27 Dutta and Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore, p. 200.
28 Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 61.
29 Sugata Bose and Kris Manjapra (eds.), Cosmopolitan Thought Zones: South Asia and the Global Circulation of Ideas (New York, 2010), p. 103.
30 Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea (New York, 1906), p. 4.
31 Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 73.
32 Ibid., pp. 78 – 9.
33 Ibid., p. 136.
34 Ibid., p. 200.
35 Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 30.
36 Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 227.
37 Ibid., p. 168.
38 Ibid., p. 170.
39 Jonathan Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and their Revolution, 1895 – 1980 (New York, 1982), p. 216.
40 Tagore, Letters to a Friend, p. 110.
41 Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 79.
42 Tagore, Letters to a Friend, p. 118.
43 Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology (New York, 1997), p. 127.
44 Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 37.
45 Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 172.
46 Ibid., p. 316.
47 Dutta and Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore, p. 252.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid., p. 347.
50 Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 320.
51 Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 76.
52 Rabindranth Tagore, Crisis in Civilization (Delhi, 2002), p. 260.
53 Dutta and Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore, pp. 300 – 301.
6. ASIA REMADE
1 Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man (London, 1995), p. 301.
2 Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea (New York, 1906), p. 2.
3 John D. Pierson, Tokutomi Soh 1863 – 1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton, 1980), p. 371.
4 Ibid., p. 375.
5 William Theodore De Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, 1600 – 2000, vol. 2 (New York, 2006), p. 136.
6 Donald Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers (New York, 2010), p. 14.
7 De Bary, Gluck and Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, p. 137.
8 Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941 – 1945 (London, 2007), p. 7.
9 Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 30.
10 Rotem Kowner (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War (London, 2006), p. 230.
11 Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 41.
12 Jawaharlal Nehru, Autobiography (1936; repr. edn New Delhi, 1989), p. 488.
13 Ibid., p. 632.
14 Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 40.
15 Ibid., p. 43.
16 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 356.
17 Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 41.
18 Eri Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931 – 1945 (New York, 2007), p. 217.
19 Stephen N. Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and his Critics in Japan, China, and India (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p. 70.
20 Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia (London, 2007), p. 149.
21 Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War, p. 218.
22 Christopher De Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia: Muhammad Mossadegh and a Very British Coup (London, 2012), p. 179.
23 Bayly and Harper, Porgotten Wars, p. 18.
24 De Bary, Gluck and Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, p. 138.
25 Mohit Kumar Ray (ed.), The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore, vol. 7 (Delhi, 2007), p. 970.
26 Sven Saaler and Christopher W. A. Szpilman (eds.), Pan Asianism: A Documentary History, Vol. 1, 1850 – 1920 (Lanham, Md., 2011), p. 98.
27 Charlotte Furth and Guy Alitto, The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), p. 229.
28 Michael Collins, Empire, Nationalism and the Postcolonial World: Rabindranath Tagore’s Writings on History, Politics and Society (New York, 2011), p. 67.
29 Herlee G. Creel, Chinese Thought: From Confucius to Mao Tse Tung (Chicago, 1971), p. 237.
30 Furth and Alitto, The Limits of Change, p. 197.
31 Ayesha Jalal, Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam since 1850 (New York, 2000), p. 170.
32 Muhammad Iqbal, The Call of the Caravan Bell, trans. Umrao Singh Sher Gil, http://www.disna.us/files/The_Call_of_The_Caravan_Bell.pdf, p. 47.
33 Ali Shariati and Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, trans. Laleh Bakhtiar (Ontario, 1991), p. 31.
34 Ibid., p. 75.
35 Javeed Majeed, Muhammad Iqbal: Islam, Aesthetics and Postcolonialism (Delhi, 2009), p. xxiii.
36 Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Modern Islam in India (Lahore, 1943), p. 111.
37 Reza Asian, No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam (New York, 2005), p. 232.
38 Taha Hussein, The Future of Culture in Egypt (Washington, D.C., 1955), p. 17.
39 Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Lahore, 1944), p. 159.
40 Roxanne Euben, Enemy in the Mirror. Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism: A Work of Comparative Political Theory (Princeton, 1999), p. 49.
41 Nehru, Autobiography, p. 519.
42 Ibid., p. 520.
43 John Calvert, Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism (London, 2010), p. 117.
44 Ibid., p. 154.
45 Ibid., p. 149.
46 Euben, Enemy in the Mirror, p. 68.
47 Calvert, Sayyid Qutb, p. 105.
48 Ibid., p. 161.
49 Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (Delhi 1973), p. 3.
50 Said Amir Arjomand, ‘Iran’s Islamic Revolution in comparative perspective’, World Politics, 38, 3 (Apr. 1986), p. 407.
51 Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism (Chicago, 2005), p. 4.
52 Shariati and Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, p. 38.
53 Jalal Al-e Ahmad, Occidentosis: A Plague from the West, ed. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, 1984), p. 34.
54 Ali Mirsepassi, Intellectual Discourse and the Politics of Modernization: Negotiating Modernity in Iran (Cambridge, 2000), p. 113.
55 Hamid Dabashi, Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (New Brunswick, N.J., 2006), p. 355.
56 Ali Shariati, Reflections of a Concerned Muslim: On the Plight of Oppressed Peoples, trans. Ali A. Behzadnia and Najpa Denny (Houston, Tex., 1979), pp. 9 – 10.
57 Ali Shariati, Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique, trans. R. Campbell (Berkeley, 1980), p. 49.
58 Ali Gheissari, Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century (Austin, Tex., 1998), p.101.
59 Hamid Algar (trans.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley, 1981), p. 28.
60 Ali Shariati, On the Sociology of Islam, trans. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, 2000), p. 23.
61 Translated from the Urdu by Ali Mir (unpublished).
62 Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago, 2001), p. 198.
63 Orhan Pamuk, ‘The anger of the damned’, New York Review of Books, 15 November 2001.
64 Ibid.
65 M. ükrü Hanioglu, Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography (Princeton, 2011), p. 205.
66 Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (Delhi, 1988), p. 62.
67 Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Lahore, 1944), p. 162.
68 Feroz Ahmad, From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Istanbul, 2008), p. 323.
69 Julia Lovell, The Opium War (London, 2011), p. 321.
70 Ibid.
, p. 330.
71 Ibid., p. 331.
72 Timothy Cheek (ed.), A Critical Introduction to Mao (Cambridge, 2010), p. 31.
73 Shao Chuan Leng and Norman D. Palmer, Sun Yat-sen and Communism (New York, 1961), p. 157.
74 Stuart R. Schram (ed.), Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912 – 1949. Vol. 7 New Democracy, 1939 – 1941 (New York, 2005), pp. 330 – 69.
75 Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895 – 1949 (New York, 2005), p.15.
76 Alexis de Tocqueville, ‘The European Revolution’ and Correspondence with Gobineau (New York, 1959), p. 268.
77 Andre Malraux, The Temptation of the West, trans. Robert Hollander (New York, 1974), p. 104.
EPILOGUE: AN AMBIGUOUS REVENGE
1 Ryszard Kapuciski, The Soccer War (London, 1990), p. 106.
2 Nicolaus Mills and Michael Walzer (eds.), 50 Years of Dissent (New York, 2004), p. 35.
Acknowledgements
This book rises from the shoulders of many specialist studies and general global histories. But it is also a collaborative work in another sense. Moving from the Ottomans to late Qing China, I was more than aware that I was breaching disciplinary boundaries and academic protocols. My occasionally impudent forays were enabled by generous friends both in academia and outside it. They suggested books and papers and read my manuscript, alerting me to errors of fact and interpretation. Those that remain in the finished book should not be blamed on Tabish Khair, Jonathan Shainin, Ananya Vajpeyi, Manan Ahmad, Hussein Omar, Masoud Golsarkhi, Wang Hui, Suzy Hansen, Siddhartha Deb, Alex Travelli, Adam Shatz, Nader Hashemi, Jeff Kingston, Jason Epstein, Shashank Kela or Jeffrey Wasserstrom, all of whom read different parts of the work-in-progress and frankly expressed their opinions. I was also very fortunate to have such sceptical, challenging and well-informed editors as Simon Winder and Paul Elie. Gratitude is also due to the staff at the Bleibtreu Hotel, Berlin, where I started working on this book; the London Library, which supplied so many materials for it; and the Sharmas at Mashobra, who have afforded me, for two decades now, that vital sanctuary in which to write – and, more important, daydream.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages of your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abduh, Mohammed
collaboration with British in Egypt
in Egypt
and liberalism
in Paris
parts with al-Afghani
Abdulaziz, Sultan
Abdulhamid II, Sultan
and al-Afghani
exile
and Japan’s modernization
Ottoman constitution
pan-Islamism
Abdullah Cevdet
Abdulmejid, Sultan
Abdurreshid Ibrahim
Abu Talib Khan, Mirza
Abu-Naddara Zarqa (journal)
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din
in Afghanistan
anti-imperialism
background
beliefs
on British in India
clothing
‘Despotic Government’
disciples
education for Muslims
in Egypt
expulsion from Egypt
expulsion from Istanbul
expulsion from Persia
grave and tomb
illness and death
in India
Iqbal’s poem
Iranian hero
and Islam
in Istanbul
legacy
liberal religious reform
in London
and the Mahdi
in Moscow
and Muslim backwardness
on Muslim condition
and nationalism
on need for modernization
pan-Islamism
in Paris
parts with Abduh
and Persia
Persian origins
Persian shah’s assassination
Persian suspicions of
private life
reform and the Koran
‘Refutation of the Materialists’
reinterpretation of tradition
Russia and Britain
Sayyid Khan as deluded Westerner
Shariati on
as Sunni Muslim
‘The True Reason for Man’s Happiness’
al-[’A] Urwa al-wuthqa
and Western powers
and women’s rights
Afghanistan
al-Afghani in
al-Afghani’s tomb
British in
communist regime
and global jihad
militant refuge
Second Afghan War
Ahmad Fadzli Beg
Al-e Ahmad, Jalal
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud
Ahmed Vefik
Ajia Gikai (Society for the Asian Cause)
Akbar Illahabadi
al- see second syllable of name
Algeria, French occupation
Ali, Maulana Muhammad
Ali Pasha
Ali Suavi
Arab Spring
Arendt, Hannah
Armenians
Asia
communist ideology
economic growth and inequality
intellectual awakening
liberalism
minorities and the nation-state
modernization
nationalism
pan-Asianism
virtual communities
and Western decline
and Western power over
Asian Solidarity Group
Atatiirk, Mustafa Kemal
background
Japan’s Russo-Japanese victory
in Libya
nation-state of Turkey
and pan-Islamism
Atta, Mohammed
Aung San
Aurobindo Ghose
Awadh province, India
Babism
Balakot, Battle of
al-Banna, Hasan
Baqar, Maulvi
Barakatullah, Maulvi
Bazargan, Mehdi
Beijing Consensus
Bengal
bin Laden, Osama
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen
Boer War
Bose, Rash Behari
Bose, Subhas Chandra
Boxer Rising
Britain
in Afghanistan
al-Afghani’s distrust
and China
conquests in Asia
hatred of
in India
and Japan
Opium Wars with China
Royal Navy
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Buddhism
in China
from India to Japan
shared legacy
Burke, Edmund
Burma
al-Bustani, Butrus
Cahid, Hüseyin
Chatterji, Bankim Chandra
Chen Duxiu
Chiang Kai-shek
China
anti-Manchuists
army modernization
Boxer Rising
and Britain
Buddhism
civil service exams
civil war
Communist Party
Confucianism see Confucianism
cultural heritage
early Western contact limited
economic policy
economic strength
education
environmental issues
exiles in Japan
in First World War
foreign debts
Great Leap Forward
Hong Kong
Hundred Day reforms
India viewed as lost country
inequality in
Korean war
Mao regime
Marxism-Leninism
May Fourth Movement/New Culture
Middle Kingdom
modernization
Nationalist Party (Guomindang)
New Youth magazine
opium trade
Opium Wars
Paris Peace Conference
political reform theories
Qing Empire decline
radical nationalism
railways
revolution (1911)
rural population
Shandong annexation
Sino-Japanese war
Social Darwinist struggle
Summer Palace destruction
Tagore’s visit
US Open Door policy
warlords
Western science
worker-students in France
see also Kang Youwei; Liang Qichao
Churchill, Randolph
Cixi, Dowager Empress
Clemenceau, Georges
colonialism
see also decolonization
Comintern
Comte, Auguste
Confucianism
From the Ruins of Empire Page 40