and allmost absolute Leader’: Cal Col 1716–17, no. 357c.
p. 226
‘of most violent and pernishious principalls’: Cal Col 1715, no. 302iii.
p. 226
‘ye younger Beckford just at ye close of ye Assembly, had like to have murdered Mr Tho. Wood’: Cal Col 1712–14, no. 149.
p. 227
Peter Beckford be given his ‘protection and favour’: Cal Col 1713, no. 276.
p. 227
Beckford, who now waved them in the Governor’s face, along with his new appointment from London: Cal Col 1722–3, no. 142.
p. 227
Beckford soon had his revenge, reporting Lawes for illegal trading. Cal Col 1722–3, no. 256.
p. 227
Cargill had been ‘justly provoked’ to defend his honour: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 298.
p. 227
by the 1730s he was owed £135,000 by 128 other planters: Sheridan, ‘Planter and Historian’, 39.
p. 228
By 1720, there were nearly 150 British ships engaged in the slave trade: Thomas, Slave Trade, 243.
; p. 229
‘sickly seasons; and when the small pox … happens to be imported’: Robertson, A Detection of the State and Situation, 44.
p. 229
the Barbados planters imported 85,000 new slaves in order to lift the black population on the island from 42,000 to 46,000: Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, 314.
p. 229
‘scarcely had room to turn’: Equiano, Interesting Narrative, 55.
p. 230
‘a slaughterhouse, Blood, filth, misery, and diseases’: quoted in Brown, Reaper’s Garden, 44.
p. 230
losing on average a fifth of their complement each voyage: Thomas, Slave Trade, 309.
p. 230
‘Think of the wretched Irish peasantry! Think of the crowded workhouses!’ one trader wrote: Crow, Memoirs, 176–7.
p. 230
‘civilized people’: Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West Indies, 57.
The Sugar Barons Page 54