by Jay Feldman
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Acknowledgments
As is always the case, many people helped me in the making of this book. If I have inadvertently forgotten to recognize any of them, I sincerely apologize.
To begin with, I must thank my dear friend Ellen Gunther, who first called my attention to the plight of the Latin American Japanese deported to the United States and interned in this country during World War II. That was the spark that kindled my interest in the more encompassing tale presented here.
The idea for the book as it exists grew out of discussions with Andrew Miller and Dan Frank of Pantheon. Andrew has been unfailingly supportive, patient, and astute throughout the process. If the narrative moves along smoothly and avoids stridency, the credit goes to his discerning perspective.
Raymond Cunningham shared his research on the subject of German aliens and German-Americans during World War I. Regin Schmidt kindly read the chapters on the first red scare and offered suggestions. Francisco Balderrama did the same for the chapter on the Mexican deportations and repatriations during the Great Depression.
On the subject of alien enemies during World War II, I had assistance from John Christgau, Karen Ebel, Lothar Eiserloh, Costanza Foran, Isao Fujimoto, and Arthur Jacobs. Heidi Donald and Grace Shimizu provided help with the story of Latin American deportees.
On a number of occasions, the government documents specialist Patricia Inouye of Shields Library at the University of California, Davis, guided me through the often bewildering maze of government publications.
I am greatly indebted to my cousin Jody Stecher, who read the entire manuscript and made countless helpful suggestions.
I thank copy editor Ingrid Sterner for her meticulous attention to detail and Linda Huang for her stunning cover design.
My agent, Steve Wasserman, is a thoroughgoing professional and a friend.
I am grateful to my parents, Ben and Edna, for having raised me to understand the minority point of view, without which I could never even have conceived of this project.
And more than anybody, I thank my wife, Marti, who endured a planned two-year project’s stretching into three and a half years. I could never have done it without her support. She is the most generous person I know, and I am immeasurably fortunate to be married to her.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jay Feldman is also the author of the critically acclaimed When the Mississippi Ran Backwards. He is a widely published freelance writer whose articles have appeared in Smithsonian, Newsweek, Sports Illustrated, Gourmet, The New York Times, and many other national, regional, and local publications. He has written for television and the stage, and is the author of the novel Suitcase Sefton and the American Dream.
President Woodrow Wilson leading a Preparedness Day parade in Washington, D.C., during the spring of 1916, a year after the sinking of the Lusitania.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-109786
Progressive Republican senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin, a staunch peace advocate and opponent of the preparedness movement. La Follette and other minority voices opposed to preparedness and America’s entry into the war were vilified as traitors.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-14109
Between December 3 and 28, 1917, The New York Herald published a complete list of the names and addresses of all German and Austro-Hungarian “enemy aliens” living in the city.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-42611
On the night of April 4, 1918, German immigrant Robert Paul Prager was lynched by a mob outside Collinsville, Illinois. Eleven men were
tried for his murder; the jury deliberated for forty-five minutes before acquitting all the defendants. In addition to ethnic Germans, pacifists, Wobblies, Socialists, anarchists, Mennonites, and Irish-Americans also suffered scapegoating during the war.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch Archives, photograph by International Film Service Co., Inc.
When the Wobblies led strikes in southwestern copper mines in 1917, they were called traitors for sabotaging the war effort. In Bisbee and Lowell, Arizona, the local sheriff and a deputized posse rounded up twelve hundred Wobblies, marched them out of town, deported them by train, and dropped them off in the desert to fend for themselves.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-63631
In February 1919 a Seattle general strike was labeled “an attempted revolution” by mayor Ole Hanson. Hanson became a national celebrity when he used fifteen hundred federal troops to break the strike.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-GGBAIN-28168
In September 1919, when 275,000 steelworkers walked off the job, local law enforcement agencies, working in collusion with the steel companies, incited violence and arrested many strikers.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-23690
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, one of the main perpetrators of the post–World War I red scare.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-NPCC-19136
Palmer appointed former Secret Service chief William J. Flynn to head the Bureau of Investigation; Flynn deftly exploited the red scare to increase the BI’s influence and funding, turning the BI into a de facto secret police force.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-HEC-03690
On December 21, 1919, in the midst of the Palmer raids, scores of radicals were deported from New York City to Soviet Russia. They sailed aboard the transport ship Buford, pictured here; it was dubbed the “Soviet Ark” by the press.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-40635