by Loren Glass
Comstock Act, 6, 101, 106, 132. See also obscenity law trials
Contest for Indian Writers by Grove, 37–38, 61, 223n19
contests and prizes. See prizes and contests
copyright protection, 103, 105, 116, 133, 139–40, 230n11
corporation(s): conglomerates or mergers and, 208, 215; Grove as, 193–94, 203–4, 208
counterculture: avantgarde and, 12; Black Power movement and, 79–80, 83, 151, 155–57, 158, 159, 212–13; Evergreen as magazine for, 12; Grove as signifier for, 31–32, 208–9, 215; literary prestige and, 7, 126–27; obscenity law trials arguments and, 118–20, 123, 233n70; political capital and, 212–13; quality paperbacks and, 12, 31–32; San Francisco scene and, 10, 23–26, 26, 27; vulgar modernism as representation of, 126–27. See also New Left
cover designs: avantgarde aesthetics and, 10, 11; Evergreen and, 121, 122, 160–61, 161, 232n51; film books and, 182, 183; plays as printed text and, 41–43, 42, 71–73, 72, 76, 76–77, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, 88; underground literature and, 10, 11, 124, 125, 142, 142. See also design of books; Kuhlman, Roy
Cowley, Malcolm, 107–8, 112
Cranmer-Byng, J. L., 50
criminality, as aesthetic stylization, 46, 78–79, 123–24, 127–28
Criterion Collection, 179–80, 186–87
Cuba and Cuban revolution literature, 13–14, 159–66, 163
cultural exchanges, and world literature, 34–36, 38, 54–56, 59–60, 62, 226n97
Damrosch, David, 13–14
Darnton, Robert, 7–8, 219n17
Davidson, Michael, 125
Davidson, Sara, 131
Davis, Kenneth, 16, 30
Davis, Ossie, 159
Davis, Paul, 160, 161, 162
Debray, Régis, Revolution in the Revolution?, 161, 164–66, 167
De Grazia, Edward, 101–2, 115–18, 120, 189
Dell publishing house, 15, 94, 109, 140
democratization: avantgarde and, 12; readers’ access and, 16, 77, 117, 160, 196, 200–201, 240n24; underground literature access and, 196, 200–201, 240n24
Desclos, Anne (Dominique Aury or Pauline Réage): International Publisher’s Prize committee and, 57; Literary Landfalls, 239n12; paratextual material and, 199; Return to the Chateau, 198–99; The Story of O/Histoire d’O, 21, 197–201, 239nn12–13
design of books: film books and, 176–77, 178; obscenity law trials and, 107, 108, 109; plays as printed text and, 71–73, 72, 76, 76–77, 80, 85–86, 87; radical literature and, 157, 158, 159. See also cover designs
Diop, Alioune, 148
Doubleday, 15, 16, 152, 209
Duras, Marguerite: “Declaration concerning the Right of Insubordination in the Algerian War” and, 160; design of books and, 177, 178; gender politics and, 196; Hiroshima mon amour (Duras and Resnais), 175–77, 178, 180, 182, 184
Durrenmatt, Friedrich, 229n77
East and West Book Club, 50
East-West dialogue, and Evergreen, 50–51
Éditions de Minuit, 10, 18, 21, 38–39, 44, 178
Éditions Gallimard, 10, 21, 38–39, 46, 56, 75, 124, 176, 198
Edwardian era publications, 131, 141. See also underground literature
Einaudi publishers, 56–57
Eliot, T. S., 33, 111–12
Ellis, Richard, 196
employees and employee relations at Grove, 6–7, 14–15, 18, 194–96, 201, 204–6, 208
English, James, 7, 56
epic scale, and plays as printed text, 93, 229n77
Epstein, Jason, 9, 16, 57, 213
Epstein, Samuel B., 114–15
erotica: Evergreen photographs and, 121, 122; films and, 188, 191, 202; obscenity law trials and, 20, 22; pornography politics versus, 196–97; radical literature and, 167; underground literature and, 131, 139, 141–42; vulgar modernism and, 123; women and, 196, 239n13. See also underground literature
Escarpit, Robert, 35
Esquire, 130, 166
Esslin, Martin, 40–41, 68, 84, 91
European male modernists, 39–41, 42, 43–47, 62–63. See also men; and specific writers
Evans, Luther, 35, 38
Evergreen Book Club: films and, 174, 191; gender politics and, 197, 199–200, 240n16; history of, 129–30, 197; membership statistics and, 193; radical literature and, 240n16; sexually explicit films and, 191; sexually explicit literature and, 142; underground literature and, 129–30, 135, 139, 141–42
Evergreen Originals: collegestudent circuit and, 74; film books and, 184; history of, 16; modernism and, 37; plays as printed text and, 67–68, 71, 74, 75, 77, 85, 86; quality paperbacks and, 24–28, 25, 26, 27, 75, 77; San Francisco scene and, 23–25; theater reviews and, 67; world literature and, 37. See also Grove Press
Evergreen Review: African American editors and, 156; avantgarde aesthetics and, 22–23, 121–22, 122; bookstore sales and, 121; colophonic branding for, 9, 25, 25–27, 28, 121; counterculture and, 12, 213; cover designs and, 121, 122, 160–61, 161, 232n51; covers and, 26–27, 28, 121; Cuban revolution and, 160; East-West dialogue in, 50–51; editors of, 61, 68–69, 156, 174; erotic photographs and, 121, 122; European male modernists and, 44, 47; feminism and, 212, 213; feminist takeover effects on, 202; films and, 173, 185; financial reports and, 194; format of, 29, 120–21, 122; freedom to read and, 114, 232n51; Guevara and, 160–61, 161; history of, 1, 16, 206; homosexuality in literature and, 125; marketing strategies and, 151; Mexican literature and, 55–56, 59, 61–62; New Left and, 155, 213; obscenity law trials and, 108, 117, 119; Paris’s role in colophonic network of, 21–22; poetry and, 23, 61; political and literary alliances and, 14, 21–22; radical literature and, 14, 146, 155, 160–61, 161, 166–68; San Francisco network and, 23–25; San Francisco scene and, 23–25; sexually explicit writing distribution and,129–31; underground literature and, 1; as video magazine, 239n32; views of playwrights and, 83–84; vulgar modernism and, 121, 122, 123, 127
Evergreen Theater, Inc., 67, 174, 181, 189
experimental films, 173–75, 233n71. See also avantgarde aesthetics; film books; films; and specific directors and writers
experimental literature, 12, 15–17, 24–25. See also avantgarde aesthetics; literature; and specific writers
experimental theater, 6, 20–21. See also avantgarde aesthetics; plays as printed text and playwrights; and specific playwrights
experts on literary value: film books and, 185–87; modernism and, 103; obscenity law trials and, 101–4, 106–8, 117–20, 138–39, 143, 230n5; parodies of, 143; underground literature and, 138–39
Fanon, Frantz: Black Skin, White Masks/Peau noir masques blancs, 54, 140, 147, 149, 150, 151, 157; The Wretched of the Earth, 148–49, 150, 156–57
feminism: democratization of access to underground literature and, 196, 200–201, 240n24; gender politics and, 21, 197–201, 200, 209–12, 239nn12–13; homosocial literary networks and, 196–97, 210, 212; pornography politics and, 21, 196–97, 197–201, 200, 213, 239nn12–13; power discourse and, 196–97, 200–201
feminist takeover of Grove: Committee for the Survival of Grove and, 204–5, 208; gender politics and, 195, 196, 201; geopolitics and, 201; homosocial networks and, 207–8; summary of, 193–96, 201–3; unionization efforts and, 194–96, 198, 203–5, 240n34; women employees and, 195, 196, 201, 207, 208. See also feminism
fetishization of writing, and underground literature, 136
film books: authorship and authority in, 181–84, 183; collegestudent circuit and, 187–88; cover designs and, 182, 183; design of books and, 176–77, 178; experts on, 185–87; finances and, 174, 188, 189; Ginsberg v. New York (1968) and, 191; literary categories and, 176–77, 178, 180–81, 181–83, 184, 185–86; literary value and, 185–87; New Novel and, 44–45, 160, 175–78; New Wave cinema and, 175, 177–78; paratextual material and, 186; photographic illustrations and, 176–81, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183; readers and reading in context of, 184–85; sex, aesthetic and political convergence and, 189–90; sexually explicit, 188–91, 238n30; Stanley v. Georgia (1969), 191; s
ummary of, 175, 214; typographic style and, 177, 178. See also sexually explicit (adult) writing and film
films: collegestudent circuit and, 188; erotica and, 188, 191, 202; experimental, 173–75, 233n71; Hollywood ratings and, 190; investments in, 174–75, 181–84, 183, 187–88, 195; library of Grove of, 174–75, 187–88; New Wave, 175, 177–78; privatization of viewing, 174–75, 186, 190–91, 239n32. See also film books; and specific directors and writers
finances and financial reports: Evergreen and, 194; film books and, 174, 188, 189; Grove and, 4–5, 15, 112, 120, 174, 188, 193, 206–7, 213–14; obscenity law trials and, 112, 120; Rosset’s personal, 4–5, 194, 215
FLM (Fur, Leather, and Machine Workers Joint Board of the Amalgamated Meat Cutter and Butcher Workers), 204, 205, 240n34
foreword or preface, and translations, 58–59
Foucault, Michel, 45, 143–44
Fowlie, Wallace, 4, 17, 47, 68, 135–36, 223n19
France: New Novel and, 44–45, 160, 175–78; New Wave cinema and, 175, 177–78. See also Paris
Frechtman, Bernard, 18, 36, 46–47, 78, 80, 123
freedom to read, and obscenity law trials, 114–15, 122–23, 136–37, 232n51
Fremont-Smith, Eliot, 152, 200
Fuentes, Carlos, 61, 226n19
Fur, Leather, and Machine Workers Joint Board of the Amalgamated Meat Cutter and Butcher Workers (FLM), 204, 205, 240n34
Gallimard, Claude, 10, 21, 38–39, 46, 56, 75, 124, 176, 198
Garson, Barbara, MacBird!, 67, 95–96
gay men. See homosexuality in literature
Gay Rights movement, 195, 212
Gelber, Jack: The Connection, 68, 88, 88, 89, 90; cover designs and, 88, 88; jazz musicians and, 88, 89, 90; photographs in printed text and, 88, 88, 89, 90
Geller, Jules, 15, 74, 152, 154, 217n1, 236n17
gender politics: feminism and, 21, 197–201, 200, 209–12, 239nn12–13; feminist takeover of Grove and, 195, 196, 201; literature and, 214–15; New Left and, 194–96, 201–2. See also women
Genet, Jean: aesthetic, sexual, and political convergence in career of, 45–46, 124, 125; avatars of, 127–28; The Balcony, 68, 79, 80–81, 211–13; The Blacks, 79–81, 81, 149, 151, 211–13; collegestudent circuit and, 79, 213; countercultural capital and, 212–13; cover designs and, 80, 81, 124, 125; criminality and, 21, 46, 78–79, 123–24, 233n72; design of book and, 80; European male modernists and, 45–47; Evergreen and, 47; gender politics and, 211–12; homosexuality in literature and, 18, 21, 46, 123–24; homosexual writers and, 123; The Maids, 46, 78–79; The Miracle of the Rose, 124, 125, 233n72; Our Lady of the Flowers, 45–47, 123–24, 127; philosophical premises and, 79–80; photograph on covers and, 124, 125; plays as printed text and, 78–83, 81; poet as playwright and, 78; race relations and, 79–83; radical literature and, 166–67, 212–13; as reporter, 166; reviews and, 81–84; Rosset’s relationship with, 18; Saint Genet (Sartre) and, 21, 46, 78–79, 123–24, 211; The Screens, 166, 211, 214; The Thief’s Journal, 46, 78, 124; translators for, 18, 36, 46–47, 78, 80, 123, 166, 212
Genette, Gerard, 46
geopolitics, 52, 55, 60, 164, 201
German-language plays as printed text, 93–95, 229n77
Gertz, Elmer, 114
Getty, Ann, 1, 215
GI Bill, 4, 29
Gierow, Karl Ragnar, 40–41
Ginsberg, Allen: collegestudent circuit and, 213; homosexual writers and, 125; “Howl,” 23–24, 59, 119–20; as reporter, 166; testimony in Naked Lunch (Burroughs) trial by, 117, 119–20
Ginsberg, Sam, 191
Ginzberg, Ralph, 128–29, 234n83
Girodias, Maurice, 16–17, 19–21, 38–39, 111, 117, 131, 133–34, 230n5. See also Olympia Press
Godard, Jean-Luc: film books and, 185–87; on films, 176, 184; Masculin Féminin, 174, 185; Weekend, 174
Goldfischer, Morrie, 6, 15, 151, 195, 206
Goldman, Albert, 143, 190, 200, 238n30
Gontarski, S. E., 7, 62, 206
Goodman, Emily Jane, 201, 209–10
Graf, Herman, 6, 15, 22, 143, 204
Grove Press: backlist of, 116, 213–15; as charismatic community, 6–7, 184–85, 204–5; collegestudent circuit and, 29–31; colophonic branding for, 9–10, 11, 25–26, 26, 27; Contest for Indian Writers by, 37–38, 61, 223n19; as corporation, 193–94, 203–4, 208; as counterculture signifier, 31–32, 208–9, 215; employees and, 6–7, 14–15, 18, 194–96, 201, 204–6, 208; experimental literature and, 12, 15–16; film library of, 174–75, 187–88; finances and, 4–5, 15, 112, 120, 174, 188, 193, 206–7, 213–14; history of, 1, 10, 215; Jewish literary community and, 14–15; literary prestige and reputation of, 9–10, 19, 22, 38, 101, 130; locations of, 10, 12–13, 67, 120; marketing strategies and, 97–99, 128–29, 151–52, 234n83; New York network of, 12–16, 201; paperback bookstores as network and, 25, 28–29; Paris network of, 9, 10, 16–22, 199; power discourse and, 201; publishing position of, 7–8, 219n17; women as employees at, 195, 196, 201, 207, 208. See also Evergreen Review; feminist takeover of Grove; Rosset, Barney, Jr.; and specific editors and employees
Guevara, Che, 13–14, 160–65, 161
Guilbaut, Serge, 9–10, 12, 14
handbooks (self-help guides), and radical literature, 151, 154–55, 162, 164–71, 169, 170
Hansberry, Lorraine, 82–83
Han-shan, 51
Harding, James, 66
Harlem, New York City, 13, 155, 156
Harris, Frank, My Life and Loves, 138
Hassan, Ihab, 116–17, 211, 232n54
Hentoff, Nat, 64, 155–56, 157
Herman, Edward, 35
Hobson, Harold, 73
Hochhuth, Rolf: The Deputy, 93–95; design of book and, 94; epic scale and, 93–94; plays as printed text and, 93–94; poet as playwright and, 94
Hodeir, André, 64
Hollander, Paul, 118, 126
Hollywood film ratings, 190. See also film books; films
Holocaust, 14, 47, 93–94, 137
homosexuality in literature: Grove and, 18, 21, 123, 125; Kuhlman’s covers and, 126; obscenity law trials and, 123, 124–28; vulgar modernism and, 123–28, 125. See also sex, aesthetic and political convergence
homosexual writers, 123–27. See also men
homosocial networks, 123–28, 131, 196–98, 207–12, 209–12. See also men
Howard, Richard, 36, 38–39, 41, 45, 62, 178
Hughes, Robert, 173–76, 178, 180, 184–85
Hutchins, Robert Maynard, 33
incorporation of avantgarde aesthetics, 3–4, 12
Indian literature, 37–38, 61, 223n19
intellectual property, and obscenity law trials, 108–9
International Progressive Educational Network (PEN), 59–60, 226n97
International Publisher’s Prize, 56–57
Ionesco, Eugène: The Bald Soprano, 75–77; book and cover designs and, 76, 76–77; collegestudent circuit and, 75; Evergreen and, 22; Four Plays, 68, 75–77, 76; objectification and, 77; plays as printed text and, 75–78, 76; Rhinoceros, 78; views of playwrights and, 75, 78
Jahn, Janheinz, 53–55, 146–48, 225n76
Jameson, Fredric, 30–31, 165
Japanese literature, 47–51, 47–52
jazz, 63, 64, 88, 89, 90
Jews, 14–15, 47, 93–94, 137, 218n2
Jordan, Fred: biographical information about, 14–15; employee relations and, 195; Evergreen and, 6, 14; feminist takeover and, 203; on Ginsberg, 23; plays as printed text and, 90–91, 229n77; radical literature and, 163; on Rosset’s personality, 6; on sales of plays as printed text, 77; sexually explicit writing and, 130–31; West Coast reputation of Grove and, 24
Jordan, Ken, 6
Joyce, Donald Franklin, 147
Joyce, James: copyright protection and, 102, 119; modern classics argument and, 102–7, 117–19; Ulysses, 19, 39, 102–7, 117–19
Kael, Pauline, 186
Kast, Pierre, 176
Kazin, Alfred, 4, 57, 107–8, 112, 223n19
Keaton, Buster, 174, 181–84, 183
Keene, Donald, Modern Japanese Literature, 47–50, 49
Kenner, Hugh, 41–42, 73–74
Kerouac, Jack: avatars of, 52; colophonic branding and, 25–26, 27; The Dharma Bums, 51; Evergreen and, 24, 51; publications of, 23, 24; On the Road, 23, 28; The Subterraneans, 23, 26, 27, 28
Kerrigan, Anthony, 57–58
Kline, Franz, 10, 11, 23, 51
Knopf, Alfred, 15, 105
Knopf publishing house, 15, 105, 208
Korda, Alberto, 160–61, 161
Kristol, William, 135, 197
Kronhausen, Eberhard, 131
Kronhausen, Phyllis, 131
Kuhlman, Roy, and styles in covers: abstract expressionism, 10, 11, 41–43, 42, 49, 49, 63, 64; avantgarde aesthetics, 10, 11, 37, 53, 54; Evergreen colophon, 26–27, 28, 121; homosexuality in literature, 126; photographic style, 41–43, 71, 72, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, 88, 124, 125, 149, 150, 151, 178, 179, 182, 183; primitivism in modernist aesthetic, 53, 54; radical literature and, 157, 158; typographic style, 43, 76, 76, 149, 150, 151, 157, 158; Victorian era publications, 142, 142
Kupfergerg, Tuli, 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft (Kupfergerg and Bashlow), 167–68, 169
Kurosawa, Akira, 173–74, 175, 185
Labro, Philippe, 187
Ladenson, Elisabeth, 138, 233n70
Ladywood, Viscount, 141
Lahr, Bert, 65, 67, 69
Lahr, John, 67
Lall, Anand (Arthur), 61–62
Larbaud, Valery, 39
Latin America, 13–14, 55–62, 63, 160–65, 161
Latin American literature, 58–60
Laughlin, James, 15, 111
Lawrence, D. H., Lady Chatterley’s Lover, 21, 22, 101, 104–9, 110, 111, 230n5, 231n17
Ledig-Rowohlt, Heinrich, 56, 111
Legman, Gershon, 139
Lester, Julius: Evergreen editors and, 156, 212; feminism and, 212; feminist takeover of Grove and, 202, 240n29; Look Out, Whitey! Black Power’s Gon’ Get Your Mama!, 156–57, 158, 159; Revolutionary Notes, 162
Levin, Harry, 113–14
Lewis, Jon, 190
Liss, Joe, 163
literary and political alliances, 14, 19, 21–22, 61–62, 95–96. See also New Left
literary prestige and reputation: counterculture and, 7, 126–27; of Grove, 9–10, 19, 22, 38, 101, 130; world literature and, 36, 38, 56–57, 225n85