by Jay Feldman
51. DeWitt, Final Report, p. 26.
52. Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 207.
53. See Conn, “Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast,” pp. 136–37.
54. Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 207; Conn, “Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast,” p. 137.
55. Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 213.
56. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied, p. 18.
57. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, pp. 174–75, 172.
58. See Fox, Unknown Internment, p. 51; also p. 55.
59. Biddle to Stimson, Feb. 9, 1942, CWRIC Papers, reel 12, frame 13414.
60. Quoted in Fox, “Relocation of Italian Americans in California During World War II,” p. 41.
61. Fox, Unknown Internment, p. 55.
62. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, p. 175.
63. Quoted in Greiff, Handbook of Reparations, p. 261.
64. See Robinson, By Order of the President, p. 41.
65. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 18, 1920.
66. See Howard, Concentration Camps on the Home Front, pp. 152, 172, 223–24.
67. Biddle, In Brief Authority, pp. 235, 219.
68. Donner, Age of Surveillance, p. 54n.
69. See Israel, “Military Justice in Hawaii,” pp. 236–49.
70. “Memorandum Regarding Activities of the United States Government in Removing from the Other American Republics Dangerous Subversive Aliens,” Nov. 3, 1942, Subject Files, box 180, Special War Problems Division, RG 59, NARA, quoted in Donald, We Were Not the Enemy, p. 96. See also Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors, p. 199.
Chapter 11: Scare Hell Out of the Country
1. See Department of State Bulletin, May 27, 1945, pp. 951–52.
2. See Cantril and Strunk, Public Opinion, p. 962.
3. Ladd to Hoover, Feb. 27, 1946, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 429.
4. Ibid., p. 430.
5. Quoted in Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges, p. 244.
6. See Chapter 9, above.
7. Hoover to Clark, March 8, 1946, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 430.
8. NYT, Oct. 4, 1939.
9. Quoted in Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 275.
10. NYT, Oct. 4, 1939.
11. See Emerson and Helfeld, “Loyalty Among Government Employees,” pp. 10, 12.
12. Griffith, Politics of Fear, p. 32.
13. CR 87, 77th Cong., 1st sess., p. 887.
14. CR 88, 77th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 1420.
15. CR 94, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 5217.
16. Washington Star, April 28, 1957; Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 561.
17. Carr, House Committee on Un-American Activities, p. 269; Goodman, Committee, p. 200.
18. WP, March 11, 1946.
19. Ibid.
20. See Bontecou, Federal Loyalty-Security Program, p. 290.
21. NYT, June 2, 1946.
22. Mazo and Hess, Nixon, pp. 39–40; Milwaukee Journal, Oct. 23, 1946.
23. Boston Herald, Nov. 1, 1946.
24. Quoted in Steinke and Weinstein, “McCarthy and the Liberals.”
25. NYT, Jan. 23, 1947.
26. Report of the President’s Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty, pp. 21, 23.
27. Quoted in Redding, Inside the Democratic Party, p. 41.
28. Truman to George H. Earle, Feb. 28, 1947, quoted in Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, p. 293.
29. Executive Order 9835, reprinted in Bontecou, Federal Loyalty-Security Program, p. 275.
30. See Cook, Nightmare Decade, p. 64.
31. NYT, March 23, 1947.
32. Executive Order 9835, reprinted in Bontecou, Federal Loyalty-Security Program, p. 280.
33. NYT, April 13, 1947; Commager, Freedom and Order, pp. 73–74.
34. Barth, Loyalty of Free Men, p. 125.
35. Ibid., pp. 129–30.
36. Quoted in Goldman, Crucial Decade, p. 59.
37. avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp.
38. Public Papers of Harry S. Truman, 1947, p. 239.
39. NYT, March 27, 1947.
40. Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government, p. 1347.
41. CR 120, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., p. 8936.
42. Hoover to Tolson, Tamm, Ladd, and Nichols, June 24, 1947, in Leab and Lester, Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry, reel 2, frames 641–42.
43. O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, p. 171.
44. Cook, Nightmare Decade, p. 570.
45. American Civil Liberties Union, In Times of Challenge, p. 4.
46. CR 96, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., p. 10806.
47. Barth, Loyalty of Free Men, pp. 107, 106.
48. Freeland, Truman Doctrine, p. 210.
49. Scandrett to Phyllis Auty, Oct. 25, 1948, quoted in Paterson, Cold War Critics, p. 14; American Civil Liberties Union, Our Uncertain Liberties, p. 4.
50. Hearings Before the Committee on Un-American Activities on H.R. 1884 and H.R. 2122, pt. 2, p. 49.
51. Chambers, Witness, p. 472.
52. Cooke, Generation on Trial, p. 10.
53. Deseret News, Feb. 10, 1950.
54. See Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 438.
55. Ladd to Hoover, Jan. 12, 1948, quoted in ibid.
56. Church Committee, vol. 6, p. 418.
57. Ibid., pp. 416–26. The references that follow are from the memo.
58. Wilkinson, “Era of Libertarian Repression,” p. 286.
59. Clifford to Truman, Nov. 19, 1947, quoted in Paterson, Cold War Critics, p. 13, and in O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, p. 176.
60. Quoted in O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, p. 176.
61. Macdonald, quoted in Wittner, Rebels Against War, p. 196; Thompson, Reuther, and Foster, quoted in MacDougall, Gideon’s Army, pp. 249, 262.
62. NYT, Jan. 12, 1950.
63. See McGrath, “Democracy’s Road to Freedom,” p. 427.
64. Quoted in Theoharis, “Rhetoric of Politics,” p. 215.
65. American Civil Liberties Union, In the Shadow of Fear, p. 3.
Chapter 12: A Neurotic Nightmare
1. NYT, Jan. 26, 1950.
2. NYT, April 16, 1949.
3. NYT, Jan. 26, 1950.
4. Time, Feb. 6, 1950.
5. CR 96, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., p. 1007.
6. Ibid.
7. NYT, Jan. 26, 1950.
8. NYT, Feb. 1, 1950.
9. Wheeling Intelligencer, Feb. 10, 1950.
10. CR 92, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., p. A4892.
11. See Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, pp. 228–29.
12. NYT, Feb. 12, 1950.
13. Denver Post, Feb. 11, 1950.
14. Griffith, Politics of Fear, p. 55.
15. Denver Post, Feb. 11, 1950.
16. NYT, Feb. 12, 1950.
17. The entire proceedings can be found at CR 96, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., pp. 1952–81.
18. Quoted in Rovere, Senator Joe McCarthy, p. 135.
19. Quoted in Demaris, Director, p. 167.
20. See Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, p. 245.
21. Quoted in Rovere, Senator Joe McCarthy, p. 136.
22. State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, p. 38.
23. Ibid., p. 42.
24. NYT, March 9, 1950.
25. State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, pp. 176, 187.
26. NYT, March 9, 1950.
27. NYT, March 21, 1950.
28. Madison Capital Times, March 21, 1950.
29. State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, p. 278.
30. Ibid., p. 92.
31. Ibid., pp. 279–80.
32. Ibid., p. 284.
33. NYT, March 27, 1950.
34. Madison Capital Times, March 27, 1950.
35. State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, p. 484.
36. Ibid., pp. 397, 409.
37. Ibid., p. 411.
38. Ibid., p. 418.
39. Ibid., p. 441.
40. NYT, April 21, 1950.
41. NYT, May 7, 1950.
42. St. Petersburg Evening Independent, May 1, 1950.
43. Milwaukee Journal, May 4, 1950.
44. State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, p. 329.
45. CR 96, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., pp. 7894–95.
46. Quoted in Cabell Phillips, Truman Presidency, p. 374.
47. NYT, July 18, 1950.
48. Ibid.
49. Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America, p. 323.
50. tucnak.fsv.cuni.cz/~calda/Documents/1950s/Inter_Security_50.html.
51. Langer, quoted in Griffith, Politics of Fear, p. 121; NYT, Aug. 31, 1950; WP, Aug. 31, 1950.
52. NYT, Jan. 7, 1951.
53. WP, Dec. 24, 1950.
54. McWilliams, Witch Hunt, p. 16; McWilliams, “Witch Hunt’s New Phase,” p. 454.
55. See Chapter 11, above.
56. Public Papers of Harry S. Truman, 1950, pp. 271–72.
57. See Chapter 11, above, italics added.
58. NYT, April 29, 1951, italics added.
59. Theoharis, “Escalation of the Loyalty Program,” pp. 257, 264.
60. NYT, Aug. 15, 1951.
61. Maryland Senatorial Election of 1950, pp. 8, 37.
62. NYT, Aug. 7, 1951.
63. NYT, July 4, 1952.
64. Quoted in Herman, Joseph McCarthy, p. 199.
65. Benton to A. M. Gilbert, Aug. 8, 1952, quoted in Griffith, Politics of Fear, p. 176.
66. “Who Will Stand Up to McCarthy.”
67. NYT, Jan. 18, 1953.
68. Quoted in Theoharis, FBI and American Democracy, pp. 93, 94.
69. Sullivan, Bureau, p. 35.
70. NYT, Feb. 20, 1953.
71. NYT, March 7, 1953.
72. Hughes, Ordeal of Power, p. 81.
73. NYT, July 25, 1953.
74. NYT, Nov. 26, 1953.
75. Communist Infiltration in the Army, p. 153.
76. NYT, June 6, 1954.
77. “Investigations.”
78. NYT, March 4, 1954.
79. NYT, March 5, 1954.
80. NYT, March 4, 1954.
81. See en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow.
82. NYT, March 14, 1954.
83. Quoted in Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, p. 578.
84. See Gallup, Gallup Poll, pp. 1203, 1225.
85. Quoted in Dallek, Lone Star Rising, p. 454.
86. Cohn, McCarthy, p. 208.
87. Special Senate Investigation on Charges and Countercharges Involving: Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn, and Francis P. Carr (hereafter Army-McCarthy Hearings), p. 2427.
88. Cohn, McCarthy, p. 203.
89. Army-McCarthy Hearings, pp. 2428–29.
90. Cook, Nightmare Decade, p. 543.
91. Buckley and Bozell, McCarthy and His Enemies, p. 335.
92. Rovere, Senator Joe McCarthy, p. 3.
93. Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, p. 675.
Chapter 13: There Were Many Wrecked Lives
1. Parmet, Eisenhower and the American Crusades, pp. 238–39.
2. Executive Order 10450, www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/10450.html.
3. NYT, March 18, 1953.
4. Executive Order 10450.
5. Parmet, Eisenhower and the American Crusades, p. 240.
6. WP, Jan. 24, 1954.
7. International Herald Tribune, Aug. 7, 1953.
8. See “Academic Freedom and Tenure: Evansville College,” p. 76.
9. McWilliams, Witch Hunt, p. 162.
10. See Chapter 11, above.
11. NYT, July 10, 1949.
12. Time, Nov. 27, 1950.
13. NYT, March 8, 1969.
14. Quoted in Caute, Great Fear, p. 429.
15. NYT, May 10, 1951.
16. NYT, Feb. 26, 1953.
17. NYT, April 4, 1953.
18. NYT, Feb. 8, 1953.
19. “Education: The Danger Signs.”
20. NYT, March 20, 1953.
21. Quoted in Donner, Un-Americans, p. 64.
22. Quoted in ibid., p. 41.
23. NYT, Sept. 13, 1949.
24. NYT, July 16, 1949.
25. www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0342_0485_ZD2.html.
26. Quoted in Caute, Great Fear, p. 435.
27. Matusow, False Witness, p. 90.
28. Caute, Great Fear, p. 438.
29. NYT, Dec. 1, 1971.
30. Ibid.
31. Congress and the Nation, vol. 1, p. 21.
32. NYT, Sept. 2, 1954.
33. Ibid.
34. Brownell to Hoover, May 20, 1954, quoted in Ungar, FBI, p. 445.
35. 68 U.S. Stat. 775–80, Public Law 637, chap. 886, pp. 775–80; see tucnak.fsv.cuni.cz/~calda/Documents/1950s/Communist_54.html.
36. See Chapter 11, above.
37. Quoted in Johnson, Lavender Scare, p. 21.
38. Departments of State, Justice, Commerce and the Judiciary Appropriations for 1951, p. 598.
39. See Chapter 11, above.
40. See Chapter 12, above.
41. Quoted in NYT, April 19, 1950.
42. CR 96, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., p. 5699.
43. Lerner, Unfinished Country, p. 313.
44. Ibid.
45. Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, pp. 5, 4.
46. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Historical Series), vol. 5, p. 72.
47. Ibid., p. 70.
48. WP, March 13, 1953.
49. Quoted in Johnson, Lavender Scare, p. 130.
50. See ibid.
51. Quoted in Fariello, Red Scare, p. 124.
52. Quoted in Johnson, Lavender Scare, p. 131.
53. See Theoharis, FBI and American Democracy, p. 96.
54. WP, Jan. 20, 1954.
55. See http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/50/usc_sec_50_00000403----004a.html.
56. Quoted in Rockefeller Commission Report, p. 102.
57. Quoted in ibid., p. 105.
58. Quoted in ibid., p. 107.
59. Ibid., pp. 102, 115.
60. Ibid., p. 115.
61. Ibid.
62. See Johnson, Lavender Scare, p. 137.
63. Caute, Great Fear, p. 275.
64. Ibid., p. 187.
Chapter 14: There Are No Rules
1. Eisenhower to Doolittle, July 26, 1954, in Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, vol. 15, doc. 993.
2. Church Committee, bk. 4, pp. 52–53, n. 9.
3. Memoirs of Earl Warren, pp. 5–6.
4. Palmer, “Case Against the Reds,” p. 174.
5. Church Committee, bk. 2, pp. 211–16.
6. Quoted in Church Committee, vol. 6, p. 372.
7. Hoover to Anderson, July 29, 1955, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 2, p. 66 n. 271, italics added.
8. Quoted in Church Committee, vol. 6, p. 376.
9. Hoover to AG, in ibid., pp. 819–20.
10. Quoted in Donner, Age of Surveillance, p. 192.
11. Quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 17.
12. Quoted in Communist Infiltration and Activities in the South, p. 2754.
13. Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America, p. 410; Ungar, FBI, p. 140; Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 444.
14. Church Committee, bk. 3, pp. 3–27.
15. Wise, American Police State, pp. 310–11.
16. Church Committee, bk. 2, p. 175.
17. Quoted in Wittner, Rebels Against War, p. 258.
18. Quoted in Glazer, “Peace Movement in America,” p. 293.
19. Quoted in ibid.
, p. 260.
20. Hoover to SAC, San Juan, Aug. 4, 1960, in Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers, p. 68.
21. See Lichtenstein and Wimhurst, “Red Alert in Puerto Rico,” p. 782.
22. Hoover to SAC, San Juan, Aug. 4, 1960, in Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers, p. 68.
23. Quoted in Lichtenstein and Wimhurst, “Red Alert in Puerto Rico,” pp. 781, 782.
24. Quoted in Donner, Age of Surveillance, p. 200.
25. Quoted in NYT, March 23, 1975.
26. Church Committee, bk. 3, pp. 84, 85, 86.
27. Quoted in ibid., p. 82.
28. NYT, Nov. 19, 1962.
29. Alex Rosen to Alan Belmont, Nov. 20, 1962, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, pp. 90–91.
30. Alan Belmont to Clyde Tolson, Nov. 26, 1963, quoted in ibid., p. 91.
31. Quoted in Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 527.
32. Hoover to SACs, July 18, 1963, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 105.
33. See Garrow, FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., p. 68.
34. Quoted in ibid.
35. Sullivan to Belmont, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, pp. 107–8.
36. Quoted in ibid., pp. 110–11.
37. Quoted in Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 568.
38. Sullivan (by Baumgardner) to Belmont, Dec. 24, 1963, quoted in Garrow, FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., pp. 102–3. The memo is also reproduced with deletions in the House Select Committee on Assassinations Hearings, Investigation of the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., vol. 6, pp. 156–58.
39. Sullivan to Belmont, reproduced in Nation, June 17, 1978, p. 717.
40. NYT, April 22, 1964.
41. Quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 155.
42. Quoted in ibid., p. 156.
43. Quoted in ibid.
44. NYT, Nov. 19, 1964; DeLoach to Mohr, memo, Nov. 18, 1964, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 157.
45. NYT, Nov. 20, 1964.
46. Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, pp. 572–73.
47. Quoted in Garrow, FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., pp. 125–26.
48. NYT, Dec. 2, 1964.
49. Quoted in Sullivan, Bureau, p. 140.
50. NYT, Dec. 5, 1964.
51. NYT, May 9, 1964.
52. Quoted in Garrow, FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., p. 134.
53. Quoted in ibid., p. 135.
54. Quoted in Donner, Age of Surveillance, p. 218.
55. Newsweek, Dec. 14, 1970.
56. Final Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 434.
57. NYT, March 9, 1975.
58. Quoted in Whitehead, Attack on Terror, p. 91.
59. Quoted in Donner, Age of Surveillance, pp. 207–8, italics added.