Source Notes
All the quotations in the book are from primary and other sixteenth-century sources. References refer to the books from which the quotations have been taken, as listed in the bibliography.
EPIGRAPH
“The inhabitants of the Maghreb” Brummett, p. 89
PROLOGUE: PTOLEMY’S MAP
“as the spirit of God” Crowley, p. 233
“despoiled and blackened as if by fire” ibid., p. 232
“one empire, one faith” ibid., p. 240
“sovereign of two seas” ibid.
“In mid-sea sits a waste land” Grove, p. 9
“cruellest enemy of Christ’s name” Setton, vol. 2, p. 292
“He has daily in his hand” ibid., vol. 3, p. 175
“He pays attention” ibid., p. 174
Part One CAESARS: THE CONTEST FOR THE SEA
CHAPTER 1: THE SULTAN PAYS A VISIT
“Suleiman the sultan” Brockman, p. 114
“Conqueror of the Lands of the Orient and the Occident” Finkel, p. 115
“in the interest of the world order” Crowley, p. 51
“The sultan is tall” Alan Fisher, p. 2
“if all the other Christian princes” Setton, vol. 2, p. 372
“These corsairs are noted” Rossi, p. 26
“evil sect of Franks” ibid., p. 26
“How many sons of the Prophet” ibid., p. 27
“The said Rhodians” Setton, vol. 3, p. 122
“They don’t let the ships” Rossi, p. 27
“head of Muhammad’s community” Alan Fisher, p. 5
“the vipers’ nest of Franks” Rossi, p. 26
“Brother Philip Villiers de L’Isle Adam” Brockman, pp. 114–5
“Sire, since he became Grand Turk” ibid., p. 115
“Now that the Terrible Turk” Setton, vol. 3, p. 172
“numerous as the stars” Crowley, p. 102
“galleasses, galleys, pallandaries” Bourbon, p. 5
“and he feared” ibid., p. 11
“decked their men…trumpets and drums” Bourbon, p. 12
“the damnable workers of wickedness” Rossi, p. 26
“The Sultan Suleiman to Villiers de L’Isle Adam” Brockman, pp. 115–6
“a most brilliant engineer” Bosio, vol. 2, p. 545
“beseeching St John to take keeping” Bourbon, p. 17
“to make murder of the people” ibid., p. 19
“falling to the ground they broke” ibid., p. 20
“the handgun shot was innumerable and incredible” ibid., p. 19
“a mountain of earth” Porter, vol. 1, p. 516
“with great strokes of the sword” Bourbon, p. 28
“fell from the walls as he went to see his trenches” ibid., p. 28
“26 and 27, combat” Hammer-Purgstall, vol. 5, p. 420
“On this occasion” ibid., p. 421
“even before the hour of morning prayer” Brockman, p. 134
“The attack is repulsed” Hammer-Purgstall, vol. 5, p. 421
“and finally to ruin and destroy all Christendom” Setton, vol. 3, p. 209
“It was an ill-starred day for us” ibid.
“pleasure-house” Porter, vol. 1, p. 516
“We had no powder” ibid., p. 517
“insistent and interminable downpours” Rossi, p. 41
“could not think the city any longer tenable” Caoursin, p. 516
“all Turkey should die” Setton, vol. 3, p. 212
“The Great Turk is very wise, discreet…chair was of fine gold” Porter, vol. 1, p. 516
“it was a common thing to lose cities” Bosio, vol. 2, p. 590
“It saddens me to be compelled” Caoursin, p. 507
“In this way” Rossi, p. 41
“agile as serpents” Brummett, p. 90
CHAPTER 2: A SUPPLICATION
“On its mainsail was painted” Merriman (1962), vol. 3, p. 27
“It is for Austria to rule the entire earth” ibid., p. 446
“Spain, it’s the king” ibid., p. 28
“approaching covertly” ibid., p. 28
“There is more at the back of his head” Beeching, p. 11
“It was the start of all the evils” López de Gómara, p. 357
“God had made him” Seyyd Murad, p. 96
“I am the thunderbolt of heaven” Achard, p. 47
“go and tell your Christian kings” Sir Godfrey Fisher, p. 53
“kissing the imperial decree” Seyyd Murad, p. 125
CHAPTER 3: THE KING OF EVIL
“if the parents of any of the dead” Seyyd Murad, p. 121
“which destroyed twenty-six great ships” López de Gómara, p. 135
“It’s not Peru” Heers, p. 171
“Because of the story of the great riches” Haëdo, p. 26
“like the sun among the stars” Seyyd Murad, p. 96
“I will conquer…God’s protection” Belachemi, p. 222
“drawn from life” Heers, p. 226
“Barbarossa, Barbarossa, you are the king of evil” Belachemi, p. 400
“that they could not move” Seyyd Murad, p. 164
“It was the greatest loss” López de Gómara, p. 399
“Barbarossa impaled with many other Spaniards” ibid.
“Hayrettin spread his name and reputation” Seyyd Murad, p. 164
“Caesar, Charles, Emperor!” Necipo'glu, p. 174
“Unless this disaster is reversed” Tracy, p. 137
“sailing with a great armada” ibid.
“Explosion of mines…The snow continues to fall.” Hammer-Purgstall, vol. 5, p. 452
“bestowing on the Knights” Attard, p. 12
CHAPTER 4: THE VOYAGE TO TUNIS
“the rumour here” Tracy, p. 27
“Just as there is only one God” Clot, p. 79
“Spain is like a lizard” Finlay, p. 12
“He detests the emperor” Necipo'glu, p. 173
“The king of Spain has for a long time” Merriman (1962), vol. 3, p. 114
“In the light of duty” Tracy, p. 138
“with great ceremony and pomp” Necipo'glu, p. 173
“continuous rain” Hammer-Purgstall, vol. 5, pp. 480–1
“the miserable fugitive had fled” Clot, p. 86
“amid the firing of numerous salutes” Kâtip Çelebi, p. 47
“Barbarossa was continually in the arsenal” Bradford (1969), p. 129
“In all he had 1,233 Christian slaves…the expectation of plunder” López de Gómara, p. 522
“The supremacy of Turkey” Bradford (1969), p. 123
“massacring many men” Sandoval, vol. 2, p. 474
“From the Strait of Messina” ibid., p. 487
“to attack the enemy” Tracy, p. 147
“Show me your ways, O God” Merriman (1962), vol. 3, p. 114
“with lance in hand” Tracy, p. 147
“the holy enterprise of war” ibid., p. 156
“Your glorious and incomparable victory” Clot, p. 106
CHAPTER 5: DORIA AND BARBAROSSA
“to multiply the difficulties of the Emperor” Heers, p. 73
“I cannot deny” Clot, p. 137
“The Turk will make some naval expedition” Necipo'glu, p. 175
“to build two hundred vessels” Kâtip Çelebi, p. 66
“Venetian infidels” ibid., p. 56
“as we observe that all” Setton, vol. 3, p. 410
“laid waste the coasts of Apulia” Bradford (1969), p. 152
“the common enemy” Setton, vol. 3, p. 433
“this year the Venetians possessed twenty-five islands” Kâtip Çelebi, p. 61
“tore his beard and took to flight” ibid., p. 64
“Such wonderful battles” ibid., p. 64
“the proclamation of the victory was read” ibid., p. 64
“I can guarantee that” Heers, p. 163
“We must thank God for all” Brandi,
p. 459
“nobody could have guessed” ibid.
CHAPTER 6: THE TURKISH SEA
“To see Toulon” Bradford (1969), p. 197
“ceaselessly spewing…black as ink” Maurand, p. 109
“the famous, imperial, and very great city of Constantinople” ibid., p. 183
“It’s an extraordinary thing” ibid., pp. 67–9
“God in his mercy…except for some Turks who escaped by swimming” ibid., p. 97
“out of spite…only answer we ever got” ibid., p. 129
“much given to sodomy” ibid., p. 127
“the tears, groans, and sobs” ibid., p. 133
“the king of the sea” Kâtip Çelebi, p. 69
“numerous salvoes from cannon” Haëdo, p. 74
“They grabbed young women and children” Davis, p. 43
“As to me” ibid., p. 209
“the outrage done to God…dozens of years after death” ibid., pp. 41–2
“Christian stealing” ibid., p. 27
“as friends and Christians…boys and girls as slaves” Maurand, p. 165
“the lady named Huma” Setton, vol. 4, p. 840
“That least tolerable and most to be dreaded employment” Davis, p. 77
“Turgut has held the kingdom of Naples” Braudel, vol. 2, p. 993
“He is seen for days on end” ibid., p. 914
“as pleasing to Turkish eyes…with the Turkish galleys” Setton, vol. 4, p. 765
Part Two EPICENTER: THE BATTLE FOR MALTA
CHAPTER 7: NEST OF VIPERS
“We must draw strength from our weaknesses” Braudel, vol. 2, p. 986
“for two months now, the said King of Spain” ibid., p. 1010
“corsairs parading crosses” Mallia-Milanes, p. 64
“The Turk is still alive” Alan Fisher, p. 7
“You will do no good” Bradford (1999), p. 17
“would redound to the harm of Christendom” Guilmartin (1974), p. 106
“to enlarge the empire” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 493
“I intend to conquer the island of Malta” Cassola (1995), p. 19
“a Sicilian character with a mixture of African” The Great Siege 1565, p. 4
“The question of grain is very important” Cassola (1995), p. 325 et seq.
“furiously” Braudel, vol. 2, p. 1015
“wanted more than once to go” Setton, vol. 4, p. 845
“that he should treat Piyale” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 501
“I am relying on you…to help Malta” Cassola (1995), p. 7
“lead, rope, spades…sails for making defences” Balbi (2003), p. 33
“and different pictures in the Turkish style” Cirni, fol. 47
“in an atmosphere of triumph” Balbi (2003), p. 34
“Here are two good-humored men” Peçevi, p. 288
CHAPTER 8: INVASION FLEET
“On the morning of March 29” Setton, vol. 4, p. 949
“He is tall and well made” Balbi (1961), p. 29
“A people of little courage” Spiteri, p. 117
“hoes, picks, shovels” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 499
“the Turkish fleet will be coming” Braudel, vol. 2, p. 1015
“At one in the morning” ibid., p. 1016
“has withdrawn into the woods” Setton, vol. 4, p. 847
“must be coming to…the division of Christendom” ibid., p. 852
“serious, of good judgement and experience” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 497
“on which the salvation…as long as possible” ibid., p. 499
“The enemy could get in” ibid.
“because experience has shown” ibid.
“each man was required” Bradford (1999), p. 48
“bringing with them” Balbi (1961), p. 50
“At fifteen or twenty miles” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 512
“five to a bench” ibid., p. 512
CHAPTER 9: THE POST OF DEATH
“A well-ordered camp” Balbi (2003), p. 49
“devoutly imploring” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 521
“I do not come to Malta” ibid., p. 522
“that part of the island” Cirni, fol. 52
“The Turkish army covered the whole countryside…rattle of our muskets” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 523
“not one man” Balbi (1961), p. 53
“was so low” Balbi (2003), p. 48
“the key to all the other fortresses of Malta” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 526
“on a very narrow site and easy to attack” ibid., p. 525
“Their plan is to take the castle” Setton, vol. 4, p. 842
“four or five days…all hope of rescue” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 525
“secure the fleet” ibid.
“We could see ten or twelve bullocks” Balbi (1961), p. 58
“no equal in the world at earthworks” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 539
“with marvelous diligence and speed” ibid., p. 528
“a consumptive body” Cirni, fol. 53
“In truth it was a remarkable thing” Bosio, vol. 3, pp. 531–2
“in superb order” ibid., p. 532
“a wise and experienced warrior” ibid., p. 531
“that it was extraordinary” ibid., p. 539
“even at the cost of many good soldiers” ibid., p. 533
CHAPTER 10: THE RAVELIN OF EUROPE
“a fortress without a ravelin” Cirni, fol. 63
“as if he were still alive” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 540
“with the roar of the artillery” ibid., p. 541
“The fort could not be held for long” Balbi (2003), p. 68
“It was impossible to get the ravelin back” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 542
“for nothing pleases soldiers more than money” Balbi (1961), p. 68
“by Vespers they had repaired it again” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 548
“there was not a safe place in St Elmo” Balbi (1961), p. 69
“because their defences had been levelled” ibid., p. 71
“so that it seemed as though” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 547
“For every one who came back” ibid., p. 553
“in the language that…as dearly as possible” ibid., p. 553
“all said with one voice” Balbi (1961), p. 74
“These consisted of barrel hoops” ibid., p. 75
“and hurled them into the ditch again” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 556
“baskets, mattresses and unravelled rope” Balbi (1961), p. 76
“The pashas were reproaching the janissaries” Balbi (2003), p. 79
“on the promise of his head” Bosio, vol. 3, p. 558
“so that the earth and the air shook” ibid., p. 561
“painted with extraordinary designs…according to the devotion of each man” ibid., p. 562
“with our minds split” Cirni, fol. 65
Empires of the Sea Page 34