10. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 73–74.
11. Cote, Strength and Honor, 207–8.
12. Anthony, Dolley Madison, 104–6.
13. DM to Anna Cutts, May 22, 1805, Mattern and Schulman, eds., Selected Letters.
14. Brant, James Madison, Secretary of State (Indianapolis, IN, 1953), 268.
15. DM to JM, October 30, 1805, Selected Letters, 68.
16. Ketcham, James Madison, 431.
17. Cote, Strength and Honor, 159ff.
18. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 95.
19. DM to Anna Payne Cutts, June 4, 1805, Selected Letters, 61.
20. DM to JM, November 1, 1805, Selected Letters, 70.
21. Garry Wills, James Madison (New York, 2002), 54–55.
22. Anthony, Dolley Madison, 163.
23. Brant, James Madison, Secretary of State, 322.
24. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 133. The writer had a long and valued friendship with the late Margaret Truman Daniel, President Harry S. Truman’s daughter. He told her to pay no attention to anything said about him in the newspapers or on radio or television. She did so and lived a remarkably happy life.
25. Cote, Strength and Honor, 250.
26. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 137.
27. Ibid., 139–40.
28. Virginia Moore, The Madisons, A Biography (New York, 1979), 223.
29. Cote, Strength and Honor, 159ff.
30. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 144.
31. Ibid., 152.
32. Ketcham, James Madison, 477.
33. Anthony, Dolley Madison, 196–97.
34. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 167.
35. Ibid., 171. It was not officially designated The White House until 1901.
36. Ketcham, 478.
37. DM to Anna Cutts, December 22, 1811, Selected Letters, 154.
38. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 193.
HOW TO SAVE A COUNTRY
1. Brant, James Madison, Commander in Chief (Indianapolis, IN, 1961), 157.
2. Ketcham, James Madison, 553–54.
3. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 291.
4. JM to DM, August 7 and 9, 1809, Selected Letters, 121–22.
5. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 311.
6. Ketcham, James Madison, 548, 570, 575.
7. DM to Lucy Payne Washington, August 23, 1814, Selected Letters, 193–94. There are several versions of rescuing Washington’s portrait. See Algor, A Perfect Union, 313–14. Dolley’s letter, portraying Carroll “in a very bad humor” waiting while the servants struggled with it, seems the most reliable.
8. Brant, Madison, Commander in Chief, 305–6. Ketcham, James Madison, 379. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 314–18.
9. JM to DM, August 28, 1814, Selected Letters, 195.
10. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 319.
11. Ibid., 328.
12. Ketcham, James Madison, 586.
13. Rutland, James Madison, 230.
14. DM to HG, January 14, 1815, Selected Letters, 195.
15. Moore, The Madisons, 342. “Impeach this man, if he deserves the name of man,” one Federalist newspaper shrilled, a few days before the good news arrived. Another paper declared, “His body is torpid and he is without feeling.”
16. Cote, Strength and Honor, 319.
17. Ketcham, James Madison, 610–11.
18. DM to AC, April 3, 1818, Selected Letters, 228–29.
19. Ibid., DM to Sarah Coles Stevenson, February 1820, 238–39.
20. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 351.
21. Selected Letters, Introduction to “A Well Deserved Retirement,” 221.
22. Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers, James Madison and the Republican Legacy (New York, 1989), 144–51.
23. Ibid., 223.
24. Rutland, James Madison, 251. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 377. Paul Jennings, A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison, Electronic Edition, University of North Carolina Press.
25. MJR to DM, July 1, 1836, Selected Letters, 327.
26. Ibid., AJ to DM, July 9, 1836, 328.
27. Ibid., DM to ECL, 329–30.
28. Ibid., Introduction to “Washington Widow,” 317ff.
29. Ibid., 320.
30. Ibid., DM to Henry W. Moncure, August 12, 1844, 374.
31. Jennings, A Colored Man’s Reminiscences.
32. Ibid., Introduction, 324.
33. Allgor, A Perfect Union, 397.
34. Cote, Strength and Honor, 357.
APPENDIX: THE EROSION OF JEFFERSON’S IMAGE IN THE AMERICAN MIND
1. Peterson, Jefferson Image, 186. Also see “The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson, Race and Slavery in American Memory, 1943–1993” by Scott A. French and Edward L. Ayers, in Jeffersonian Legacies, Peter S. Onuf, ed. (Charlottesville, VA, 1993), 422–23.
2. Peterson, Jefferson Image, 187.
3. Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black (Chapel Hill, NC, 1968), 466.
4. Douglass Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers, Trevor Colbourne, ed. (New York, 1974), 182–83.
5. New York Review of Books, vol. 21, no. 89, April 18, 1974.
6. French and Ayers, in Jeffersonian Legacies, Peter S. Onuf, ed., 432–33.
7. Peter Nicolaisen, “Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson and the Question of Race: An Ongoing Debate,” Journal of American Studies, vol. 37 (2003), 101.
8. “A Note on Evidence, The Personal History of Madison Hemings,” by Dumas Malone and Steven H. Hochman, The Journal of Southern History, November 1975, 527.
9. Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies, 77–103, “The First Monticello,” by Rhys Isaac, 181–212; “Jefferson and Slavery,” by Paul Finkelman, 450; “The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson” (Cooley statement).
10. Mr. Burstein later changed his mind and wrote Jefferson’s Secrets, Death and Desire at Monticello (New York, 2005).
11. Joseph A. Ellis, American Sphinx, The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1997), 219. Dr. Eugene Foster’s DNA tests changed Ellis’s mind. In the same issue of Nature that published Foster’s results, Ellis wrote an article in collaboration with MIT geneticist Eric Lander declaring that the report “seems to seal the case” that Sally Hemings was Jefferson’s concubine.
12. Pauline E. Maier, American Scripture, Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, 1997), Introduction, xx-xxi. For quotation, 99. The entire chapter “Mr. Jefferson and His Editors” (97–153) convincingly makes this “work of many” case. Elsewhere in her introduction, Maier states that she has no animus against Jefferson but admits she once nominated him as “the most overrated person in American history” for an American Heritage survey. Her reason was “the extraordinary adulation (and sometimes, execration) he has received” (xvii).
13. The biographers include the writer of this book, who published The Man From Monticello, An Intimate Biography, in 1969.
14. Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, an American Controversy (Charlottesville, VA, 1997), 34–35. In 2008, Gordon-Reed published The Hemingses of Monticello, An American Family. The book won a National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize. The narrative explores the lives of Sally Hemings and the other members of the Hemings family in elaborate detail. But there is little new information about Sally. From the first page, Gordon-Reed assumes that Jefferson was the father of all her children and had a four-decade-long relationship with her. Antipaternity historians have severely attacked the book. At a press conference in Richmond, Virginia, on April 13, 2009, Jefferson’s 266th birthday, they insisted that the case against him remains unproved.
Searchable Terms
Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
Adair, Douglas, 410–11, 415–16
Adams, Abigail “Nabby,” see Smith, Abigail Adams “Nabby”
Adams, Abigail Smith, 125–205
in Braintree, Mass.
, 143–49, 153, 155–56, 162–63, 166
death of, 202–3
farm managed by, 136, 137, 139, 155, 162–63, 165
as First Lady, 178, 179, 180–81, 182, 183–92, 255, 381
as grandmother, 167–68, 194, 202
health of, 185–88, 194, 202–3
Jefferson’s relationship with, 294, 296, 299, 304–5, 316–17
John Adam’s courtship of, 129–31
John Adams’s correspondence with, xv, 59, 130–38, 142–45, 148–49, 151–57, 175–76, 181, 185, 187, 245, 369
John Adams’s marriage to, xv, xvi, 131–205, 358
John Adams’s temporary estrangement from, 143–45, 148–49, 154–55
in London, 156–61, 163, 167–68, 299, 304–5, 317
Martha Washington as viewed by, 37, 45, 169–70
moral values of, 157–58, 166–67, 371
as mother, 134, 136, 137, 159–61, 166–67, 170–72, 173, 192, 194, 197–98, 199, 200, 201–2, 316
Peacefield home of, 175–76, 199–201, 203
personality of, 129–31, 137, 148–49, 166–67, 185–88, 381
in Philadelphia, 170, 173, 178, 179–85, 187, 189–91, 192, 230
political views of, 130, 132–53, 146, 178, 179, 180–81, 183, 187, 189–90, 196, 296
in Quincy, Mass., 175–76, 185–88, 191–92, 193, 203
reputation of, 147, 169–70, 181–82
social life of, 47, 169–70, 180, 196–97, 371
transatlantic voyage of, 156–57
wedding of, 131
women’s rights as viewed by, 130, 132–35, 196
Adams, Charles, 134, 135, 150, 151–54, 156, 160–61, 163, 166, 168, 169–70, 171, 174–75, 180, 188, 192–93, 316
Adams, George Washington, 202
Adams, John, 125–205
Abigail Adams’s correspondence with, xv, 59, 130–38, 142–45, 148–49, 151–57, 175–76, 181, 185, 187, 245, 369
as ambassador to England, 158–61, 168–69, 294
Anti-Federalist opposition to, 164–65, 172, 177–78, 182, 184–85, 371–72
autobiography of, 193, 194
biographies of, 127
birth of, 126
in Braintree, Mass., 126–27, 138, 139, 149–50, 162–65
as British peace negotiator, 149–52, 154, 158–61, 195
cabinet of, 52, 177–78, 187–90, 239
as commissioner to France, 139–49, 195, 293
at Constitutional Convention (1787), 161, 415
in Continental Congress, 125–26, 132, 134, 135–38, 139, 140, 144, 146, 148, 149–50, 152, 153, 158, 161, 280, 282
death of, 205, 325, 403
diaries of, 127, 128, 132, 143
education of, 127, 128, 129
family dynasty of, 167–68, 170–71
farm owned by, 136, 137, 138, 139, 162–63, 165
as father, 134, 136, 137, 139, 150, 151–56, 159–61, 163, 170–71, 192, 194, 197–201
as Federalist leader, 164–65, 168, 176, 177–78, 182, 184–89, 374
final years of, 194–205
financial situation of, 136, 138–39, 146, 150, 158, 160, 163, 166, 170, 173
Franklin’s relationship with, 103, 114–15, 126, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153, 154, 157–58, 162, 181, 185, 195
French delegation commissioned by, 180–83, 188–89, 191
French policy of, 52, 169, 178–89, 191, 193, 245
general correspondence of, xv, 103, 143, 152, 154, 160–61, 163, 174, 185, 187–88, 195–96, 199, 201, 203–4
as grandfather, 167–68, 194, 202
Hamilton’s relationship with, 164–65, 168, 177–78, 183–84, 185, 189–92, 193, 238, 239, 245, 253, 382
health of, 131, 154
inauguration of, 178
Jefferson’s relationship with, 169, 176, 177–78, 179, 182, 185, 186, 190–92, 193, 195, 205, 245, 278, 280, 282, 308, 316–17, 352, 371
as lawyer, 127, 128, 129, 130, 138–39, 158, 163
love affairs of, 127–29, 204–5
marriage of, xv, xvi, 131–205, 358
military policies of, 179, 183–89, 190, 193, 245
monarchist accusations against, 162, 165–66, 180, 181, 195
moral values of, 126, 130, 132, 142–43, 163–64, 168, 296
naval policy of, 178–81, 183, 193
as New Englander, 125–26, 135, 164, 177
in Paris, 139, 141, 142–45, 148–52, 157–58, 159, 163, 169, 293
personality of, xiv, 125–31, 134–38, 144–45, 148–49, 154, 155–56, 167, 171, 181, 185, 187–88, 195–97, 202, 204–5
in Philadelphia, 125–26, 137–38, 170–88, 189, 190–91, 192, 230, 371–72
physical appearance of, 126, 130, 168–69
political career of, xv, 125–26, 127, 132, 139, 149–59, 161, 162, 163–76, 179, 182–92, 197, 371–72
as president, 52, 176, 177–92, 197, 239, 255, 310, 371–72, 374, 386
as presidential candidate (1796), 163–65, 177–78, 181, 371
as presidential candidate (1800), 190–92, 245, 382
as president of the Senate, 165, 168–69, 172
press coverage of, 158–59, 168–69, 180–81, 182, 183, 184, 191–92, 310
puritanism of, 126, 130, 142–43, 296
in Quincy, Mass., 185–88, 191–92, 193, 253
Republican opposition to, 177, 179, 182–83, 185, 190–92, 193, 245, 371–72
reputation of, 125–26, 128, 132, 139–40, 150–51, 152, 153, 154, 158–59, 162, 164–69, 171, 179, 180–85, 194–97, 205, 310
as revolutionary leader, 125–26, 132, 133–35, 139, 158, 162, 194–97, 415
salary of, 136, 139, 150, 160, 170
Samuel Adams’s relationship with, 125–26, 142, 143
sedition laws supported by, 183, 184–85
social life of, 130, 169–70, 180, 374, 386
speeches of, 126, 180–81, 192
as vice president, 164–76, 181, 197
Washington’s relationship with, 34, 52, 125–26, 131, 168, 169, 173, 179, 180, 181–82, 189
women’s rights as viewed by, 133–35
writings of, 162, 169
Adams, John, Sr., 126–27
Adams, John Quincy:
as ambassador to the Netherlands, 172, 186, 399
in Boston, 171, 199, 200
childhood of, 134, 135, 139
diaries of, 167, 325, 374
financial situation of, 175, 180, 181
at Harvard, 158, 160, 163, 166, 167
marriage of, 180, 199, 201–4, 404
in Paris, 141, 145, 149, 150, 151, 152
political career of, 172, 173, 202
as president, 325
as secretary of state, 203–4
Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson, 180, 201–4, 404
Adams, Sally Smith, 174, 188, 192–93, 199–200
Adams, Samuel, 33, 34, 94, 125–26, 142, 143, 146, 151, 278–79
Adams, Susanna Boylston, xiv, 127, 163, 175, 178
Adams, Thomas, 134, 135, 156, 160, 161, 163, 166–67, 170–71, 192, 193, 200
Addison, Joseph, 11, 262
Alden, John, 126
Alden, Priscilla, 126
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 184–85, 191, 310, 402
Allen, Janet, 68
Allen, Moses, 359
Allen, William “Foghorn,” 333
Ambler, Jacquelin, 263
American Revolution, see War for Independence
American Scripture (Maier), 415
American Sphinx (Ellis), 414
Andrews, Tina, 340
Anglican Church, 74, 94, 211, 215–16, 362, 369
Anti-Federalists, 45, 164–65, 172, 175, 176, 177–78, 182, 184–85, 371–72
Arnold, Benedict, 153, 283–84, 323
Articles of Confederation (1781), 118, 224, 304, 357, 364
Atherton, Gertrude, 215
Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 49, 93–94, 100, 106, 116–17, 118, 180–81, 182, 184, 243
Bache, Richard, 93–94, 10
1, 106–7
Bache, Sarah Franklin “Sally,” 78, 86–87, 92, 93–94, 99–100, 101, 106, 107–8, 116, 118
Bacon, Edmund, 340, 349, 410, 415–16
Bacon, Francis, 52
Bankhead, Anne Cary Randolph, 318, 319, 323
Bankhead, Charles, 323
Bank of the United States, 46, 47, 229–30, 232–33, 366, 388
Barber, Francis, 215
Barger, Herbert, 337
Bassett, Burwell, 30, 36, 41
Bassett, Fanny, 44, 47
Bassett, Nancy, 36, 44
Bayard, William, 250–51
Beckley, John, 236–37, 239, 252, 253
Beckman, David, 211
Bell, Thomas, 313
Bennett, Winifred, 336–37
Bible, 199, 237, 238, 323
Bill of Rights, 365
Bingham, Anne, 237, 371
Bingham, Marie, 371
Bingham, William, 237
Black Reconstruction (Du Bois), 409
Bland, Martha, 355
Bland, Theodorick, 355
Bland, William, 264
Blunt, Dolley, 97–98
The Intimate Lives of the Founding Fathers Page 52