‘fickle & Merciliss Ocean’: Warren, ‘The Significance of George Washington’s Journey to Barbados’, 5.
p. 265
‘with some reluctance’: Toner, Daily Journal, 40.
p. 266
‘perfectly enraptured’: ibid., 42.
p. 266
‘How wonderful that such people shou’d be in debt!’: ibid., 58–9.
p. 266
‘extravagantly dear’: ibid., 48.
p. 266
‘the prospect is extensive by Land and pleasant by Sea’: ibid., 48.
p. 266
‘Genteely receiv’d and agreeably entertain’d’: Warren, ‘The Significance of George Washington’s Journey to Barbados’, 10.
p. 266
‘After Dinner was the greatest Collection of Fruits’: Toner, Daily Journal, 50.
p. 266
‘very few who may be called middling people they are either very rich or very poor’: ibid., 48.
p. 267
‘Generally very agreeable, but by ill custom… affect the Negro Style’: Fitzpatrick, The Diaries of George Washington 1: 28.
p. 267
‘The planters at Barbadoes are cruel to their unhappy slaves’: Handler, A Guide to Source Materials, 81.
p. 267
‘some trivial domestic error’: Thompson, Sailor’s Letters, 113.
p. 267
‘taught in their very infancy to flog with a whip the slaves that offends them’: ibid.
p. 267
‘knocking the poor Negroes about the cheeks’: Waller, A Voyage to the West Indies, 26–7.
p. 267
‘of a more volatile and lively Disposition’: Greene, ‘Changing Identity in the British Caribbean’, 143.
p. 267
‘Here I find every Thing alter’d’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 1.
p. 267
‘When you get to Kingston, if you had five more senses, they would be all engaged’: Moreton, West India Customs and Manners, 16.
p. 268
‘Too much blue, too much purple, too much green’: Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea, 1967 ed., 70.
p. 268
‘hardened to the callous frankness of a Jamaica liaison’: de Lisser, White Witch of Rose Hall, 71.
p. 268
‘many a young man arrive from England with the noblest resolves and the highest ideals’: ibid., 102.
p. 268
‘This was Jamaica’: ibid., 112.
p. 268
‘I have seen these unfortunate Wretches gnaw the Flesh off their own Shoulders’: Burns, History of the British West Indies, 766.
p. 268
‘would ill suit a gentleman of your nature … real or imaginary Crosses, which are the same in effect’: Smith, Slavery, Family and Gentry Capitalism, 85–6.
p. 269
‘The real or supposed necessity of treating the Negroes with rigour’: Thomas, Slave Trade, 308.
p. 269
‘Like wax softened by the heat’: Moreton, West India Customs and Manners, 78–81.
p. 269
‘despotick government over their poor slaves’: Thompson, Sailor’s Letters, 107.
p. 269
‘terrible Whippings …’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 39.
23. Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica: ‘Tonight very lonely and melancholy again’
p. 270
‘to enquire for Mr Beckford Esqr … but was informed he is now in Jamaica’: Hall, In Miserable Slavery, 9.
p. 271
in 1763 he got Benjamin Franklin’s book on electricity: TD, 14 September 1763.
p. 272
‘Put it upon a pole and stuck it up just at the angle of the road in the home pasture’: ibid., 9 October 1751.
p. 272
‘Sense of Injury which will dispose them to Revenge that may produce more fatal Consequence than desertion’: ibid., 10 April 1754.
p. 272
the slaves hated him and wanted him dead: ibid.
p. 273
outnumbered by the enslaved Africans by as much as 16 to one: Walvin, Trader, the Owner, the Slave, 107.
p. 273
‘in the Negro manner, “I will kill you, I will kill you now”’: TD, 27 December 1752.
p. 273
‘one saying he was sick, the others that they were in a hurry’: ibid.
p. 273
‘My pocket Whip is broke and Wore out’: TD, 24 March 1759.
p. 274
‘Had Derby well whipped’: ibid., 28 January 1756.
p. 274
‘made Hector shit in his mouth’: ibid., 23 July 1756.
p. 274
his face chopped with a machete: ibid., 4 August 1756.
p. 274
‘picketed’ on ‘a quart bottle neck till she begged hard’: Walvin, Trader, the Owner, the Slave, 148.
p. 274
‘the entire extirpation of the white inhabitants’: Long, History of Jamaica, 2:447–8.
p. 275
‘strange various reports with torment & confusion’: TD, 26 May 1760.
p. 275
‘til they force the whites to give them free like Cudjoe’s Negroes’: ibid., 1 August 1760.
p. 275
‘was made to sit on the ground, and his body being chained to an iron stake’: Craton, Testing the Chains, 136–7.
p. 275
‘he brought to my Memory ye picture of Robinson Crusoe’: TD, 1 June 1750.
p. 276
‘Sup. lect. cum Marina’: TD, 7 July 1751.
p. 276
‘Cum Flora, a congo, Super Terram’: ibid., 10 September 1751.
p. 276
slept with nearly 140 different women, almost all black slaves, while in Jamaica: Walvin, Trader, the Owner, the Slave, 118.
p. 276
‘Perceived a small redness, but did not regard it’: TD, 30 September 1751.
p. 276
‘last night Cum Dido’: ibid., 1 October 1751.
p. 276
‘Spoke to Dr Joseph Horlock. A rank infection’: ibid., 9 October 1751.
p. 276
‘bathing the penis a long time’: ibid., 26 November 1751.
p. 276
‘cum’ Nago Jenny: ibid., 3 December 1751.
p. 276
‘ye Barb[ados] woman that was rap’d by three of them’: ibid., 8 January 1751.
p. 276
‘At Night Mr Paul Stevens and Thomas Adams going to tear old Sarah to pieces in her hutt’: ibid., 20 March 1753.
p. 277
‘haw’led Eve separately into the Water Room and were Concern’d with her’: ibid., 12 March 1755.
p. 277
‘Mrs Cope also examined the sheets and found them amiss’: ibid., 2–5 May 1756.
p. 277
‘Mr C. in his trantrums last night’: ibid., 9 October 1756.
p. 277
‘young and full-breasted’: Thomas, Slave Trade, 397.
p. 277
‘riot in these goatish embraces’: Long, History of Jamaica, 2:328.
p. 278
‘keep a favourite black or mulatta girl on every estate’: Moreton, West India Customs and Manners, 77–8.
p. 278
‘murdered him for meddling with their women’: TD, 17 December 1761.
p. 278
‘Things seemed odd, but yet very pleasant’: 25 February 1764, quoted in Hall, In Miserable Slavery, 131.
p. 278
‘how strangely he looked’: TD, 31 March 1765.
p. 278
‘with load Huzzas’: ibid., 4 April 1765.
p. 279
‘Mirtilla is very ill, it is thought going to miscarry’: ibid., 22 January 1755.
p. 279
‘abused Mr and Mrs Mould in an extraordinary manner’: ibid., 24 February 1756.
p. 280
they had sex 234 times: Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 238.
p. 280
‘I could not sleep, but vastly uneasy’: TD, 19 June 1757.
p. 281
‘Tonight very lonely and melancholy again’: ibid., 4 July 1757.
p. 281
‘She is in miserable slavery’: ibid., 17 July 1757.
p. 281
the Copes had at last agreed to rent her to Thistlewood for £18 a year: Hall, In Miserable Slavery, 163.
p. 281
Thistlewood intervened to stop the rape of Coobah: TD, 19 February 1758.
p. 281
Phibbah was freed by a clause in Thistlewood’s will: Hall, In Miserable Slavery, 313.
p. 281
Phibbah had already ‘transcended’ her state: Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 240.
p. 282
‘with a bad looseness’: Hall, In Miserable Slavery, 94.
p. 282
entertained the white wives of two local grandees to tea: TD 16 February 1779.
p. 282
‘naked for the mosquitoes to bite here tonight’: ibid., 7 August 1770.
p. 282
‘this offers the only hope they have of procuring a sum of money’: Connell, ‘Hotel Keepers and Hotels in Barbados’, 162–3.
p. 282
who saw her as their friend: Craton, Testing the Chains, 129.
p. 283
‘History of Jack the Giant Killer in 2 parts’: TD, 20 August 1769.
p. 283
‘become a member of Jamaica’s brown elite’: Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 235.
p. 283
‘very ill’: TD, 1 September 1780.
p. 283
‘much in liquor’: ibid., 5 September 1780.
p. 283
‘almost out of her senses’: Brown, Reaper’s Garden, 55.
p. 283
‘putrid fever’: TD, 1 September 1780.
p. 283
‘in the old garden, between the pimento tree and the bee houses’: ibid., 7 September 1780.
24. Jamaica: Rich and Poor
p. 285
he was worth nearly £3,000 at the time of his death: Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 40.
p. 285
some 35 worth more than £1500. Walvin, Trader, the Owner, the Slave, 170.
p. 286
he only got three or four hours’ sleep out of 24: Moreton, West India Customs and Manners, 51.
p. 286
‘a dull, cheerless, drudging life’: Stewart, A View of the Past and Present State, 189.
p. 286
‘Crakka Juba’: TD, 5 February 1758.
p. 286
Patrick May, was said to be ‘in his house all day, drunk’: ibid., 23 May 1763.
p. 286
‘Yesterday afternoon John Groves like a madman amongst the Negroes’: ibid., 6 January 1761.
p. 287
Ten per cent of those who held wealth owned two thirds of the island’s total: Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 40.
p. 287
from 17 shillings per hundred weight in 1733 to 43 shillings in 1747: Deerr, History of Sugar, 2:530.
p. 287
By 1750, nearly half of the sugar imported into the UK came from Jamaica, which also had the most productive mills: Hall, In Miserable Slavery, xxi.
p. 287
‘not only the richest but the most considerable colony at this time under the government of Great Britain’: Browne, Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, 9.
p. 287
worth between 20 and 30 times as much as the same man in Britain or North America: Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 15.
p. 287
In 1774, per capita wealth in England was around £42; in Jamaica for a white man it was more than £1,000. Brown, Reaper’s Garden, 16.
p. 287
in Jamaica the average sugar plantation in 1750 had some 200: Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 41.
p. 287
‘While we have so profitable a mine above ground’: Deerr, History of Sugar, 1: 175n.
p. 288
owning about the same again, spread across 12 of Jamaica’s parishes: Sheridan, ‘Planter and Historian’, 40.
p. 288
‘frequently Lyes with Black women’: Craton and Walvin, A Jamaican Plantation, 77.
p. 288
‘rich a man as William Beckford, for possessions but in debt’: TD, 1 September 1757.
p. 289
‘High Living’: John Fuller to Rose Fuller, 10 August 1733, Crossley and Saville, Fuller Letters, 63.
p. 289
‘Mary Johnson Rose of J’ca a free mulatto woman formerly my housekeeper’: Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. 299, (July-September 1905), 593.
p. 289
‘Abundance of Business’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 52.
p. 289
was rich enough to be lending money to Richard Beckford: Crossley and Saville, Fuller Letters, 253.
p. 290
‘surprising to see the number of Coaches and Chariots which are perpetually plying’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 27.
p. 290
Dresden ruffles, silver buckles and expensive belts and swords: J. Arch. Inventories, Book 36, 1756: Thomas Thompson,
p. 290
‘and appear with as good a Grace’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 34–5.
p. 290
‘extraordinary good Actors’: ibid., 27.
p. 290
‘the noblest and best edifice of the kind’: Long, History of Jamaica, 2:7.
p. 290
‘suffered to decay’: ibid., 2:3.
p. 290
some 1,200 free blacks or mulattoes: ibid., 2:103.
p. 291
‘incredible number of … grog shops’: Moreton, West India Customs and Manners, 35–6.
p. 291
‘The People seem all sickly’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 1.
p. 291
153 pregnancies, which produced 121 live births Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, & Desire, 220–222.
p. 291
‘An Account of negroes and Stock dead’: William Mackinen to Redwood, 24 March 1757, LNHA.
p. 291
‘One, two, tree’: Renny, An History of Jamaica, 24.
p. 292
the proportionate, few whites died at an even greater rate: Burnard, ‘“The Countrie Continues Sicklie”’, 71.
p. 292
20 per cent of the town’s population dying every year: ibid., 53.
p. 292
‘great charnel house’: ibid., 50.
p. 292
‘Creolians … seldom live to be above five and thirty years’: Buisseret, Jamaica in 1687, 240.
p. 292
compared to two million in the Thirteen Colonies: O’Shaughnessy, An Empire Divided, 7.
p. 292
in the same time the population of some of the North American colonies had increased tenfold: Burnard: ‘A Failed Settler Society’, 64.
p. 292
‘They console themselves, however, that they can enjoy more of the real existence here in one hour’: Long, History of Jamaica, 2:285.
p. 292
‘keep late hours at night: lounges a-bed in the morning’: ibid., 1:375.
p. 293
as much alcohol per white as was consumed per capita in the United States in 1974: Burnard, ‘A Failed Settler Society’, 68.
p. 293
‘the appearance of being ten years older than they really are’: Waller, A Voyage to the West Indies, 26.
p. 293
he had lost to disease two wives and 16 children out of 21: Samuel Martin to Charles Baldwin 22 Feb. 1776 BL Add. MSS 41351, fol. 65.
p. 293
‘anarchic individualism’ of the West Indies: Burnard, ‘A Failed Settler Society’, 72.
p. 293
‘The frequent occurrence’ of death: quoted in Brown, Reaper’s Garden, 58.
p. 293
of the
136 who had arrived on a ship 16 months earlier, 122 were dead: TD, 26 April 1759.
p. 293
‘No Sett of Men are more unconcerned at [death’s] Approach’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 1.
p. 294
‘lack of public spirit’: Long, History of Jamaica 2:26.
p. 294
dwarfing the number of boys from North America by a factor of about seven: O’Shaughnessy, An Empire Divided, 21.
p. 294
preferring ‘gaming’ to ‘the Belles Letteres’: Leslie, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica, 38.
p. 294
‘carried no Gods with them’, going instead into ‘the wilderness of mere materialism’: J. R. Seeley, quoted in Beckles, Inside Slavery, 124–5.
p. 294
The Sugar Barons Page 56