17. James Madison to GW, Feb. 21, 1787, PGW Digital.
18. Washington to Henry Knox, Mar. 21, 1787, Washington Writings, Library of America, 640.
CHAPTER 2
1. Pauline Maier, American Scripture, Making the Declaration of Independence (New York:, 1997), 147-149. This superbly researched book casts Jefferson’s role in writing the document in a new, far more realistic light.
2. Smith, James Morton, editor, The Republic of Letters [hereafter, ROL], The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826, Vol 1, (New York:1995), 38.
3. Madison (JM) to Jefferson, (TJ) May 6, 1780, ROL, Vol. 1, 138.
4. Jefferson to William Fleming, June 8, 1779. PTJ Digital.
5. JM to TJ, May 6, 1780, ROL, Vol. 1, 137-9.
6. Dumas Malone, Jefferson The Virginian, Vol. 1 (Boston:, 1948), 324-5
7. Madison and the Virginia Congressional Delegation to Gov. Jefferson, Oct. 5, 1780, ROL, Vol. 1, 146-7.
8. William Maxwell, ed. Virginia Historical Register and Literary Notebook, Vol III, 1850, John Page to Theodoric Bland, 196.
9. JM to TJ, Apr 3, 1781, ROL, Vol. 1, 180.
10. TJ to GW, Oct. 28, 1781, PTJ Digital.
11. Malone, Jefferson the Virginian, 364-5.
12. Ibid, 366.
13. TJ to James Monroe, May 20, 1782, PTJ Digital.
14. JM to TJ, Jan. 15, 1782, ROL, Vol. 1, 209-11.
15. TJ to GW, Jan. 22, 1783, GW to TJ, Feb. 10, 1783, PTJ Digital.
16. Varnum Lansing Collins, The Continental Congress at Princeton (Princeton, NJ: 1908), 248-49
17. TJ to JM, Jan. 1, 1784, ROL, Vol. 1, 290. Also see 276, editorial commentary.
18. TJ to GW, April 16, 1784, PTJ Digital.
19. In Philadelphia, Washington pushed hard for abandoning the hereditary principle. The delegates to the meeting reluctantly agreed, but insisted that the decision would have to be approved by all the state chapters. Most chapters never gave their approval. The Cincinnati remains hereditary to this day. But Washington’s admonitions persuaded them to eschew political participation as a group.
20. TJ to JM, May 8 & 11, 315-16, ROL, Vol. 1.
21. TJ to JM, July 1, 1784, ROL, 321.
CHAPTER 3
1. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 85. Madison’s exact words were: “No member of the convention appeared to sign the instrument with more cordiality than he [Washington].”
2. GW to Lafayette, June 18, 1788, PGW Digital.
3. JM to TJ, April 23, 1787, ROL, Vol. 1, 439.
4. TJ to JM, Jan 30, 1787, ROL, Vol. 1, 438. Also see TJ to William Stephens Smith, Nov. 13, 1787, PTJ Digital.
5. TJ to JM, Jan 30, 1787, ROL, Vol. 1, 436. Also see Dumas Malone, Vol. 2, Jefferson and the Rights of Man, Boston 1951, 164-5.
6. Jefferson to John Adams, Nov. 12, 1787, PTJ Digital.
7. TJ to WS Smith, Sept. 28, 1787, PTJ Digital.
8. ROL, TJ to JM Dec. 20, 1787, ROL Vol. 1, 512. Also see PTJ Digital, same date.
9. Ibid, ROL, 518, also in PTJ Digital.
10. Ibid, ROL, 514, also in PTJ Digital.
11. GW to AH, Aug. 28, 1788, PGW Digital. Also see Ron Chernow, George Washington, A Life (New York: 2010), 544.
12. GW to AH, Aug 28, 1788, op. cit. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 89.
13. JM to GW, Nov. 18, 1787, PJM Digital.
14. GW to JM, Oct. 10, 1787, PGW Digital. Also see Leibiger, 91.
15. GW to Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison, and Thomas Nelson Jr., Sept 24, 1787, The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, Digital edition, John P. Kaminski et al eds, 2009. GW to JM, Oct. 22, 1787, PGW Digital. George Clinton’s Remarks Against Ratifying the Constitution, July 11, 1788, Documentary History of Ratification, op. cit.
16. TJ to Alexander Donald, Feb. 7, 1788, TJ to Wm Carmichael, Dec. 15, 1787, Doc. Hist of Ratif, op. cit. Also see Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, (New York: 2010), 180
17. Debates in Virginia Convention, Documentary History of Ratification, op. cit.
18. Pauline Maier, Ratification, The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788, New York 2010, 267. Moncure Conway, Omitted Chapters of History Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph, New York, 1888, 108. Also see Leibiger, 94.
19. Burstein-Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 180. Also see Ralph Ketcham, James Madison, Newtown, Conn 1971, 263.
20. James Monroe to TJ, July 12, 1788, PTJ Digital. Also see Burstein-Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 183.
21. GW to Jonathan Trumbull Jr. July 28, 1788. PGW Digital. Also see Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 96.
CHAPTER 4
1. TJ to JM July 31, 1788, PJW Digital. JM to TJ, July 24, 1788, PJM Digital.
2. JM to GW, June 27, 1788, PJM Digital.
3. Burstein-Eisenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 188. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 98.
4. JM to TJ, Oct 8, 1788, PJM Digital, JM to GW, June 27, 1788, PJM Digital, GW to Henry Knox, April 1, 1789, PGW Digital.
5. Memorandum of a discussion of the President’s Retirement, May 5-25, 1792. PJM Digital. Madison here recalls his early conversations with Washington about his plan to retire “as soon as the state of the government would permit.”
6. GW to Henry Knox, April 1, 1789, PGW Digital.
7. Robert Hendrickson, Alexander Hamilton Vol II, 1789-1804 (New York, 1976), 540-1.
8. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 105.
9. JM to TJ, May 27, 1789. PTJ, Digital. In this letter, Madison tells Jefferson who is being appointed or considered for cabinet posts. He praises the “moderation and liberality” of Congress.
10. Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch, George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston, 1991), 37
11. JM to TJ, May 23, 1789, P TJ, Digital. Here Madison tells Jefferson about the disagreement over titles The Papers of JM also contain a memo, “Title for the President,” which contains Madison’s speech in the House, objecting to Adams’s titles.
12. Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Long Affair, Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1785-1800 (Chicago, 1996), 78. TJ to JM, July 29, 1789, 626-7, ROL, Vol. 1.
13. Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 112-13.
14. GW to JM, May 12, 1789. Also see Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 113, and Chernow, Washington, 595.
15. GW to JM, Sept 23, 1789, PGW Digital.
16. Alvin M. Josephy Jr., On the Hill, A History of the American Congress (New York, 1979), 58-60.
CHAPTER 5
1. TJ to Lafayette, Apr. 11, 1787, PTJ, Digital, op. cit.
2. Alexis de Toqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, new translation by Stuart Gilbert (New York, 1955), 107.
3. Toqueville, 173, cites evidence that France’s prosperity increased enormously in the 1780s. But the antiquated, corrupt government passed few if any benefits along to the people at large. As a result, Toqueville writes, “the steadily increasing prosperity, far from tranquilizing the population, everywhere promoted a spirit of unrest.”
4. Howard C. Rice, Jr. Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, 1976, 116–17. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, New York, 1970, 376–77.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 53
6. Ibid, 58–9
7. Rice, Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, 117
8. Rice, Ibid.
9. Simon Schama, Citizens, A Chronicle of the French Revolution, (New York, 1989), 405-6.
10. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 62–3.
11. TJ to Comte Diodati, Aug 3, 1789. PTJ, Digital, op. cit. The letter was written little more than two weeks after the assault on the Bastille. Count Diodati was a diplomat who represented a small German state, Mecklinburg-Schwerin, at the court of Versailles.
12. TJ to JM, September 6, 1789, ROL, Vol. 1, 631–36. Also in PTJ Digital, same date.
CHAPTER 6
1. Burstein-Eisenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 213.
2. Lewis Reifsneider Harley, The Life of Charles Thomson, Secret
ary of the Continental Congress and Translator of the Bible from the Greek, Philadelphia, 1900, 112. (ebook)
3. Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government, Boston, 1900, 45. It would take a hundred years for another gifted political thinker. In this great book, Wilson noted that the chief problem with Congress as a governing body was its sheer number. No one had to take responsibility for crucial decisions.
4. David Stuart to GW, July 14, 1789, PGW Digital.
5. Andrew Burstein, The Original Knickerbocker, The Life of Washington Irving (New York, 2006), 7.
6. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington, Vol. 6, Patriot and President (New York, 1954), 240.
7. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, Vol. 3, Boston, 1970, 229-30. Also see Freeman, Vol. 6, 243–5.
8. Ibid.
9. There is a good account of this hatred of a standing army in my book, The Perils of Peace (New York, 2007), 308-9. It was undoubtedly a disease in the public mind, which ran rampant for well over a decade.
10. Howard Taubman, The Making of the American Theater (New York, 1965), 42-44.
CHAPTER 7
1. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 67-8
2. Isaac Kramnick, The Rage of Edmund Burke (New York, 1977), 31. Also see Schama, Citizens, 457-8.
3. JM to TJ, Oct. 8, 1789, PJM Digital.
4. GW to TJ, Jan 21, 1790, TJ to GW, Dec. 15, 1789, PGW Digital.
5. GW to TJ, Jan 21, 1790, PGW Digital. JM to TJ, ROL, Vol. 1, 639.
6. JM to TJ, Feb. 4, 1790, ROL, 650-53.
7. Flexner, Vol. 3, 235-8.
8. Henderson, Hamilton, Vol. 1, 342-4.
9. Ibid 541-2.
10. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 124–5.
11. JM to TJ, Jan. 24, 1790, ROL, Vol. 1, 649-50. Also see Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, 136 and Hendrickson, Hamilton II, 27.
12. Benjamin Rush to JM, Mar 10, 1790, PJM Digital.
13. Josephy, On the Hill, op. cit., 69-70. Also see John Steele Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing (New York 2010), 24.
14. GW General Orders May 21, 1783. This contains Washington’s advice to his departing troops not to sell their notes and securities at a discount—from Writings of GW, John C. Fitzpatrick, Ed.
15. GW to David Stuart, June 15, 1790, PGW Digital.
16. Malone, Vol II., 253-4.
CHAPTER 8
1. William McClay, Sketches of Debates in the First Senate of the United States, 1880, 212.
2. JM to TJ, June 9, 1793, PTJ Digital.
3. James Grant, Party of One (New York 2005), 363.
4. Extract from a Speech of Edmund Burke, Feb. 9, 1790. PTJ, Digital.
5. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 80.
6. Franklin B. Sawvel, ed. The Anas of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1970), 31.
7. TJ to John Page, May 4, 1786, PTJ Digital.
8. AH to Edw Carrington, May 26, 1792, Papers of AH, Digital Edition, ed by Harold C. Syrett, 2011. Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers (New York, 2000), 57.
9. Journal of Wm McClay, US Senator from Pennsylvania (New York, 1790), 178.
10. Jefferson’s Account of the Bargain on Assumption and Residence Bills, 1792. PTJ, Digital.
11. McClay, Journal, 309-328.
12. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 83.
13. Stephen Decatur, Jr., The Private Affairs of George Washington, from the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, His Secretary. (New York, 1969), 169.
14. Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 633-4.
CHAPTER 9
1. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, Boston, 1989, Vol 3, 278.
2. Ibid 278-9.
3. Final version of An opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank—Feb 21, 1791. PAH Digital. Also see The Federalist 44, Philadelphia, 1877.
4. Malone, Vol. 2, 343.
5. PAH, op. cit., Final Version.
6. Paul Leicester Ford, The True George Washington (Philadelphia, 1896,244.)
7. GW to David Humphries, July 20, 1791, PGW Digital. JM to TJ, July 10, 1791, PJM, Digital. Also see ROL, Vol. 2, 667
8. GW Diary of Southern Trip, Notes on NC, SC and GA, PGW Digital.
9. GW to Officials of Fredericksburg, Va, Apr 9, 1791, PGW Digital.
10. Chernow, Washington, op. cit., 673.
11. Smith, Patriarch, op. cit., 109.
12. TJ to JM, July 24, 1791. PTJ Digital. Also see ROL, Vol. 2, 700-01.
13. JM to TJ, Aug 8, 1791, PJM Digital, ROL, 705-6. Also see Leibiger, Founding Friendship, 137.
14. GW to David Humphries, July 20, 1791, PGW Digital.
15. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power, Money and the English State, 1699-1783 (Taylor and Francis E library, London). This is a revelatory book that explains the roots of 18th Century England’s power.
16. Elkins and McKittrick, Age of Federalism, op. cit., 53.
17. Jacob Axelrad, Philip Freneau, Champion of Democracy, 204-8
18. Forest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton (New York, 1979), 241. Smith, Patriarch, op. cit., 132.
19. JM to TJ, Oct 3, 1794, PJM Digital. ROL, ibid Vol. 2, 857.
20. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Being an Answer to Mr. Burke’s attack on the French Revolution, Vol 1. (London, 1791), 23.
21. TJ to John Adams, July 17, 1791, PTJ, Digital.
22. TJ to JM, May 9, 1791, PTJ, Digital. ROL, 687-8.
23. Prospectus of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, Aug. 1791, PAH Digital.
24. For the National Gazette: The Union, Who Are Its Real Friends? Mar. 31, 1792, PJM, Digital. ROL, Vol. 2, 709.
CHAPTER 10
1. Freeman, Vol 6, 336-37. This account is based on Tobias Lear’s recollection of the stormy scene.
2. Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, The Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America (New York, 1975), 104-7.
3. Ibid. On 73-88, Kohn has a good discussion of the roots of Congress’s hostility to a standing army. It was led by ideologues like Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, who persuaded the state’s legislature to order their congressional delegation to “oppose…the raising of a standing army of any number…in time of peace.” (61)
4. Ibid, Kohn, 113-15.
5. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, 247.
6. Ibid, 248.
7. Ibid, 249.
8. Letters from Anonymous, Jan. 3 and Jan. 20, 1792, PGW Digital.
9. Malone, Vol. 3, 401.
10. Jefferson, Anas, Feb. 29, 1792, 51-56.
11. Ibid.
CHAPTER 11
1. 2010, Memorandum on a Discussion of the Presidsent’s Retirement, May 5, 1792. PJM, Digital.
2. GW to JM, May 20, 1792, PGW Digital. TJ to JM, June 4, 1792, PTJ Digital.
3. Jefferson, Anas, July 10, 1792, 83-86.
4. Edmund Randolph to GW, Aug 5, 1792, PGW Digital.
5. Forrest McDonald. The Presidency of George Washington (Wichita, KS 1974), 93.
6. GW to AH, Aug 26, 1792, PAH Digital.
7. Jefferson, Anas, Oct. 1, 1792, 88-92.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. TJ to JM, Oct. 1, 1792, JM to TJ, Oct. 9. 1792, ROL, Vol. 2, 740-42.
11. John C. Miller, Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation (New York, 1959), 333-342.
12. Jefferson, Anas, Dec. 17, 1792, 100.
13. Malone, Vol 3, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, 476, Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, New York, 2004, 417.
14. John P. Kaminski, George Clinton, Yeoman Politician of the New Republic, (Madison, Wis, 1993), 223-5. Jefferson told one correspondent it seemed impossible “to defend Clinton as a just or disinterested man.” Madison thought Clinton should resign.
15. TJ to JM, Dec. 12, 1792, Jan 18. 1793, Feb. 21-27, 1793, ROL, Vol. 2, 760-64. All these letters deal with the attempt to oust Hamilton. The last is Jefferson’s draft of Giles’s Resolutions. Also available in PTJ Digital, with slightly different dates and titles. The editors of
the Digital Edition note that Jefferson had assured President Washington in a Sept. 9, 1792 letter that he was determined “to intermeddle not at all with the legislature.” Thus it was not surprising “that he went to great lengths to conceal his part in this affair.”
CHAPTER 12
1. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 114.
2. George Green Shackelford, Jefferson’s Adoptive Son, The Life of William Short, 1759-1848 (Lexington Ky, 1991), 115-18. Also see Malone, Vol. 2, 15, 149-50.
3. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 116
4. Schama, Citizens, 555. Also see O’Brien, The Long Affair, 117.
5. Jefferson, Anas, 69.
6. JM to Edmund Pendleton, Dec. 18, 1791, PJM Digital. For use of party name, see Alfred F. Young, The Democratic-Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763-1797, 1967, Williamsburg, Va.
7. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 130-31.
8. Flexner, Vol 3, George Washington and a New Nation, 355-56.
9. Jefferson, Anas, 69.
10. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 129-30.
11. TJ to Lafayette, June 16, 1792, PTJ Digital.
12. Schama, Citizens, 597.
13. Ibid, 600.
14. Wm Short to TJ, July 20, 1792, PTJ, Digital. This long letter vividly describes the madness in France. Also see Harlow Giles Unger, Lafayette (New York, 2002), 282-86.
15. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 137.
16. Ibid, 138.
17. JM to The Minister of the Interior or the French Republic, April 1793, PJM Digital. David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York, 1974), 258.
18. O’Brien, The Long Affair, op. cit., 140.
19. Chernow, Hamilton, 432.
20. O’Brien, The Long Affair, 641.
21. Schama, Citizens, 640.
22. Ibid, 642.
23. Jefferson, Anas, Dec. 27, 1792, 100-101.
24. TJ to Wm Short, Jan 3, 1793. PTJ Digital. In The Long Affair, Conor Cruise O’Brien considers this letter so important, he quotes it in full. He notes that Dumas Malone, Jefferson’s best known biographer, “refrains from quoting any part of it.” Also, that “a little earlier,” he (Malone) had referred to Jefferson’s “personal distaste for disorder and violence.”
25. Shackelford, Jefferson’s Adoptive Son, op. cit., 67-8.
26. Schama, Citizens, op. cit., 668-70.
27. National Gazette, Apr 20, 179. In his old age, Jefferson admitted Freneau had gone too far. He admitted he would not have voted to execute the king, if he had been a member of the French legislature. Malone, Vol. 3, 61.
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