29 De Bary, Sources of Japanese Tradition, p. 59.
30 Nosco, Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture, p. 6.
31 For more on the adoption of Neo-Confucianism in the early Tokugawa period, see Herbert Ooms’ essay, ‘Neo-Confucianism and the Formation of early Tokugawa Ideology: Contours of a Problem’, in Nosco, Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture, Chapter 2.
32 Nosco, Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture, p. 10
33 Yamashita, Samuel Hideo, ‘The Writings of Ogyu Sorai (1666–1728)’, in Nosco, Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture, Chapter 6.
34 Cima, Ronald J. (editor), Vietnam: A Country Study (Washington:GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987, http://countrystudies.us/Vietnam/4.htm).
35 Cima, Vietnam (http://countrysides.us/vietnam/11.htm).
36 Edwards, Michael, East-West Passage: The Travel of Ideas, Arts and Inventions between Asia and the Western World (New York:Taplinger Publishing Company, 1971), p. 104.
37 Edwards, East-West Passage, p. 105.
38 http://www.humorsphere.com/confucius/
confucious_sayings.htm (note the misspelling of Confucius’ name).
39 From CNN’s Anderson Cooper 360°, The Shot, Tuesday 12 May 2009, http://www.cnn.com/video/?/
video/bestoftv/2009/o5/12/ac.shot.tuesday.cnn
Select Bibliography
Historical, social, religious and political background
Baber, Ray Erwin, ‘Marriage in Ancient China’, Journal of Educational Sociology, vol. 8, American Sociological Association, 3 November 1934
De Bary, William Theodore, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960, revised 1999)
Bol, Peter K., Neo-Confucianism in History (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, East Asian Monographs, 2008)
Creel, Howard, Chinese Thought: From Confucius to Mao Tse-Tung (Chicago/London: Chicago University Press, 1953)
Dien, Albert, ‘Chinese Beliefs in the Afterworld’, in The Quest for Eternity: Chinese Ceramic Sculptures from the People’s Republic of China (Los Angeles/San Francisco: Los Angeles County Museum of Art/Chronicle Books, 1987), pp. 1–15
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (New York: The Free Press, second edition, 1993)
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
Faulkenhausen, Lothar von, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius: The Archaeological Evidence (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, 2006)
Goldin, Paul Rakita, The Culture of Sex in Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai’i Press, 2002)
Lewis, Mark Edward, The Construction of Space in Ancient China (Albany: State University of New York, 2006)
Li, Chenyang (ed.), The Sage and the Second Sex, Confucianism, Ethics, and Gender (Chicago and La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, a division of Carus, 2000)
Loewe, Michael, Ways to Paradise: The Chinese Quest for Immortality (Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1979)
Waley, Arthur, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1982)
Wang, Robin R. (ed.), Images of Women in Chinese Thought andCulture: Writings from the Pre-Qin Period through the Song Dynasty (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 2003)
Biographies and commentaries on Confucius
Burgan, Michael, Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher, Signature Lives series (for younger readers) (Minneapolis: Compass Books, 2009)
Chin, Annping, The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics (New York: Scribner, 2007)
Clements, Jonathan, Confucius: A Biography (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2004)
Do-Dinh, Pierre (trans. Charles Lam Markmann), Confucius and Chinese Humanism (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969)
Fingarette, Herbert, Confucius: The Secular as Sacred (Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1972)
Nienhauser, William H. Jr. (ed.), Tsai-fa Cheng, Zhongli Lu, William H. Nienhauser Jr. and Robert Reynolds (trans.), The Grand Scribes Records, vol. 8, Memoirs of Pre-Han China by Ssu-ma Ch’ien (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994)
Wilhelm, Richard, Confucius and Confucianism (New York: Har-court Brace Jovanovitch, 1931)
Yang, Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang (trans. and eds), Selections from Records of the Historian by Szuma Chien (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1979)
Versions of The Analects
Lau, D.C., Confucius: The Analects (London: Penguin Books, 1979)
Legge, James, Confucius: Confucian Analects, The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1893- 5. Reprint, Mineola, New York: Dover, 1971)
Leys, Simon, The Analects of Confucius(New York: W.W Norton, 1997)
Waley, Arthur, The Analects of Confucius (New York: Vintage Books,1989. Original edition New York: Macmillan, 1938)
General
Armstrong, Karen, The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (New York: Anchor Books, 2006)
De Bary, William Theodore, Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958)
Cima, Ronald J. (ed.), Vietnam: A Country Study (Washington:GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987; http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/4.htm)
Connor, Mary E. (ed.), The Koreas (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2009)
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Walthall, Anne and Palais, James B., East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006)
Edwards, Michael, East-West Passage: The Travel of Ideas, Arts and Inventions between Asia and the Western World (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1971)
Elman, Benjamin A., From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China (Los Angeles: UCLA Asia Institute, Asian Pacific Monographs series, 2001)
Korea Old and New: A History (Seoul: Ilchokak Publishers/ Cambridge, Korea Institute, Harvard University, 1990)
Liu, Chen (ed.), (trans. He Zhaoshu), Confucius Temple, Mansion and Family Cemetery, World Cultural and National Heritage (China Volume) (Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2002)
Loewe, Michael (ed.), Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide (Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, 1993)
Nosco, Peter (ed.), Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1997)
Tu, Wei-Ming (ed.), Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in lapan and the Four Mini-Dragons (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press/American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1996)
Waley, Arthur (trans.), The Book of Songs: The Ancient Chinese Classic of Poetry (New York: Grove Press, 1996)
Index
Age of Enlightenment 191
Age of Reason 190–1
Ai, Duke of Lu 138–9, 144–6, 152–3, 154–5, 158
The Analects (Lunyu) xi, xv, 9, 10–12, 46
age 91–2, 96
ban 174
Beijing Olympics 10
books 94
Boyu 120
Confucius’ daughter 61
Confucius’ son 59–60
Confucius’ upbringing 56
ghosts and gods 153–4
government 22
Japan 181–2
Jisuns 86, 87
junzi 18
Korea 176
modern lives 25
parental respect 62
relationships 21
sexism 62
student selection 67–8
students 108
Three Families 93
Yan Hui 61, 118
Zigong 112
Zilu 70, 108, 109
Zixia 150
ancestor honouring 4, 14, 28, 47–8, 53–4, 144
Japan 184, 186
junzi 11
missionaries 6, 190
Shang dynasty 38, 39, 49
tianming 37
Vietnam 186, 189
women 178–9
&nbs
p; Assistant-Superintendent of Public Works 97–8
Axial Age 36
Beijing Olympics 10
benevolence 1
see also ren
Korea 178
leaders 23, 80
Mencius 165
modern lives 24
Bi 90, 103
Bi Xi110–11, 135
The Book of Changes {I Ching) 39, 94, 153–4
The Book of History (Shujing) xiii, 30, 37, 42, 56–8, 94, 151, 168
The Book of Music 94
The Book of Rites 42, 54, 94, 151
The Book of Songs xi, xiv, 42, 55, 67, 94, 110
ban 168
compilation 151
Zigong 112
Zixia’s question 150
Boyu (Confucius’ son) 58, 59–61, 92, 95, 120–1
books 94
death 61, 155
bronze manufacturing 41
Buddhism 7, 168, 170–1, 176, 190
Japan 182–4
Vietnam 186, 189
burials 14, 15, 97
Boyu 61, 155
of Confucius 158–9
Confucius’ father 53, 63, 70
Confucius’ mother 63, 70
Yan Hui 61, 156–7
Cai state 139, 141–2
calligraphy 5, 174–5
Cao state 130–1
Chang Hong 76
Changju 140–1
Chen state 29, 132–3, 139, 141–2
Chen Ziqin 59–60
Cheng, King 35, 38
Cheng (town) 103
Chin, Annping xiii-xiv
Chinese Axial Age 36
Choson dynasty 177
Chu state 43, 44–5, 132, 141–3
eccentric of 143
civil service 7
Clement XI, Pope 6, 190
Clements, Jonathan xv
Communism 9, 174
compassion 1, 12–14
see also ren
junzi 114
leaders 80
li 16
modern lives 25
concubines 50
Confucius Institute 9–10
Confucius Sinarum Philosophus 190
Confucius Temple, Qufu 5, 6, 93
Confucius Village 159
Cultural Revolution 9, 173–4
culture, Confucius as symbol 9–10
Cultured King see Wen, King
Dai Zhen 173
Daode jing 76
Daoism 7, 76, 168, 170–1, 190
The Book of Changes 153
Japan 182, 183
recluses 140–1
daughters of Confucius 58, 61, 92
death 109–10
see also burials
of Confucius 158–9
Deng Xiaoping 175
Ding, Duke of Lu 88, 91, 96, 97, 98–100, 102–5, 111, 138
diplomacy 82
discernment 149
divination rituals 39, 41
divorce 92–3
domestic chores 56
Dou, Grand Dowager Empress 168
Dou Mingdu 137
Duanmu Si see Zigong
Eastern Zhou 1, 22, 33, 35–6, 42–4, 74–5, 123
Spring and Autumn period 42, 123
Warring States 8, 42, 163–4, 166–7
education xvi, 1, 11, 16–18, 174, 187
civil service 7
of Confucius 55–6
Confucius as god of learning 5–6
Confucius as sage and teacher 3–4
Japan 186
Korea 176–8, 181
modern lives 24–5
Vietnam 188
women 69
elders, respect xvi, 21, 47, 62
family
see also ancestors; parents
funerals 14, 15
loyalty 140
Single Child Policy 175
Fangzi 49
fear, junzi 20
fengjian 40, 147
Four Books 172, 190
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 191
Fuhe 49
gentleman 161
see also junzi
Confucius as 4–5, 68–9
pursuits 5, 11
study and ritual 17
gewu 171
global Axial Age 36
god of learning 5–6
Golden Rule xv, 22
Gong (Upright) 140
Gonghsan Furao 103
Gongliang Ru 134
Gongshan Furao 88, 90, 98, 110
Gongxi Chi 116, 129
Gongye Chang (Zichang) 61, 92
government 22–4, 27–32
advice to Zixia 150
advice to Zizhang 149–50
morality 146
positions 65–7, 91, 96–105, 111
wealth 83
Xunzi 166
grain warehouse job 65–6
Great Wall of China 167
greeting, Li 14
Gu Sou 57
Gu Yanwu 173
gui 48
Gukjagam 177
Hall of Light, Luoyang 75
Han dynasty xii, 5, 168–70, 173, 186–7
Han Feizi 166, 167
Han Yu 170
hanxue 173
Hat Boi 188
hatred, junzi 20
Hayashi Razan 185
Heaven 169–70
Western Zhou 39
Heavenly Mandate (tianming) 37–42, 169, 183, 184
Henan province 27–31, 49
hermits 21, 140–1
Hou 103
Hu, Duke of Yu 133
Huan Tui 130–1
human nature 166, 167, 169, 171, 173
humanity 12–13
see also ren
li 16
“Hundred School of Thought” 164
I Ching [The Book of Changes) 39, 94, 153–4
integrity, junzi 18–19
Japan 7–8, 181–6
Jesuit missionaries 6, 189–90
Ji Huanzi 89, 104
Ji Kangzi 23–4, 144–7
Jia 49–50
Jiagu 98–100
Jieni 140–1
Jin state 43, 110–11, 135, 137
Jing, Duke of Qi 79–84, 98–100
Jingshu 73
Jisuns 45, 78, 85–91, 97–8, 101, 145–7
Duke Ai 138
fortified cities 103
Ran Qiu 116
tax 147–8
juche 181
junzi xv, 11, 18–20, 142
see also gentleman
compassion 114
Confucius as 4–5, 68–9
government 23
modern lives 25
Zigong 112
kaozhengxue 173
Kim Il-Sung 181
Kim Jong-II 181
kingship, Mencius 165
Kong family 49–50
Kong Yu 126
Kongjiao 162
Korea 175–81
Koryo 176–7
Kuang 127
Kuomintang 175
kwago 177
Kwangjong 177
land tax 147–8
Laozi xiv, 76–7
Le dynasty 188
Le Thanh Tong 188
Legalism 167, 168
Legge, James 191
Leibniz, Gottfried 191
li 14–16, 165, 171
see also rituals
government 23
junzi 18, 20
li (universal principle) 171–2, 179
Li Si 166, 168
Ling, Duke of Wei 29, 111, 126–7, 128–9, 134–5, 138, 146, 155–6
livestock husbandry job 66
lixue 171–2
loyalty
government 23–4
Japan 184–5
Korea 178, 181
Mao 174
relationships 11, 21
to leader xvi, 8, 9, 174, 184–5, 187
Lu state 1, 44–6, 47, 138–9
The Annals 152
Confucius leaves 78, 105, 107, 123
Confucius retu
rns 84–105, 133–4, 144–7
Ji Kangzi 144
Kong family 50
qilin 154–5
Wu conflict 143
Lunyu see The Analects (Lunyu)
Luoyang 33, 73–7, 107
lust, junzi 20
Lute Song 137
Ly dynasty 187
Mao Zedong 9, 173–4
marriage, of Confucius 58–9
Mencius xii, 144, 152, 157, 164–5
Meng Xizi 72–3
Meng Yizi 73
Mengsuns 45, 72, 78, 85, 103
Mengzi see Mencius
Miao people 57–8
Military King see Wu, King
Min, Duke of Chen 132–3
Min Ziqian 120
ming 52
Ming dynasty 172, 187–8
Minister of Justice 98–102
moral power 149
Motoori Norinaga 185
music 5, 71–2, 136–8
Luoyang 76
shao 79
Vietnamese opera 188
names 52
Nangong Guo see Nangong Jingshu
Nangong Jingshu 73
Nanzi 111, 128–9
National Confucian College 176
Neo-Confucianism 7–8, 171–3, 177
Japan 183–5
Korea 179–80
Vietnam 187
North Korea 181
Oqyu Sorai 185
Paekche 176, 181
painting 5, 174–5
parents 39
see also family
filial piety 15, 21, 62–3, 101–2, 175, 178, 184, 187
mourning 62–4, 66, 70–1, 82, 115
respect xvi, 21, 62–3, 186
Upright Gong case 140
Ping, King 43
poetry 5, 60
Confucius’ final poem 157–8, 161
Yong 87
political legitimacy, Confucius 7–8
Portugese missionaries 189–90
Prime Minister appoinment 103–4
propriety see li
Pu 134–5
Public Works Department 97–8
qi 171, 179
Qi state 43, 44, 55, 78–84, 98–100, 104, 113, 143–4
qilin 51–2, 154–5, 156
Qin Shi Huang, Emperor 8, 166–8
Qin state 8–9, 43, 167–8
Qing dynasty 172–3
Qiu 52–3
Qu Boyu 126
rage, junzi 20
Ran Boniu 120
Ran Qiu 86, 103, 115–17, 129, 138–9, 143–4, 145, 147–8
Ran Yong 119, 120
rapacity, junzi 20
reciprocity 11, 21–2, 23–4, 101–2
recluses 21, 140–1
Rectifying Names doctrine 80
relationships 11, 20–2
Daoism 141
Japan 182
modern lives 24–5
reciprocity 101–2 ren xv, 11, 12–14, 165
government 23
Confucius Page 22