Fuchs, Leonhart. The New Herbal of 1543: New Kreüterbuch. Cologne, Germany, and New York: Taschen, 2001.
Georgopoulou, Maria. “Late Medieval Crete and Venice: An Appropriation of Byzantine Heritage.” Art Bulletin 77 (Sept. 1995).
Glamman, Kristof. Dutch-Asiatic Trade, 1620–1740. Copenhagen: Nijhoff, 1958. Global Price and Income History Group. Data File List. University of California at Davis. http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/Datafilelist.htm.
Godinho, Vitorino de Magalhaes. L’Économie de l’empire portugais aux XVe et XVIe siècles. Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1969.
Hanna, Willard Anderson. Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1978.
Hooker, Mark T. The History of Holland. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999.
Huizinga, Johan. The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Translated by Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
———. Dutch Civilisation in the Seventeenth Century. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans. London: Collins, 1968.
“Indian National Institute of Nutrition: Findings in Cataracts Provide New Insights.” Lab Business Week, Sept. 4, 2005, 112.
Jansen, Guido, ed. Jan Steen: Painter and Storyteller. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1996.
The Journal of Friar Odoric. In Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected by Richard Hakluyt, edited by Edmund Goldsmid. Adelaide, Australia: eBooks@Adelaide, 2004. Digital version, http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/voyages/odoric/complete.html.
Kaplan, Marion. The Portuguese: The Land and Its People. London and New York: Penguin, 1991.
Katzer, Gernot. “Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages.” http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/index.html.
Kittel, Ellen E., and Thomas F. Madden, eds. Medieval and Renaissance Venice. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice: Maritime Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Larner, John. Marco Polo and the Discovery of the World. New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1999.
Laurioux, Bruno. “Spices in the Medieval Diet: A New Approach.” Food and Foodways 1 (1985): 43–76.
Linschoten, Jan Huyghen van. The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies: From the Old English Translation of 1598; The First Book, Containing His Description of the East, in Two Volumes. London: printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1885.
“Loyola University: Early Diet May Play Key Role in Protecting against Childhood Leukemia.” Hospital Business Week, Oct. 3, 2004, 30.
“Lung Cancer: Oral Supplementation of Piperine Altered Phase II Enzymes and Reduced DNA Damage.” Clinical Oncology Week, Apr. 25, 2005, 186.
Luzzatto, Gino. “Il costo della vita a Venezia nel trecento.” In Storia dell’economia italiana, ed. Carlo Cipolla, 409–24. Turin: Edizioni Scientifiche Einaudi, 1959.
Madden, Thomas F. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Magalhães, Joaquim Antero Romero. The Portuguese in the 16th Century World: Areas and Products. Lisbon: Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 1998.
Mak, Geert. Amsterdam. Translated by Philipp Blom. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Maria of Portugal, Infanta. O “Livro de cozinha” da Infanta D. Maria de Portugal. Coimbra, Portugal: Por Ordem da Universidade, 1967.
Marques, António Henrique R. de Oliveira. Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages. Translated by S. S. Wyatt. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.
Martin, John, and Dennis Romano, eds. Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Martino, Maestro. “Libro de arte coquinaria.” In Arte della cucina, vol. 1, edited by Emilio Faccioli, 115–204. Milan: 1966. Digital version, Valeria Romanelli, 2004. http://staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~gloning/martino2.htm.
Masselman, George. The Cradle of Colonialism. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963.
Mathur, Ritesh, R. S. Dangi, S. C. Dass, and R. C. Malhotra. “The Hottest Chilli Variety in India.” Current Science 79, no. 3 (Aug. 10, 2000): 287–88.
McCall, Chris. “Traditional Ruler Has Answer for Malukus’ Ills—More Tradition.” South China Morning Post, Mar. 18, 2002.
McCormick & Co. Modern Marco Polo-ing. Baltimore: McCormick & Co., 1939.
McEvedy, Colin, and Richard Jones. Atlas of World Population History. New York: Facts on File, 1978.
McNeill, William Hardy. Venice: The Hinge of Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
“Melanoma: Curcumin Blocks Growth of Melanoma in Lab Test.” Cancer Weekly, Aug. 9, 2005, 198.
Le Ménagier de Paris. Translated by Janet Hinson. http://www.davidfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Menagier/Menagier_Contents.html.
Le Ménagier de Paris: Traité de morale et d’économie domestique composé vers 1393 par un bourgeois parisien. Edited by Jérome Pichon. Paris: Crapelet, 1846. Digital version, Bibliothéque Nationale de France, http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-83111.
Messisbugo, Cristoforo da. Banchetti composizioni di vivande e apparecchio generale. Edited by Fernando Bandini. Venice: Neri Pozza Editore, 1960.
Milham, Mary Ella. “Martino and His De re coquinaria.” In Medieval Food and Drink, edited by Mary-Jo Arn. Binghamton, N.Y.: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, 1995.
Montanari, Massimo. The Culture of Food. Translated by Carl Ipsen. Oxford, U.K., and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994.
Morgan, Jan. From Holland with Love. Amsterdam: Ideeboek, 1979.
Mueller, Reinhold C. The Venetian Money Market: Banks, Panics and the Public Debt, 1200–1500. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Nicol, Donald M. Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Otterloo, Anneke van, and Cathy Salzman. “The Taste of the Netherlands and the Boundaries of the Nation State.” Mededelingenblad en Verzamelde Opstellen. Periodiek voor voedingsgeschiedenis, steekgastronomie en toerisme 13, nos. 2–3 (Dec. 1995): 7–15.
Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1992 Proceedings. Spicing Up the Palate: Studies of Flavourings, Ancient and Modern. London: Prospect Books, 1993.
Pagrach-Chandra, Gaitri. Windmills in My Oven: A Book of Dutch Baking. Blackawton, Totnes, U.K.: Prospect Books, 2002.
Parker, Geoffrey, and Charles Wilson, eds. An Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History, 1500–1800. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977.
Pearson, M. N., ed. Spices in the Indian Ocean World. Aldershot, U.K., and Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1996.
Peterson, T. Sarah. Acquired Taste: The French Origins of Modern Cooking. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Platina. Platina, On Right Pleasure and Good Health: A Critical Edition and Translation of “De honesta voluptate et valetudine.” Translated and edited by Mary Ella Milham. Tempe, Ariz: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1998.
Polo, Marco, and Rustichello of Pisa. The Travels of Marco Polo. Translated by Henry Yule. Edited by Henri Cordier. 1920. Project Gutenberg. Digital version, http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10636.
Posthumus, N. W. Nederlandsche Prijsgeschiedenis. Leiden, Netherlands: 1943. Medieval and Early Modern Data Bank, Prices (Posthumus), http://sccweb.scc-net.rutgers.edu/memdb/databasesSpecificFiles/SearchForm/SearchForm_Metzpr.asp?provenance=databaseList.
Pounds, Norman John Greville. Hearth & Home: A History of Material Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
Priuli, Girolamo. I Diarii (ca. 1494–1521). Edited by Arturo Sagre. Città di Castello, Italy: Tipi della casa editrice S. Lapi, 1912.
Ramamurthi, Divya. “Curcumin May Be
Used with Drugs to Fight Malaria.” Hindu, Mar. 9, 2005.
Revkin, Andrew C. “Hot Idea Repels Crop-Munching, Crunching Elephants.” New York Times, June 20, 2000.
Robbert, Louise Buenger. “Money and Prices in Thirteenth-Century Venice.” Journal of Medieval History 20 (1994): 373–90.
Rodrigues, Domingos. Arte de cozinha. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional–Casa da Moeda, 1987.
Rogers, James E. Thorold. A History of Agriculture and Prices in England: From the Year after the Oxford Parliament (1259) to the Commencement of the Continental War (1793). Vols. 1–3. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1866–1902. Rose, Peter G., ed. The Sensible Cook: Dutch Foodways in the Old and the New World. Translated by Peter G. Rose. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1989.
Saraiva, José H. Portugal: A Companion History. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.
Schama, Simon. The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age. New York: Knopf, 1987.
Shoshan, Boaz. Popular Culture in Medieval Cairo. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Sunderarajan, P. “Turmeric: A Potential Weapon against Alzheimer’s.” Hindu, Apr. 25, 2005.
Taillevent. Le Viandier de Taillevent. Translated by James Prescott. Eugene, Ore.: Alfarhaugr Publishing Society, 1989. Digital version, http://www.telusplanet.net/public/prescotj/data/viandier/viandier1.html.
Temple, William. Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands. London: A. Maxwell for Sa. Gellibrand, 1673.
Tenenti, Alberto. Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580–1615. Translated by Janet Pullan and Brian Pullan. London: Longmans, 1967.
“Thai Food with Galangal Touted as Cancer Cure.” Global News Wire–Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, Feb. 8, 2005.
Tracy, James D. The Political Economy of Merchant Empires. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
———, ed. The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Turner, Jack. Spice: The History of a Temptation. New York: Knopf, 2004. Twain, Mark. The Innocents Abroad. New York and Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1996.
“Type 2 Diabetes: Cinnamon Molecule with Insulin-like Properties for Type 2 Diabetes Noted.” Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week, Feb. 12, 2005, 1511.
U.C. Davis Department of Geology. “The Importance of Salt.” http://teamwork.ucdavis.edu/~gel115/salt.html.
“University of Madras, Tamil Nadu; Oral Supplementation of Piperine Altered Phase II Enzymes and Reduced DNA Damage.” Nursing Home & Elder Business Week, May 1, 2005, 134.
Usamah ibn Munqidh. An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah ibn Munqidh. Translted by Philip K. Hitti. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Varthema, Lodovico de. The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508. Translated by John Winter Jones. London: Hakluyt Society, 1863.
Villehardouin, Geoffrey de. Memoirs or Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and the Conquest of Constantinople. Translated by Frank T. Marzials. London: J. M. Dent, 1908. Medieval Sourcebook. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html.
Vries, Jan de, and Ad van der Woude. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Weiss, E. A. Spice Crops. Oxon, U.K., and New York: CABI Publishing, 2002.
Winius, George D., ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World, 1300–ca. 1600. Madison, Wis.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.
Zumthor, Paul. Daily Life in Rembrandt’s Holland. Translated by Simon Watson Taylor. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.
MICHAEL KRONDL is a chef, food writer, and author of Around the American Table: Treasured Recipes and Food Traditions from the American Cookery Collections of the New York Public Library and The Great Little Pumpkin Cookbook. He has published articles in Good Food, Family Circle, Pleasures of Cooking, and Chocolatier, and has contributed entries to The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. He lives in New York City.
www.spicehistory.net
ALSO BY MICHAEL KRONDL
Around the American Table:
Treasured Recipes and Food Traditions from the American
Cookery Collections of the New York Public Library
The Great Little Pumpkin Cookbook
Advance Praise for The Taste of Conquest
“This is a fascinating, well-written examination of history’s spice wars…[Krondl’s] detailed description of the conditions of these once-great cities now, mere shadows of what they once were, is an eloquent reminder that the arc of justice is long and far-reaching.”
—Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
“Michael Krondl’s new book on the spice trade peeks behind the usual histories of Venice, Lisbon, and Amsterdam—and tells a tale that is at once witty, informative, scholarly, and as consistently spicy as its subject. In short, it’s delicious!”
—GARY ALLEN, food history editor at Leite’s Culinaria, and author of The Herbalist in the Kitchen
“With a dash of flair and a pinch of humor, Michael Krondl mixes up a batch of well-researched facts to tell the story of the intriguing world of spices and their presence on the worldwide table. This is a book that every amateur cook, serious chef, foodie, or food historian should read.”
—MARY ANN ESPOSITO, host/creator of the PBS cooking series Ciao Italia
“The Taste of Conquest is a savory story of the rise and fall of three spice-trading cities. It is filled with rich aromas and piquant tastes from the past that still resonate today. Michael Krondl serves up this aromatic tale with zest and verve. This book isn’t just for historians and spice lovers—it’s for all who love good writing and great stories.”
—ANDREW F. SMITH, editor of The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink
“In common with the finest food writers—Elizabeth David, Mark Kurlansky, Anthony Bourdain—Michael Krondl shows a respect for the details of the past that never slays his appetite for the realities of food now. His love of history, travel, and food is as compelling as it is infectious.”
—IAN KELLY, author of Cooking for Kings: The Life of Antonin Carême, the First Celebrity Chef
2008 Ballantine Books Trade Paperback Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Michael Krondl
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
BALLANTINE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Originally published in hardcover in the United States by Ballantine Books, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., in 2007.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Krondl, Michael.
The taste of conquest: the rise and fall of the three great cities of spice / Michael Krondl.
p. cm.
eISBN: 978-0-345-50982-6
1. Spices—Europe. 2. Spice trade—Europe—History. 3. Cookery—Europe—History. 4. Food habits—Europe—History. I. Title
TX406.K85 2007
641.3'383094—dc22 2007026737
www.ballantinebooks.com
v1.0
FOOTNOTES
*1 Some have argued that the enormous quantities of beer consumed in northern Europe were a result of this very salty diet. One study, for example, showed that about a quarter of the cargo shipped from the German port of Lübeck to Stockholm in both 1368 and 1559 consisted of salt. Another 19 percent was in the form of hops, a critical beer ing
redient.
Return to text.
*2 By the 1350s, no salt could move on the Adriatic unless it was in a Venetian ship on its way to or from the city. As late as 1578, the Republic’s navy destroyed the saltworks at Trieste. At this point, Venetians were making an 80 percent profit on salt sold on the Italian mainland.
Return to text.
*3 In Venice, almost uniquely in Europe, women retained legal control of their often considerable dowries. Moreover, it was not unusual for women to invest fairly large sums in overseas trade in spices, silks, and other commodities.
Return to text.
*4 If we can believe the doge, that would be something like ten billion dollars and four billion dollars, respectively, in today’s currency. What’s more, the 40 percent return on investment has been corroborated by modern historians. Still, even if the figures are a little inflated, they give a sense of the kind of money involved.
Return to text.
*5 Archaeologists have found a relative abundance of glass bottles from the period in Lebanon, especially near the Venetian-dominated town of Tyre. Glassware was apparently a Jewish specialty at the time. The technology the Venetians learned here would later become the basis of Murano’s famous glass industry. By the fifteenth century, the Venetians were in a position to export glass back to the Near East. They confirmed their reputation for doing anything to make a buck by manufacturing mosque lamps, decorated with both Western floral designs and pious Koranic inscriptions, which they sold to the infidel.
Return to text.
*6 According to some estimates, Moorish Palermo boasted a population of 350,000 in the year 1050 and Córdoba as many as 450,000. Other estimates would cut these numbers to a third. Still, Venice numbered maybe 45,000 at the time, and it was the biggest Christian city west of Constantinople.
The Taste of Conquest Page 32