5. Charles L. Myers et al., “Coal Canyon Fire, August 11, 2011: Serious Accident Investigation Report” (Hell Canyon Ranger District, Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota, 2012), https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2012_meyers _c001.pdf.
[back]
6. “Yarnell Hill Fire Fallen Remembered: Wade Parker,” Arizona Republic, July 10, 2013.
[back]
7. Karels et al., “Yarnell Hill Fire.”
[back]
2. FUSES AND BOMBS
1. David E. Calkin, Matthew P. Thompson, and Mark A. Finney, “Negative Consequences of Positive Feedbacks in US Wildfire Management,” Forest Ecosystems 2, no. 9 (December 2015).
[back]
2. Carter Stone, Andrew Hudak, and Penelope Morgan, “Forest Harvest Can Increase Subsequent Forest Fire Severity,” in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy: A Global View (U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-208, April 2008).
[back]
3. “Fire Outlook,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, https://www.usda.gov/topics/climate-solutions.
[back]
4. Sebastián Martinuzzi et al., “The 2010 Wildland-Urban Interface of the Conterminous United States,” U.S. Forest Service, 2015.
[back]
5. David M. Theobald and William H. Romme, “Expansion of the US Wildland-Urban Interface,” Landscape and Urban Planning 83, no. 4 (December 2007): 340.
[back]
6. Headwaters Economics, “The Wildland-Urban Interface: Trends, Future and Solutions” (June 3, 2016), https://headwaterseconomics.org/wphw/wp-content/uploads/wildfire_homes_solutions_presentation.pdf.
[back]
7. U.S. Forest Service, “The Rising Cost of Wildfire Operations: Effects on the Forest Service’s Non-Fire Work” (August 4, 2015), https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Fire-Budget-Report.pdf.
[back]
8. Ross Gorte, “The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection” (Headwaters Economics, June 2013), https://headwaterseconomics.org/wp-content/uploads/fire-costs-background-report.pdf.
[back]
9. Andrew Freedman, “The Climate Context Behind the Deadly Arizona Wildfire,” Climate Central, July 1, 2013, http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-climate-context-behind-the-deadly-arizona-wildfire-16175.
[back]
10. Peter Z. Fulé, W. Wallace Covington, and Margaret M. Moore, “Determining Reference Conditions for Ecosystem Management of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests,” Ecological Applications 7, no. 3 (1997): 895.
[back]
11. Mary Jo Pitzl, Brandon Loomis, and Matthew Dempsey, “In Harm’s Way,” Arizona Republic, December 8, 2013, http://archive.azcentral.com/news/wildfires/yarnell/arizona-wildfires-homes-forests-risk/.
[back]
12. 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, “The Fires and the Fire-Related Deaths: Final Report,” vol. 1 (July 2010), http://www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/Finaldocuments/volume-1/HR/VBRC_Vol1_Introduction_HR.pdf.
[back]
13. Alon Tal, All the Trees of the Forest: Israel’s Woodlands from the Bible to the Present (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013).
[back]
14. George Monbiot, “Indonesia Is Burning. So Why Is the World Looking Away?,” Guardian, October 30, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/30/indonesia-fires-disaster-21st-century-world-media.
[back]
15. Kate Lamb, “Indonesia’s Fires Labelled a ‘Crime Against Humanity’ as 500,000 Suffer,” Guardian, October 26, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/26/indonesias-fires-crime-against-humanity-hundreds-of-thousands-suffer.
[back]
16. “Indonesia’s Fire and Haze Crisis,” World Bank, November 25, 2015, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/12/01/indonesias-fire-and-haze-crisis.
[back]
17. Nancy Harris et al., “Indonesia’s Fire Outbreaks Producing More Daily Emissions Than Entire US Economy,” World Resources Institute, October 16, 2015, http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/10/indonesia%E2%80%99s-fire-outbreaks-producing-more-daily-emissions-entire-us-economy.
[back]
18. Eric Holthaus, “Wildfire Rips Through Canadian City, Forcing 80,000 to Flee. This is Climate Change,” Slate, May 4, 2016, http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/05/04/fort_mcmurray_alberta_wildfire_forces_major_evacuation.html.
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19. Jeff Spross, “Historic Wildfires Burn Through Canada as Sub-Arctic Forests Heat Up,” ThinkProgress, August 25, 2014, https://thinkprogress.org/historic-wildfires-burn-through-canada-as-sub-arctic-forests-heat-up-d0b9e186219e#.rwyna73vp.
[back]
20. Renee Cho, “The Damaging Effects of Black Carbon,” State of the Planet, Earth Institute, Columbia University, March 22, 2016, http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2016/03/22/the-damaging-effects-of-black-carbon/.
[back]
21. “Record Temperatures and Wildfires in Eastern Russia,” NASA, August 8, 2012, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/fires/main/world/20120828-russia.html.
[back]
22. I. B. Konovalov et al., “Atmospheric Impacts of the 2010 Russian Wildfires,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11 (October 4, 2011).
[back]
23. Spyros Skouras and Nicos Christodoulakis, “Electoral Misgovernance Cycles” (Hellenic Observatory, European Institute, May 2011).
[back]
24. A. L. Westerling et al., “Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity,” Science 313, no. 5789 (2006).
[back]
25. Anthony LeRoy Westerling, “Increasing Western US Forest Wildfire Activity: Sensitivity to Changes in the Timing of Spring,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371, no. 1696 (June 5, 2016), doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0178.
[back]
26. “Quadrennial Fire Review 2009” (final report, U.S. Departments of the Interior and Agriculture and National Association of State Foresters, January 2009), https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/strategy/documents/foundational/qfr2009final.pdf.
[back]
27. “Total Wildland Fires and Acres (1960–2015),” National Interagency Fire Center, https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_totalFires.html.
[back]
28. U.S. Forest Service, “The Rising Cost of Wildfire Operations.”
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4. HEARTSTRONG
1. “Colorado Fire Loss/Fire Department Profile,” U.S. Fire Administration, https://www.usfa.fema.gov/data/statistics/states/colorado.html.
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2. Margaret Herzog, “Managing Drought Before It’s Time” (American Water Resources Association, Colorado Chapter, April 21, 2012).
[back]
3. Wendy Ryan and Nolan Doesken, “Drought of 2012 in Colorado” (Colorado Climate Center, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, n.d.), http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/pdfs/climo_rpt_13_1.pdf.
[back]
4. Scott Irwin and Darrel Good, “How Bad Was the 2012 Corn and Soybean Growing Season?,” Farmdocdaily, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, October 3, 2012, http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2012/10/how-bad-was-the-2012-corn-and-.html.
[back]
5. Yuma County Sheriff’s Office, “Incident Report #12078 (Heartstrong Fire),” Yuma, AZ.
[back]
6. Ibid.
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5. RED BUFFALO, BLACK DRAGON
1. Julie Courtwright, Prairie Fire: A Great Plains History (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011).
[back]
2. “Last Stand of the Tallgrass Prairie,” Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas, https://www.nps.gov/tapr/index.htm.
[back]
3. Julie Courtwright, “Taming the Red Buffalo: Prairie Fire on the Great Plains” (PhD diss., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2007).
[back]
4. “A Complex Prairie Ecosystem,” Ta
llgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas, https://www.nps.gov/tapr/learn/nature/a-complex-prairie-ecosystem.htm.
[back]
5. Alan K. Knapp et al., “The Keystone Role of Bison in North American Tallgrass Prairie,” BioScience 49, no. 1 (1999).
[back]
6. Courtwright, Prairie Fire.
[back]
7. Clenton E. Owensby and John Bruce Wyrill III, “Effects of Range Burning on Kansas Flint Hills Soil,” Journal of Range Management 26, no. 3 (1973), https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jrm/article/viewFile/6183/5793.
[back]
8. Sir Charles Augustus Murray, Travels in North America During the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1839).
[back]
9. “Woman Found Dead in Field Fire in Labette County,” Pittsburg (KS) Morning Sun, March 15, 2010, http://www.morningsun.net/x313365373/Woman-found-dead-in-field-fire-in-Labette-County.
[back]
10. Bob Mutch and Paul Keller, “Lives Lost—Lessons Learned: The ’05–’06 TX and OK Wildfires,” Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center, October 2010.
[back]
11. Bill Gabbert, “Follow-Up on Oklahoma Fatality,” Wildfire Today, January 6, 2009, http://wildfiretoday.com/2009/01/06/follow-up-on-oklahoma-fatality/.
[back]
12. Harrison Salisbury, The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993).
[back]
13. Harrison Salisbury, The Great Black Dragon Fire: A Chinese Inferno (New York: Little, Brown, 1989).
[back]
14. Ibid.
[back]
15. Rachel Carmody and Richard Wrangham, “The Energetic Significance of Cooking,” Journal of Human Evolution 57, no. 4 (2009).
[back]
16. John Pickrell, “Human ‘Dental Chaos’ Linked to Evolution of Cooking,” New Scientist, February 19, 2005.
[back]
17. Courtwright, Prairie Fire.
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6. CRAZY WOMAN
1. Don Thompson, "California Does Allow Violent Inmates in Its Firefighting Crews After All," Associated Press, Sacramento Bee, October 15, 2015, http://www.sacbee.com/news/nation-world/national/article39272541.html.
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7. THE BIGGER BLOWUP
1. “1910 Fires: People,” U.S. Forest Service, Northern Region, https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r1/learning/history-culture/?cid=stelprdb5122868#bettygoodwinspencer.
[back]
2. U.S. Forest Service, “A Synopsis of the Pulaski Rescue Story and the Great Fire of 1910” (n.d.), https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5442828.pdf.
[back]
3. William James, “The Moral Equivalent of War,” McClure’s Magazine, August 1910, http://www.unz.org/Pub/McClures-1910aug-00463.
[back]
4. “U.S. Forest Service Fire Suppression,” Forest History Society, http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx.
[back]
5. SmokeyBear.com, https://smokeybear.com/en.
[back]
8. MANSIONS IN THE SLUMS
1. “Wildland Fire,” Disaster Resource Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, https://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=wildland-fire.
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2. Boulder County Parks and Open Space, “Boulder County Parks and Open Space Forest Management Policy” (Boulder, CO, May 18, 2010), http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_4430_s08/Forest%20Policy.pdf.
[back]
3. Peter M. Brown, Merrill R. Kaufmann, and Wayne D. Sheppard, “Long-Term, Landscape Patterns of Past Fire Events in a Montane Ponderosa Pine Forest of Central Colorado,” Landscape Ecology 14 (1999): 513, doi:10.1023/A:1008137005355.
[back]
4. “Bark Beetle F.A.Q.,” Arizona Forest Health, Arizona Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona, https://cals.arizona.edu/extension/fh/bb_faq.html.
[back]
5. A. S. Leopold et al., “Wildlife Management in the National Parks: The Leopold Report,” National Park Service, March 4, 1963, https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/leopold/leopold.htm.
[back]
6. U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review” (December 18, 1995), https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/strategy/documents/foundational/1995_fed_wildland_fire_policy_program_report.pdf.
[back]
7. “Healthy Forests Initiative,” U.S. Forest Service, https://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/.
[back]
8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Audit Report: Forest Service Large Fire Suppression Costs” (Office of Inspector General, Western Region, November 2006), https://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/08601-44-SF.pdf.
[back]
9. “Quadrennial Fire and Fuel Review Report” (U.S. Departments of the Interior and Agriculture, June 30, 2005), https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/strategy/documents/foundational/qffr_final_report_20050719.pdf.
[back]
10. Colorado State Forest Service, “Colorado Statewide Forest Resource Assessment: A Foundation for Strategic Discussion and Implementation of Forest Management in Colorado” (Fort Collins, October 20, 2008), http://static.colostate.edu/client-files/csfs/pdfs/SFRA09_csfs-forestassess-web-bkmrks.pdf.
[back]
11. Mark A. Williams and William A. Baker, “Spatially Extensive Reconstructions Show Variable-Severity Fire and Heterogeneous Structure in Historical Western United States Dry Forests,” Global Ecology and Biogeography 21 (2012): 1042–52, doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00750.x
[back]
12. Rosemary L. Sherriff et al., “Historical, Observed, and Modeled Wildfire Severity in Montane Forests of the Colorado Front Range,” PLOS One 9, no. 9 (2014), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106971.
[back]
13. Richard Hutto, “The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot,” Ecological Applications 18 (2008): 1827–34, doi:10.1890/08-0895.1.
[back]
14. “From Forests to Faucets: U.S. Forest Service and Denver Water Watershed Management Partnership,” Denver Water, http://www.denverwater.org/SupplyPlanning/WaterSupply/PartnershipUSFS/.
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9. THE BLACKLINE
1. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kirk Will,” interviewed by Bureau of Land Management Special Agent Shannon Tokos, Colorado State Forest Service, Golden District Office, Golden, CO, March 30, 2012.
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2. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire: Prescribed Fire Review” (State of Colorado, Office of Executive Director, Department of Natural Resources, Denver; and Office of the President, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, April 13, 2012), http://dnr.state.co.us/SiteCollectionDocuments/Review.pdf.
[back]
3. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak,” interviewed by Bureau of Land Management Special Agent Shannon Tokos, Lower North Fork Fire, near Prescribed Unit 4, Conifer, CO, March 29, 2012.
[back]
4. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire.”
[back]
5. Ibid.
[back]
6. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak.”
[back]
7. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kirk Will.”
[back]
8. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Rocco Snart,” interviewed by U.S. Forest Service Special Agent Brenda Shultz, Lower North Fork Fire Incident Command Post, Conifer High School, Conifer, CO, March 30, 2012.
[back]
9. “Wildland Fire Investigation,” Bureau of Land Management Special Agent Shannon Tokos for the Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department, April 12, 2012.
[back]
10. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire.”
[back]
11. Wendy Ryan and Nolan Doesken, “Drought of 2012 in
Colorado” (Colorado Climate Center, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, n.d.), http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/pdfs/climo_rpt_13_1.pdf.
[back]
12. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire.”
[back]
13. Ibid.
[back]
10. SLOP-OVER
1. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak,” interviewed by Bureau of Land Management Special Agent Shannon Tokos, Lower North Fork Fire, near Prescribed Unit 4, Conifer, CO, March 29, 2012.
[back]
2. Ibid.
[back]
3. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire: Prescribed Fire Review” (State of Colorado, Office of Executive Director, Department of Natural Resources, Denver; and Office of the President, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, April 13, 2012), http://dnr.state.co.us/SiteCollectionDocuments/Review.pdf.
[back]
4. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak.”
[back]
5. Ibid.
[back]
6. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire.”
[back]
7. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak.”
[back]
8. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kirk Will,” interviewed by Bureau of Land Management Special Agent Shannon Tokos, Colorado State Forest Service, Golden District Office, Golden, CO, March 30, 2012.
[back]
9. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak.”
[back]
10. Ibid.
[back]
11. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire.”
[back]
12. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak.”
[back]
13. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire.”
[back]
14. “Wildland Fire Investigation,” Bureau of Land Management Special Agent Shannon Tokos for the Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department, April 12, 2012.
[back]
15. Bureau of Land Management, “Memorandum of Interview: Kevin Michalak.”
[back]
16. “Lower North Fork Prescribed Fire.”
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