———. Sands of Empire: Missionary Zeal, American Foreign Policy, and the Hazards of Global Ambition. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005.
———. Where They Stand: The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.
Miller, Scott. The President and the Assassin: McKinley, Terror, and Empire at the Dawn of the American Century. New York: Random House, 2011.
Miller, Stuart Creighton. “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1982.
Moore, John L., Jon P. Preimesberger, and David R. Tarr. Congressional Quarterly’s Guide to U.S. Elections. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2001.
Morgan, H. Wayne. William McKinley and His America. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2003.
Morgan, William Michael. Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry over the Annexation of Hawai’i, 1885–1898. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2011.
Morris, Edmund. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1979.
———. Theodore Rex. New York: Random House, 2001.
Mott, T. Bentley. Myron T. Herrick: Friend of France. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1929.
Mowat, R. B. The Life of Lord Pauncefote: The First Ambassador to the United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929.
Musicant, Ivan. Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century. New York: Holt, 1998.
Nasaw, David. The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
Nelson, Scott Reynolds. A Nation of Deadbeats: An Uncommon History of America’s Financial Disasters. New York: Vantage, 2013.
Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. Vol. 1. Norwalk, Connecticut: Easton Press, 1932.
———. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. Vol. 2. Norwalk, Connecticut: Easton Press, 1932.
Nugent, Walter. The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
Offner, John L. An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
Olcott, Charles Sumner. The Life of William McKinley. Vol. 1. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916.
———. The Life of William McKinley. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916.
O’Toole, Patricia. The Five of Hearts: An Intimate Portrait of Henry Adams and His Friends 1880–1918. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1990.
Penrose, Charles. George B. Cortelyou (1862–1940): Briefest Biography of a Great American. New York: Newcomen Society, 1955.
Perez, Louis A. The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Perry, James M. Touched with Fire: Five Presidents and the Civil War Battles That Made Them. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.
Phillips, Kevin. William McKinley. New York: Times Books, 2003.
Porter, Robert P. Life of William McKinley: Soldier, Lawyer, Statesman. Cleveland, Ohio: N. G. Hamilton, 1896.
Powers, Ron. Mark Twain: A Life. New York: Free Press, 2005.
Preston, Diana. The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China’s War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. New York: Berkley, 1999.
Puleston, W. D. Mahan: The Life and Work of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, U.S.N. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1939.
Ratcliffe, Donald J. Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio 1793–1821. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998.
Reid, Whitelaw. Making Peace with Spain: The Diary of Whitelaw Reid September–December, 1898. Edited by H. Wayne Morgan. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965.
———. Problems of Expansion—As Considered in Papers and Addresses. New York: Century, 1900.
Renehan, Edward J., Jr. The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Rixey, Presley Marion, and William C. Braisted. The Life Story of Presley Marion Rixey, Surgeon General, U.S. Navy 1902–1910: Biography and Autobiography. Strasburg, Virginia: Shenandoah Publishing House, 1930.
Rove, Karl. The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. The Rise of the City, 1878–1898. New York: Macmillan, 1933.
Sears, Lorenzo. John Hay: Author and Statesman. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1915.
Silbey, David J. The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China. New York: Hill and Wang, 2012.
———. A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902. New York: Hill & Wang, 2007.
Siler, Julia Flynn. Lost Kingdom: Hawaii’s Last Queen, the Sugar Kings, and America’s First Imperial Adventure. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012.
Spector, Ronald. Admiral of the New Empire: The Life and Career of George Dewey. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
Steffens, Lincoln: The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931.
Sternlicht, Sanford. McKinley’s Bulldog: The Battleship Oregon. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977.
Stevenson, Elizabeth. Henry Adams: A Biography. New York: Macmillan, 1956.
Swanberg, W. A. Pulitzer. New York: Scribner’s, 1967.
Taliaferro, John. All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.
Tarbell, Ida Minerva. The Tariff in Our Times. New York: Macmillan, 1911.
Thayer, William Roscoe. The Life and Letters of John Hay. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1908.
Thomas, Evan. The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898. New York: Little, Brown, 2010.
Timmons, Bascom N. Portrait of an American: Charles G. Dawes. New York: Henry Holt, 1953.
Trask, David F. The War with Spain in 1898. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.
Treese, Joel D., ed. Biographical Directory of the American Congress. Alexandria, Virginia: CQ Staff Directories, 1997.
Trefousse, Hans L. Rutherford B. Hayes. New York: Times Books, 2002.
Tuchman, Barbara W. The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World before the War 1890–1914. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York: Holt, 1921.
Walters, Everett. Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican. Columbus: Ohio History Press, 1948.
White, Trumbull. United States in War with Spain and the History of Cuba. Chicago: International, 1898.
White, William Allen. The Autobiography of William Allen White. New York: Macmillan, 1946.
Williams, R. Hal. Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010.
Wilson, Charles Morrow. The Commoner: William Jennings Bryan. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1970.
Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel. London: Oxford University Press, 1938.
Zimmermann, Warren. First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.
NEWSPAPERS
Boston Daily Globe
Brooklyn Citizen
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
Canton Repository (also variously Canton Repository and Republic and Evening Repository)
Chicago Evening Press
Chicago Times Herald
Chicago Tribune
Cleveland Plain Dealer
Columbus Dispatch
Louisville Courier-Journal
McKeesport (Pennsylvania) Daily News
New York Daily Tribune
New York Herald
New York Journal
New York Mail and Express
New York Press
New York Times
Philadelphia Inquirer
/>
Louisville Commercial
St. Louis Globe-Democrat
St. Louis Republic
Times of London
Topeka Daily Capitol
Washington Evening Star
Washington Post
Washington Times
ARCHIVES
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
George B. Cortelyou Papers
William Day Papers
Hanna-McCormick Papers
John Hay Papers
William McKinley Papers
John Bassett Moore Papers
Elihu Root Papers
Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio
Gilded Age Collections
Rutherford B. Hayes and Hayes Family Papers
William McKinley Presidential Library, Canton, Ohio
Letters about McKinley
McKinley Family Letters and Saxton
McKinley Letters 1864–1901
Theodore Roosevelt Center, Dickinson State University, Dickinson, North Dakota, Theodore Roosevelt Diary, http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org
ARTICLES AND PAPERS
Deibel, Mary Aldora. “William McKinley as Governor of Ohio, 1892–1896.” Master’s thesis, Ohio State University, 1939.
Gould, Lewis L. “William McKinley and the Expansion of Presidential Power.” Ohio History, Winter 1978.
Halstead, Murat. “Mrs. McKinley.” Saturday Evening Post, September 6, 1902.
Hunter, Cathy. “Winfield Scott Schley: A Hero, but Not without Controversy.” National Geographic, December 20, 2012. Online.
Leech, Margaret. “The Front Porch.” American Heritage, December 1956.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer. “Hawaii and Our Future Sea Power.” Forum, 1893.
McKinley, William. Civil War Diary, June 12, 1861–November 1, 1861. Ohio Memory, http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p267401coll32/id/5569/rec/1.
Merry, Robert W. “Lord Salisbury’s Lessons for Great Powers.” The National Interest, March 14, 2014. Online.
———. “The Odd Couple.” The National Interest, January–February 2014.
The Nation:
“The De Lome Letter,” February 17, 1898.
“ ‘Dignified’ Diplomacy,” July 22, 1897.
“A Free-Coinage Catechism,” July 9, 1896.
“Governing at a Distance,” May 19, 1898.
“The Morals of the Porto Rico Question,” February 22, 1900.
“Mr. Sherman’s Reply to Japan,” July 8, 1897.
“The Nicaragua Canal,” May 26, 1898.
“Passage of the Gold Bill,” February 22, 1900.
“The President in Boston,” February 23, 1899.
“The President’s Speech,” February 3, 1898.
“Prosperity’s Advance Orator,” June 18, 1896.
“Record of Congress,” June 14, 1900.
“The Reform Victory,” August 5, 1897.
“The Republican Imbroglio,” March 15, 1900.
“The Republican Nominee,” June 25, 1896.
“The Situation in Spain,” March 3, 1898.
“The Situation in the Philippines,” August 16, 1900.
“The Week,” June 18, 1896.
“The Week,” April 29, 1897.
“The Week,” February 23, 1899.
“The Week,” December 14, 1899.
Quigg, Lemuel Ely. “Thomas Platt.” North American Review, May 1910.
Smith, Charles Emory. “McKinley in the Cabinet Room.” Saturday Evening Post, October 11, 1902.
WEBSITES
The Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt. www.theodore-roosevelt.com.
The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale School of Law. http://avalon.law.yale.edu.
Bartleby: Great Books Online. http://www.bartleby.com.
History Central. http://www.historycentral.com.
Miller Center: History, Policy, Impact. University of Virginia. http://www.millercenter.org.
Mining Artifacts and History. http://www.miningartifacts.org.
Mount Holyoke. http://www.mtholyoke.edu.
National Humanities Center. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org.
Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/15749/15749-h/15749-h.htm.
The Spanish-American War Centennial Website. http://www.spanamwar.com.
State of New Jersey, Department of Labor and Workforce Development. http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us.
Theodore Roosevelt Center. Dickinson State University. http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org.
University District History: Columbus, Ohio. http://www.univdistcol.com.
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org.
— NOTES —
ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT CITES
GBC, George B. Cortelyou
GBCD, George B. Cortelyou Diary, in George B. Cortelyou Papers
GBCP, George B. Cortelyou Papers
HMcCP, Hanna-McCormick Papers
ISM, Ida Saxton McKinley
JBF, Joseph B. Foraker
JBMP, John Bassett Moore Papers
LoC, Library of Congress
MAH, Marcus Alonzo Hanna
RBH, Rutherford B. Hayes
WMcK, William McKinley
WMcKP, William McKinley Papers
WMPL, William McKinley Presidential Library
INTRODUCTION
at six-thirty that evening: “President in Buffalo,” Washington Post, September 5, 1901.
an estimated eight million: “Pan-American Exposition,” Wikipedia.
“a splendid little war”: quoted in Thomas, The War Lovers, p. 364.
“Brotherhood of the Nations”: quoted in “Our American Friends,” New York Times, June 15, 1901.
“unconcealed haughtiness”: Ibid.
“this grand and beautiful spectacle”: quoted in ibid.
“the masks that he wore”: quoted in Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley, p. 2.
“a tantalizing enigma”: Zimmermann, p. 10.
“Here, you put on this overcoat”: quoted in Olcott, p. 2:359.
She swooned briefly: Anthony, p. 241.
“sensory overload”: Ibid.
The solicitous husband: Ibid.
“smiled happily”: “President in Buffalo.”
350-acre fairground: Miller, The President and the Assassin, p. 4.
389-foot-high Electric Tower: Ibid., p. 3.
green-brick mansion: “The Milburn Home,” New York Times, September 7, 1901.
at around ten: “President M’Kinley Favors Reciprocity,” New York Times, September 6, 1901.
“probably the greatest crowd”: Ibid.
116,000 people flocked: Miller, The President and the Assassin, p. 4.
“the timekeepers of progress”: WMcK, “Last Speech of William McKinley,” U.S. Senate, 58th Congress, 2nd Session, Document No. 268 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904).
“It is the utterance of a man”: quoted in “Comment on President’s Speech,” New York Times, September 6, 1901.
particularly hearty applause: “President M’Kinley Favors Reciprocity.”
people broke through: “M’Kinley Points Way,” Washington Post, September 6, 1901.
“I warned him against this”: quoted in “Mr. Griggs Warned Mr. M’Kinley,” New York Times, September 7, 1901.
enjoy a solitary walk: Miller, The President and the Assassin, p. 8.
“Why should I?”: Olcott, p. 1:314.
fifty hands a minute: Halstead, The Illustrious Life of William McKinley, p. 428.
shook hands for twenty minutes: “M’Kinley Points Way.”
Lurking in the shadows: Miller, The President and the Assassin, pp. 5-6.
1. OHIO ROOTS
“the garden of the world”: quoted in Andrew R. L. Cayton, “The Significance of Ohio in the
Early American Republic,” in Cayton and Hobbs, The Center of a Great Empire, p. 1.
died in Massachusetts in 1823: Ibid., p. 3.
fifth largest population: Ibid.
by 1830 they had subdued: Cayton, Ohio, p. 16.
production of corn: Ibid., p. 22.
population of 2,339,502: Cayton, “The Significance of Ohio in the Early American Republic.”
“Ohio recapitulated”: quoted in ibid., p. 2.
“fully competent to govern”: quoted in ibid., p. 5.
“in a Country”: quoted in ibid.
320,000 men into blue uniforms: “Ohio in the American Civil War,” Wikipedia.
“David the Weaver”: Olcott, p. 1:3.
Scottish chieftain named Fionn laoch: S. S. Knabenshue, “The McKinleys of County Antrim,” unpublished manuscript, enclosed with letter to George B. Cortelyou, December 4, 1908, GBCP, Box 41.
316 acres: Olcott, p. 1:3.
fought in the American Revolution: Ibid.
William, born in 1807: Ibid., p. 4.
the Bible, Shakespeare, and Dante: Ibid., p. 5.
In 1829 William McKinley married: Porter, p. 40.
“a born gentlewoman”: Olcott, p. 1:6.
Hume’s History of England: Morgan, William McKinley and His America, p. 5.
“3 churches, 3 stores”: quoted in Olcott, p. 1:10.
“There wasn’t much of a town”: quoted in Morgan, William McKinley and His America, p. 5.
nine children: Porter, p. 41.
born January 29, 1843: Ibid., p. 42.
teacher named Alva Sanford: Olcott, p. 1:8.
“pure luxury”: quoted in Leech, In the Days of McKinley, p. 4.
founded in 1849: Olcott, p. 1:15.
“Will is good at anything”: quoted in ibid., p. 14.
never indulged in swear words: Ibid., p. 15.
“torrents of eloquence”: Ibid., p. 18.
“profess conversion”: Ibid., p. 19.
“It was seldom”: quoted in Morgan, William McKinley and His America, p. 8.
“speaking pieces”: Olcott, p. 1:19.
Everett Literary and Debating Society: Ibid., p. 20.
“very strong abolitionists”: quoted in Morgan, William McKinley and His America, p. 10.
liked to linger and discuss politics: Ibid.
money from their savings: Ibid., p. 11.
venturing toward treason: Ibid.
“boarding around”: Olcott, p. 1:21.
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