Trouble, she could see it looming. And how would Richard combat it … he and his young innocent Queen?
A lethargy had come over her. What could she do now?
Her days were numbered. How many were left to her? One? Two? Six?
She was ill. She was dying. She felt helpless to hold back the tide which was rising against her son. She had tried and failed.
There was no longer any point in living.
She lay back on her pillows – a tired old woman. She thought: None would believe now that I was once the Fair Maid of Kent.
She had made her will and sent for the priest. She wished to be buried at the Church of Friars Minor at Stamford; and she wished to lie near the monument which she had had erected to Thomas Holland, her first husband. She thought fleetingly of those light-hearted days.
Then she folded her hands on her chest and lay down to wait for death.
It was not long in coming.
Her servants wrapped her in waxed swathings and placed her in a lead coffin. There she would lie until the King returned. They knew that his grief would be great.
Chapter XII
THE FIVE LORDS APPELLANT
The Army was on the border of Scotland and the invasion was about to begin. Richard decided to mark the occasion by creating two new Dukes. So far the only man to hold the title of Duke in the Kingdom was John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. He now honoured his two younger uncles, Edmund Langley, Earl of Cambridge became the Duke of York and Thomas, Earl of Buckingham the Duke of Gloucester. Michael de la Pole was also honoured. He became the Earl of Suffolk.
Now the important matter of dealing with the Scots must go ahead. They must make it impossible for the French to use Scotland as a base; if they did the battle for England could well be lost.
The Scots with the French used their usual tactics which was to avoid a confrontation for as long as possible, luring the enemy farther and farther into the country and so lengthening their lines of communication, hoping by doing this that they would find it so difficult to feed and maintain their armies that they would at the final point suffer defeat.
There was a certain amount of friction between Richard and his uncle Lancaster. John of Gaunt wanted to push on; but Richard, thinking of his soldiers who would lack provisions, refused to allow this. It was whispered that John of Gaunt was hoping Richard would be killed in an affray and that was why he was eager to force a battle.
Richard was distraught. He kept thinking of his mother whom he knew to be very ill and he was hurt because he had been unable to grant her request. If he himself alone had been involved, willingly would he have given way to her wishes. She did not understand. They came at him from all sides. Stafford, his uncle … the whole of them.
There was another matter which disturbed him. He loved his wife dearly. He relied on her so much. She was a perfect wife except in one respect; she had given him no children.
They were both young, and people were beginning to say, What is wrong?
There were so many problems. But the chief of course was this Scottish affair. They must not linger too long. They had to consider what arrogant Charles might do in the South, but all had agreed on one thing: The French must be made to realise that they could not use Scotland as a base.
They had pillaged the abbeys of Melrose and Newbattle; Holyrood had been sacked and part of Edinburgh burned. The Scots were in retreat; and the point had been driven home. Scotland was no place for the French to make an attack on England.
It had not been a glorious campaign; but it had achieved its purpose. They could return to the South satisfied.
When the King heard of the death of his mother he was prostrate with grief.
There was nothing Anne could do to console him.
‘She died while I was in Scotland,’ he cried, ‘and I had refused her last request.’
‘There was nothing you could do but refuse,’ Anne consoled him. ‘She would have known that. She was a wise woman.’
‘Nevertheless she asked me and I refused her. I can never forgive myself.’
He was inconsolable. He could not forget that she had begged for her son’s pardon and he had refused her.
‘That was in her mind right at the end,’ he mourned. ‘I shall never forgive myself.’
Then he went over how they had been together in his childhood, how he had been her favourite although his elder brother Edward had been his father’s, how she had taught him herself, how she had always been beside him, how devoted they had been; and it all came back to the final reproach.
She asked a boon of me and I refused her.
Impulsively he recalled John Holland. He restored his lands and granted him more. John embraced his half-brother with a show of great affection.
‘I had to do it,’ said Richard. ‘You understand, brother, that I had to placate Stafford.’
‘I understand,’ said John. ‘We are brothers … nothing can change that. Our mother would understand, Richard. She will know that we both had to act as we did.’
That was a great comfort to Richard.
Not long after his return John was married and his bride was Elizabeth, daughter of John of Gaunt. John was passionate in love and in hate, and, although Elizabeth had in fact been betrothed to the Earl of Pembroke, Holland had swept her off her feet and so far made her forget her previous vows that they had become lovers.
This had caused a great deal of trouble to her father who seeing that marriage with Pembroke was now impossible arranged to have the contract annulled and, to the great joy of his daughter and her bridegroom, they were married.
John Holland was pleased with himself. He had never yet failed, he boasted, to find a way out of his difficulties. A short time ago he had been exiled; now here he was, possessed of all the estates he had had and more, and married to the daughter of the most powerful man in the land. It was small wonder that he was delighted with the clever manner in which he had adjusted the turn of events.
* * *
Robert de Vere was decidedly unhappy because his two attempts to be rid of John of Gaunt had come to nothing. He was constantly pointing out to Richard that John of Gaunt would always try to overrule him. It had been obvious during the Scottish campaign. John of Gaunt had wanted to carry on with it; Richard had wisely decided that enough had been done.
‘He did give way to my decision,’ Richard pointed out. ‘He did say that I was his King and he would follow me.’
‘Words!’ said de Vere. ‘He will try to rule you and that means he will try to ruin me.’
The thought of John of Gaunt working against his beloved friend alarmed Richard.
Something would have to be done.
An opportunity occurred. It had always been the dream of John of Gaunt to gain the throne of Castile, and now that João of Avis had won the crown of Portugal in the battle of Albujarotta, he would be a worthy ally for he had his own quarrel with Castile. If Lancaster would join him they could attack the usurper of Castile and give themselves a chance of winning the crown for John and Constanza.
It was for the King and the Council to debate whether they would vote in favour of giving Lancaster the assistance he would need.
The debate did not take long. Both the enemies and friends of John of Gaunt decided that it would be good for the country for him to be out of it.
Already there had been two plots on Lancaster’s life. He was too important a figure to be easily despatched and if he were killed it could well spark off a revolt in the country.
There was not a man in the Council who did not agree that this was an excellent opportunity to escape from a dangerous situation.
John of Gaunt in Castile would be removed from the political scene. That must bring a certain peace; and the Council voted for the necessary supplies to be provided.
So John prepared to leave for Castile. He was torn between two emotions – his love for Catherine Swynford and his ambition.
But this was the realisation of his drea
m. He was going to win now. He would become the King he never could be in England. And to do it he would have to have Constanza beside him, and because of his love and ever present desire for Catherine Swynford he could feel nothing but repulsion for Constanza.
Yet he must go. Perhaps he would never return.
Catherine knew that.
He took his last farewell of her. He was taking his two daughters with him as well as his wife: Philippa, his daughter by Blanche, and Catherine, his daughter by Constanza.
If he were successful he would stay in Castile for the rest of his life. If he failed again he would return.
They spent that night together which could be their last. There was little to be said. It was life. It was fate. It had to be.
She might have wept. She might have begged him to stay or to take her with him. She knew that either would have been impossible for him.
No, she had always feared their parting would come. Now it had.
He spoke little either. What could he say? How could he explain that while he longed to feel the crown on his head yet he would never be happy again for she would not be with him?
‘I’ll come back one day, Catherine. Whatever happens I shall come back. Perhaps I may be able to send for you. I shall plan something, never fear.’
And she tried to smile and pretend that she believed him.
She watched him from the top of the turret as he left. She could not see him because her eyes were blinded with tears. He did not turn back.
It was symbolic of the future. She could not look into it. And for him there could be no turning back.
* * *
The threat of invasion continued. News came constantly across the Channel as to how the French were working away in their dockyards.
The young King of France was boasting of what he would do when he conquered England. All the men should be slaughtered so that they could never make war in France again; the women and children should be taken as slaves. That would teach them to lay claim to the throne of France.
These rumours were just the sort to put heart into the English.
Were they afraid of a lot of Frenchmen? Never! They went over the old story of Crécy and Poitiers which proved, did it not, that one Englishman was worth ten Frenchmen?
Let them come! They would learn then the true state of affairs.
The Earl of Arundel was put in charge of the English fleet.
It was certainly a fine array of enemy ships which set sail from Rochelle for Sluys. Not only was it composed of French ships, but Spanish as well. It was under the command of Jean de Bucq, a Flemish admiral noted for his skill in sea warfare.
On the other hand Arundel had a reputation for sluggishness and when the French had raided the coast of Sussex – his own territory – he had been noticeably dilatory in taking action, so he seemed hardly a wise choice to take over the defence.
It was surprising therefore that he should when the occasion arose astonish everyone with his skill in handling the invaders. All through the spring he had worked indefatigably with Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, to prepare a fleet to meet the French.
To see the magnificent armada sailing down the Channel was a sight to fill any heart with apprehension. Arundel however remained calm, watching it. Then he put his fleet into retreat trying to lure the French off course, but they would not be deceived by so obvious a ruse.
Arundel drew away waiting for the moment to attack. His archers were ready and as soon as the French were near enough they would send out a shower of those deadly weapons for which they had become renowned.
There was one enemy to which an invader might fail to give enough attention – and that was the weather – and in particular the winds which could be encountered in the Channel and although this was unpredictable the English were more accustomed to its vagaries and could often judge beforehand what course it was about to take.
Arundel seemed to sense that the wind was going to work for him against his enemies and he was right. Up rose the wind at precisely the moment when it could be most useful to the English. The French were drifting off course. Now was the time to attack. The sky was dark with the shower of arrows which fell onto French decks; then the large ships went into the attack.
The battle was long and furious; but the French, magnificent as their vessels were, were no match for the English.
That day brought complete victory. Almost a hundred ships were captured.
Arundel had shed his slothful nature. Not content with crippling the French fleet he was determined to make it impossible for them to put another on the seas for years to come. Triumphantly he followed the remnants of the defeated armada to Sluys; he attacked it, sank some ships and crippled others, and even landed and burned the towns and villages.
After ten days during which not only did he attack the coast but helped himself to much of the treasure there, he returned to England bringing with him among other things nineteen thousand tuns of fine wine.
There was great rejoicing through the land. There had been so many disasters lately that victory was particularly sweet.
It was as though the Black Prince had been born again.
England had risen out of her lethargy. She had heroes once more.
The most popular man in England was Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. He was indeed a hero for instead of taking much of the booty to himself, he decided that the people should benefit from it. Wine was very cheap in England that summer. In the taverns people blessed Arundel and drank his health.
* * *
Richard and Robert de Vere were congratulating themselves on the manner in which John of Gaunt had been removed from the scene; but what they did not realise was that someone had stepped into his place, and Thomas of Woodstock, now Duke of Gloucester, could be as dangerous as his brother while lacking his ideals and restraint.
As uncle to the King, Gloucester regarded himself as his natural chief adviser. It was true his brother Edmund of Langley, now Duke of York, was the elder, but Edmund had never been one to push himself forward and openly showed his preference for the quiet life. Edmund was not ambitious but he would go along with his brothers if they asked him and he was more inclined to support them than his nephew who, as others did, he still regarded as a boy.
At this time Arundel, the hero of the hour, was a good man to have on one’s side and Gloucester allowed his friendship with him to grow. He knew something of Arundel. A brave fighter it was true and he had shown something like genius in the recent sea battle, but Arundel, like most other men of the Court, was out for his own advancement.
Richard had taken to himself a certain dignity since the departure of Lancaster for Castile. It was time, he said to Robert de Vere, that he showed these people – and in particular his uncles – that he was their king and their ruler. They would have to realise he was no longer a boy to be guided by them.
These sentiments were heartily applauded by Robert who was well aware that he was the one whom these men would like to see removed from the King’s side.
Gloucester had now taken the place of Lancaster in their minds. He was the great enemy. But neither the King nor his favourite realised that they were dealing with a very different character from John of Gaunt and that there was danger ahead.
To slight Gloucester Richard had granted Robert the castle and lordship of Oakham together with the sheriffdom of Rutland. This was infuriating to Gloucester because all these had belonged to his wife’s ancestors and should have come his way.
Gloucester was growing more and more resentful and he was not keeping his discontent to himself.
The climax came with events in Ireland from which country urgent messages were constantly being received. The Irish were now being helped by the Scots and the Spaniards and they were determined to drive out the English colony. Action was needed. It was necessary to nominate some energetic man of high standing and ability to settle the disputes and show the Irish that the English could be as forceful within the co
untry as on the high seas.
There was a great deal of controversy as to who would be the best man to send.
Gloucester and his friends were also complaining against Richard’s Chancellor, Michael de la Pole, whom he had created Earl of Suffolk. The new Earl was disliked largely because he was not of the same high birth as those who sought to overrule him. He had the King’s favour, they complained; Richard listened to him when he should have been paying attention to them. Meanwhile Suffolk’s wealth was growing. He was an able man but like the rest he had to look after himself, his future and his family.
Gloucester wanted him out.
He went to see the King with the object of putting this suggestion to him.
Gloucester had never treated the King with the respect which Richard now expected. He still kept up the old attitude of the uncle talking to the nephew who was only a boy. There was little that could irritate Richard more.
Gloucester said in a hectoring way: ‘Richard, there must be changes. Suffolk must go.’
‘Who says so?’ demanded Richard.
‘I say so.’
‘You, my lord? I have yet to learn that the Duke of Gloucester commands the King?’
‘Come now, Richard. This is between us of the family – the wise old uncle to the young nephew, you understand.’
‘It so happens,’ retorted Richard, ‘that the nephew happens to be your King.’
‘I know that full well. Have I not done homage to you with my peers? There is unrest in the country. You must dismiss Suffolk. The man is an upstart. Who is he? Is he of noble birth? He has climbed to his special position through sharp practice.’
‘That is a lie,’ said Richard.
‘I seem to remember one John Cavendish fishmonger …’
‘That was all cleared up. Cavendish was a rogue.’
‘My dear nephew, it is not good for you to have for your friends those who consort with fishmongers! Dismiss this man. It is what the country and your ministers want.’
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