“If Regular troops enroute”: Otis to Corbin, February 12, 1899, in Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, p. 2:902.
“Situation in Manila critical”: Otis to Henry Lawton, February 24, 1899, ibid., p. 2:916.
“completely routed”: “Rebels Cleared Out,” Washington Post, March 8, 1899.
“skulked back to their homes”: quoted in Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” p. 69.
“desperate resistance”: quoted in Silbey, A War of Frontier and Empire, p. 85.
“Present indications denote”: Otis to Corbin, April 3, 1899, in Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, p. 2:957.
most Washington officials, including McKinley: Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 180.
“an enlightened system”: quoted in ibid., p. 181.
“Filipinos in general incapable”: Jacob Schurman to John Hay, April 13, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 6.
In four hours of fighting: “MacArthur Routs Aguinaldo’s Army,” New York Times, April 28, 1899.
7,000 regulars: “Our Philippine Army,” Washington Post, April 20, 1899.
“This is believed”: Ibid.
insurgent force of 7,000: “New Army in His Front,” Washington Post, May 8, 1899.
At a June 2 Cabinet meeting: “No Volunteers for Otis,” New York Times, June 3, 1899.
Hay wryly suggested: Hay to WMcK, June 3, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
“and win by dividing”: Schurman to Hay, June 3, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
began on April 28: “Filipinos Come to Plead for Peace,” New York Times, April 29, 1899.
The best they could do: “Conference with Rebels,” New York Times, April 30, 1899.
“sparring for time”: quoted in ibid.
The insurgent negotiators conceded: “Just a Filipino Trick,” Washington Post, May 22, 1899.
declaring he would never accept: “Filipinos Issue a Manifesto,” Washington Post, May 15, 1899.
“whip the insurgents”: “No Headway at Manila,” Washington Post, May 24, 1899.
“I believe force was necessary”: quoted in ibid.
he had instructed the Philippine Commission: “Fair Terms for Peace,” Washington Post, May 6, 1899.
“Those of the leaders”: WMcK, quoted in Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 182.
“prosecution of war until”: Charles Denby, Dean Worcester, and Otis to Hay, June 7, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
“Yes, sir,” replied the secretary: quoted in “Vigorous War Policy,” Washington Post, August 9, 1899.
65,000 men to 25,000: “Army Bill Must Pass,” Washington Post, February 10, 1899.
threatened an extra congressional session: “Extra Session Probable,” New York Times, January 11, 1899.
“While the President”: quoted in “Attack on Army Increase,” New York Times, January 26, 1899.
“the fiercest and most vindictive attack”: quoted in “Debate on the Army Bill,” New York Times, January 27, 1899.
168 to 126: Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 173.
would expire on July 1: “Senate for Army Increase,” New York Times, February 28, 1899.
vote of 55 to 13: Ibid.
“entirely feasible”: “Nicaragua Canal Report,” New York Times, December 30, 1898.
“One thing is clearly indicated”: “Need of the Canal,” Washington Post, May 23, 1898, reprinted from The Independent.
time to scuttle the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 197.
“indispensable” to U.S. interests: WMcK, Second Annual Message, December 5, 1898, Miller Center.
“an early report”: “Eager to Build Canal,” Washington Post, January 4, 1899.
Senate also moved: “The Nicaragua Canal Bill,” New York Times, January 10, 1899.
48 to 6: “The Nicaraguan Canal Bill,” New York Times, January 22, 1899.
“for the use of the largest”: quoted in ibid.
“flank movement”: quoted in “Canal May Be Built,” Washington Post, February 9, 1899.
would kill the canal project: “No Nicaragua Canal Now,” New York Times, February 16, 1899.
hatched a plan: “The Nicaragua Canal,” New York Times, February 17, 1899.
“approached with due deliberation”: quoted in “River and Harbor Funds,” New York Times, February 19, 1899.
the New Panama Canal Company: “Canal by the Isthmus,” Washington Post, January 18, 1899.
$1 million for the president: “River and Harbor Bill,” New York Times, March 4, 1899.
McKinley expanded the Walker Commission: “Isthmian Canal Commission,” New York Times, June 10, 1899.
At noon on January 1: “Havana Now Ours,” Washington Post, January 2, 1899.
to 45,000 in March: Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 190.
“the law of belligerent right”: WMcK, instruction to John Brooke, December 22, 1898, reprinted in Olcott, p. 2:196.
5.5 million daily rations: Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 190.
promise of $3 million: “40,000 Cubans Get It,” Washington Post, May 7, 1899.
“I am now aware”: quoted in “Gen. Gomez Won Over,” Washington Post, February 3, 1899.
40,000 Gómez troops: “40,000 Cubans Get It.”
Many of Cuba’s ethnic Spaniards: “America’s Stay in Cuba,” New York Times, April 25, 1899.
“between the independence”: quoted in ibid.
“honorable obligation”: WMcK, Third Annual Message, December 5, 1899, Miller Center.
“suffered immensely”: quoted in Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 167.
not only “mischievous”: quoted in “On Civil Service Rules,” New York Times, June 13, 1899.
“Indeed,” the president wrote about himself: quoted in Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 167.
24. SECOND-TERM QUESTION
U.S. consul at Liverpool: Leech, In the Days of McKinley, p. 462.
“If what you gentlemen are saying”: WMcK, quoted in GBCD, September 17, 1899, Box 52.
greater toll on Ida: Osborne to WMcK, July 10, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
McKinley’s face had new lines: Ibid.
he barred newsmen: “President Seeking Rest,” Washington Post, July 24, 1899.
“In view of Mrs. McKinley’s ill-health”: Ibid.
One early drive: “Mrs. McKinley Gains Strength,” Washington Post, July 30, 1899.
two carriage rides: “Mr. McKinley Sees Visitors,” New York Times, August 4, 1899.
“Mecca of the fashionables”: “Mr. M’Kinley by the Sea,” New York Times, August 26, 1899.
500,000 cheering citizens: “President Justifies Otis,” New York Times, August 29, 1899.
“There is no nobler death”: WMcK, speech in Pittsburgh, August 28, 1899, reprinted in ibid.
“boldness and ardor”: “The President on the Philippine Question,” Brooklyn Citizen, August 29, 1899.
“note of leadership”: “The President’s Weighty Words at Pittsburg,” Chicago Times/Chicago Herald, August 30, 1899.
an extended tour of appearances: “Trip to Chicago and the Northwest, October 1899,” White House memo, unsigned and undated, WMcKP, Reel 8.
North Market Avenue: “The President’s Canton Home,” New York Times, August 7, 1899.
“Visayans are opposed”: Jacob Schurman to Hay, July 4, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
“an ultra-optimistic view”: “An Agreed Statement of Facts,” statement of Manila reporters, reprinted in “War News Kept Back,” Washington Post, July 18, 1899.
McKinley’s Cabinet quickly took up: “Dropped by Cabinet,” Washington Post, July 19, 1899.
“greater liberality”: “War News Kept Back.”
“The Administration will be”: “The Philippine Censorship,” New York Times, September 10, 1899.
Numerous members of Congress urged: “Want Gen. Otis Removed,” Washington Post, September 14, 1899.
“The President’
s position”: Ibid.
McKinley rejected the idea: “Suggested a Change,” Washington Post, August 11, 1899.
“shorn of any command”: “Mr. Root Is Determined,” New York Times, August 24, 1899.
“fearful to think”: Joseph Wheeler to WMcK, August 23, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
“immoderate satisfaction”: “In Defence of McKinley,” New York Tribune, July 20, 1899.
2,500 troops on the outskirts: “Filipinos Lose Angeles,” New York Times, April 17, 1899.
he recalled Denby and Worcester: “President in Doubt,” Washington Post, September 16, 1899.
“There can be only one sentiment”: Day to WMcK, September 26, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 8.
“Boom for Dewey in 1900”: Cleveland Plain Dealer, December 1, 1898.
“I am a sailor”: quoted in “Dewey and the Presidency,” Washington Post, April 10, 1899.
110th Street to 60th Street: Spector, p. 105.
“the ships expended more ammunition”: Ibid.
“Even the accounts”: Dewey, p. 289.
some 35,000 participants: Spector, p. 105.
White House “stag” dinner: “M’Kinley as His Host,” Washington Post, October 2, 1899.
50,000 citizens: Spector, p. 106.
to generate a draft movement: Ibid., p. 110.
“It is only at long intervals”: quoted in “Whitney Nominates Dewey,” Washington Post, October 1, 1899.
“indecent”: quoted in “Indecent, Says Mr. Hanna,” Washington Post, October 2, 1899.
“The Dewey spasm”: “Dewey Spasm in Politics,” Washington Post, September 29, 1899.
thousands of Democrats: “Mayor M’Kisson’s Defeat,” Washington Post, April 4, 1899.
“If Mr. Kurtz should be nominated”: “Hanna’s New Dilemma,” Washington Post, March 17, 1899.
saloon called Mecca: Walters, p. 118.
distancing himself a bit: Ibid., p. 174.
senator couldn’t deliver: Ibid.
“for the best interest”: MAH to George B. Cox, reprinted in Croly, p. 294.
“Yes,” wrote Hanna: MAH to WMcK, June 6, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
“There was an evident earnestness”: Herrick to WMcK, June 3, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
refused to lift a finger: “High Praise for Jones,” Washington Post, October 25, 1899.
particularly apathetic: “Apathy Menaces Nash,” Washington Post, October 27, 1899.
a pressing need: “High Praise for Jones.”
Hanna declined to invite Bushnell: Ibid.
hardly could bring himself: Ibid.
75 percent of his support: “Hanna Turns His Guns,” Washington Post, November 1, 1899.
“a man who practices”: quoted in “High Praise for Jones.”
“Apathy Menaces Nash.”: headline, Washington Post, October 27, 1899.
“The impression is gaining ground”: “Ohio and the Presidency,” New York Times, October 14, 1899.
from the rear platform: “Dick Confers with Hanna,” Washington Post, September 22, 1899.
German American voters: “Led to Much Comment,” Washington Post, September 14, 1899.
nearly 50,000 votes: “Victory for the President,” Washington Post, November 14, 1899.
Republican victories also: “Senator Platt Sums Up,” Washington Post, November 10, 1899.
“[The voters] indorse”: quoted in ibid.
“will now have a free hand”: quoted in “Second Term for M’Kinley,” Washington Post, November 9, 1899.
the president ordered them sent: “Warships for Manila,” Washington Post, October 5, 1899.
42,794 officers and men: “Troops in the Philippines,” internal memo, War Department, Adjutant General’s Office, October 30, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 8.
he emphasized his resolve: “Dewey to State His Views,” Washington Post, October 4, 1899.
“to bend every resource”: quoted in ibid.
“Negros leads in the van”: quoted in “Local Rule in Negros,” Washington Post, November 7, 1899.
“Indications are”: Otis dispatch, reprinted in “May Catch Aguinaldo,” Washington Post, November 14, 1899.
“a perfect enigma”: “Aguinaldo Mystifies Otis,” Washington Post, November 15, 1899.
“not cease its efforts”: “Aguinaldo’s Latest Proclamation,” WMcKP, Reel 9.
“Claim to Government”: Otis to Corbin, November 24, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 9.
“Aguinaldo’s army is virtually disbanded”: Wheeler to WMcK, November 27, 1899, summary in WMcKP, Reel 9.
disguised as a Philippine peasant: “Pursuit of Aguinaldo,” Washington Post, December 18, 1899.
On December 19, General Henry Lawton: “Gen. Lawton Slain,” Washington Post, December 20, 1899.
1,000 insurgents near Montalban: “Rebels Still in Force,” Washington Post, December 28, 1899.
“Tagalos Not Subdued”: Ibid.
nearly 64,000: “Memorandum, Report of Sec. of War,” December 1, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 9.
“We have turned”: WMcK, quoted in “The Week,” Nation, February 23, 1899.
“as attempts to relieve”: “The Week,” Nation, December 14, 1899.
Pago Pago, ideal: Ferrell, p. 326.
“passive and minimal policy”: Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 160.
“unprecedented growth”: Dawes, p. 185.
“Trusts and Combinations”: “The Conference on Trusts,” New York Times, August 28, 1899.
“Monopoly in private hands”: quoted in “Bryan on Monopoly,” Washington Post, September 17, 1899.
“By consolidation of capital”: quoted in “Foraker Has Spoken,” Washington Post, September 23, 1899.
“This formation of combines”: quoted in “Hanna Speaks of Trusts,” New York Times, October 20, 1899.
“Should we be silent”: quoted in “Aims to Help Negros,” Washington Post, December 30, 1898.
“denouncing” McKinley: “Lynching as an Issue,” Washington Post, August 14, 1899.
“intrinsically absurd”: “Lynchings and the President,” New York Times, August 16, 1899.
“The colored regiments”: WMcK to Root, August 19, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 7.
special trains for the funeral: “Hobart Funeral Train,” Washington Post, November 24, 1899.
“No president and vice-president”: quoted in “McKinley and Hobart,” McKeesport (Pennsylvania) Daily News, June 12, 1899, taken from Chicago Record.
25. SECOND-TERM RESOLVE
he would repeat that sentiment: Dawes, p. 214.
“a condition of unusual prosperity”: WMcK, Third Annual Message, December 5, 1899, Miller Center.
Within weeks Treasury Secretary Gage would revise: “Big Surplus This Year,” New York Times, March 31, 1900; “Mr. Gage’s Estimates,” New York Times, April 11, 1900.
In output of iron ore: “United States Leads,” Washington Post, January 18, 1900.
“That lead can never”: Ibid.
“I see nothing to prevent”: quoted in “Will Build for the World,” Washington Post, January 28, 1900.
“the prosperity of the working people”: quoted in “Mr. Hanna States the Issues,” New York Times, January 14, 1900.
“to support the existing gold standard”: WMcK, Third Annual Message.
$150 million gold reserve: Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley, p. 171.
using a gold pen: Ibid.
“would have been considered a lunatic”: “Passage of the Gold Bill,” Nation, February 22, 1900.
nearly $50 million: “Cost of the Philippine War,” New York Times, March 7, 1900.
more than 1,000 American lives: estimated from overall casualty statistics in “Philippine-American War,” Wikipedia.
800 insurgents were routed: “By the Army and Navy,” Washington Post, January 23, 1900.
“probably the last considerable force”: “Flanked and Routed,” Washington Post, January 26, 1900.
issued a voluminous report: “Ruler for Filipinos,�
� Washington Post, January 17, 1900.
“sufficiently elastic”: Ibid.
“No glittering promises”: Ibid.
supplant military government: Karnow, p. 166.
“One loves him”: quoted in Merry, “The Odd Couple.”
“America incarnate”: quoted in ibid.
“important business”: quoted in Goodwin, pp. 264–65. Quotes from McKinley’s meeting with Taft are from this source.
“I want you to appreciate”: WMcK to Day, January 30, 1899, WMcKP, Reel 9.
“The chances of failure”: quoted in “Judge Taft on His Mission,” New York Times, February 8, 1900.
“No nomination”: Ibid.
“the most perfect cooperation”: WMcK, Memorandum to Secretary of War, April 7, 1900, WMcKP, Reel 9.
“The high and patriotic purpose”: quoted in “Taft Outlines the Philippine Policy,” New York Times, March 6, 1900.
“That murderer is the man”: quoted in “To Vote as They Talk,” Washington Post, February 24, 1900.
“sensational speech”: “The President Assailed,” New York Times, January 12, 1900.
“gratify nearly every desire”: “Light on the Philippines,” New York Times, January 9, 1900.
“a tissue of falsehoods”: George Dewey to Henry Cabot Lodge, reprinted in “Dewey’s Letter Read,” New York Times, February 1, 1900.
assaulted Pettigrew as a “traitor”: quoted in “Philippine Debate Embitters Senators,” New York Times, February 1, 1900.
“The possession of the Philippines”: Henry Cabot Lodge, Senate speech, March 7, 1900, reprinted in “Senator Lodge on the Philippines,” New York Times, March 8, 1900.
hit-and-run tactics: “Insurrection Not Dead,” New York Times, March 4, 1900.
Aguinaldo wanted to heighten: “Filipinos Prepare for More Warfare,” New York Times, March 19, 1900.
killed 378 insurgents: “Filipinos Lose 1,000 Men,” New York Times, April 23, 1900.
333 the next week: “Otis Reports Fighting,” New York Times, April 25, 1900.
300 at another location: “300 Filipinos Killed,” New York Times, April 27, 1900.
“the war has terminated”: quoted in “Otis Sends His Last Report,” Washington Post, May 5, 1900.
“Our plain duty”: WMcK, Third Annual Message.
Does the Constitution follow the flag?: “The President and the Philippines,” Washington Post, February 12, 1900; “Held by Mr. M’Kinley,” Washington Post, February 18, 1900.
President McKinley Page 67