Madness Explained
Page 80
late paraphrenia 308
Lazarus, Richard 207–8
Leafhead, Kate 314
learned helplessness 221, 240n
LEDS 429, 430, 431
Lee, Hon 334
Leff, Julian 128, 391, 424, 506
Lenz, Herman 357
Leonhard, Karl 36
Leonhard, Klaus 234
Leudar, Ivan 354, 360, 375
levo-dopa 171
Lewis, Aubrey 496, 525
Lewis, Shön 508, 510
Lewontin, Richard 76n, 79
Librium 89
Liddle, Peter 73–4, 165, 410
life events 428–33
Life Events and Difficulties Schedule 429, 430, 431
Lindquist, Margit 170
linkage analysis 447–50, 525
Linney, Yvonne 324
Lipsedge, Maurice 121n, 133
Lishman, W. A. 250
lithium carbonate 89, 91–2, 93
Littlewood, Roland 121n, 132, 133
Lloyd, G. W. 250
locus of control 458
Loewi, Otto 155
Losch, Mary 97
Lothane, Zvi 306
LSD 168–9, 354
Lyon, Helen 243, 249, 283, 285, 334
lysergic acid diethylamide 168–9, 354
MacAlpine, Ada 151
McCartney, Paul 365, 366
McDonald, Scott 133
McGhie, Andrew 183
McGilchrist, Ian 298
McGorry, Patrick 64, 490, 509
McGuffin, Peter 65, 83
McGuire, James 405n McGuire, Philip 363, 374
McKenna, Peter 172
MacMillan, Fiona 354
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 157–60, 525
functional 162–3, 516, 523
Maher, Brendan 308–9, 389–90, 398–9, 411–12
maintenance factors 407–8
Malkoff-Schwartz, Susan 288
Malla, Ashok 206, 222
mania 36, 234, 270–72
attempts to recall 272–3
and coping strategies 289–90
definition 525–6
excitability hypothesis 286–7
manic-defence hypothesis 277–86
model of 290–92
processes leading to 286–90
and psychoanalysis 277–8
psychology of 283–6
and the self 285–6
and sleep deprivation 287–9
stages 275
symptoms 273–6
manic-defence hypothesis 277–86
manic depression 16, 17, 19, 37, 38
definition 526
evolution of concept 35–7
Kraepelin’s work 35, 36, 37, 84, 85–6
relationship with schizophrenia 24–5
see also bipolar disorder
manic episode 60, 61, 62
Manson, K. 252, 285
Margo, Andrew 358
Markar, H. R. 273
marker genes 447
Markus, Hazel 201
Marshall, J. Richard 79n, 124
Martin, J. R. 381, 382, 386, 389, 390–91
Masserman, Jules 48
Mastria, Mary 312
maternal nutrition 460
Mau Mau rebellion 123
Mayer, Meredith 226
Mayr, Ernst 111–12
Mednick, Sarnoff 455
Meehl, Paul 104–5, 106, 108, 127, 227, 415, 485
Meins, Elizabeth 468
Meir, Golda 305
Meltzer, Herbert 502–3
Melville, Charles 206
memories, source monitoring 368–9
mental health professionals
expressed emotion 428
quality of 7–8
mental representation 199
mentalizing 192–3, 526
metacognitive beliefs 355–6, 526
metonymic distortion 380
Meyer, Adolf 44–5, 58, 94, 142, 297n Miklowitz, David 425, 426
Mikulincer, Mario 341
Miller, J. G. 389, 394
Miller, Laura 352
Millon, Theodore 59
Mintz, Sanford 357
Mirowsky, John 306–7
Mojtabai, Ramin 144, 145, 405, 406, 440, 441, 444, 451–2
Monitz, Egaz 156, 497, 529
mood disorder, subtypes 69
mood-stabilizing drugs 89
Moore, Estelle 428
Moore, Thomas 72–3
moral values 250n Morel, Augustin 14, 15
Morrison, Tony 328, 355, 356, 373–4, 376, 407, 491, 510
Mosher, Loren 504
Mosso, A. 161, 162
MRI see magnetic resonance imaging
Mueser, Kim 227, 228, 478–9, 480–81
multiple personality 351–2n
Murphy, Jane 135
Murray, Robin 128, 363, 457
Musalek, Michael 204
Myin-Germeys, Inez 418–19
NARP 129
Nash, John Jr 111, 112, 114
National Child Development Study 457–8
National Survey of Health and Development 457–8
Nazi Germany 30, 75–6, 497–8, 541–2
NCDS 457–8
Neale, John 184, 225, 278, 279–80, 390, 395
negative affective style 426
negative cognitive triad 239, 247
neoKraepelinian movement 58, 59, 63, 71, 95, 116, 150, 151, 174, 203, 487
neologisms 383, 385
neurasthenia 237
neurodevelopmental studies 458–63
neuroleptic dysphoria 500
neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome 222, 500, 526
neuroleptic malignant syndrome 501, 526
neuroleptics 89, 92–3, 171, 222, 499–503, 500n, 513–14, 522, 526–7
atypical 501–3, 515
neurones 154, 167
damage 156
neuropsychological tests 180–82, 184–9, 527
neuroscience 154–74
neuroses 28, 37, 38
neurotransmitters 155, 167–74
New York High-Risk Project 455
Nicola 95
NIDS 222, 500, 526
Niederland, William 306
Nisbet, Heidi 180
Nissl, Franz 26
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan 263–4, 289–90, 407
Noll, Richard 135
nonaffective acute remitting psychosis 129
noradrenaline 155, 167
normal distribution 107n normal science 41
normalizing strategy 508, 527
Norman, Ross 206, 222
North Wales Hospital 2, 4–6, 7, 537
NSHD 457–8
nucleotides 444, 445
Nuechterlein, Keith 185, 186–7, 415, 433
nuthkavihak 135
obsessive–compulsive disorder 351
O’Carrol, Pierce 369, 372
occupational outcome 83–4
O’Connor, Eileen 352
odds ratio 70
Oden, Chester 133
oestrogen 438
olanzapine 503
olfactory reference syndrome 352
Oltmanns, Thomas 184, 225, 395, 441
OPCRIT 65–6
operational definitions 47, 527
Orley, John 121
Osmond, Humphrey 111–12
outcomes 83–9, 128–30, 499
overinclusion 380
Oxman, Thomas 332
Papua New Guinea 122
paradigm 41, 42
paranoia 16, 19, 37, 38, 296–8, 330–31
and attention 340–41
and attribution self-representation cycle 337–40
and attributions 257, 258
bad me 297–8, 339
and biological psychiatry 343–4
computer simulation 295
definition 527–8
and depression 344
as distortion of truth 305–8
and external-personal attributions 331, 338, 340–43
functional re
lationships 411, 412
genetic studies 443–4
Jaspers’ theories 27
model of 343–6
poor me 297, 339
and the self 331–40
terminology 296–7n
see also delusions
paranoid personality disorder 297n, 528
parasitosis, delusional 299
Parkinson, James 39
Parkinson’s disease
and dopamine 171
drug-induced 499–500
post-encephalitic 39
path analysis 455
Pavlov, Ivan 195, 195n Pavlovian conditioning 45
Penn, David 203
perceptions
and delusions 308–13
source monitoring 370–74
perceptual bias 370–72
perceptual sensitivity 370–72
perseveration 383, 385
personality
dimensions 353n
Eysenck’s theory 555–6
questionnaires 106–8, 109, 110
personality disorder 528
pessimism 235
PET 162–3, 165, 171, 172–3, 363, 374, 528
Peters, Emmanuelle 100, 324, 327
Petersen, Christopher 241
Pettus, Charles 49, 55
phenothiazines 89
Phillips, Mary 314
phobias 327–8
phonemic paraphasia 385
phrenology 163
physical abuse 478–9, 481–2
Piaget, Jean 191, 196
pimozide 93
PIT 279, 284–5, 334–6
polydiagnosis 65–6
Pope, Marie 283
Popper, Karl 304–5, 325, 492
Posey, Thomas 97
positron emission tomography 162–3, 165, 171, 172–3, 363, 374, 528
post-Kraepelinian psychiatry 140–45, 495–8
postmodernism 564
post-mortem studies 155–6
post-traumatic stress disorder 160, 478, 480–81, 528–9
Poulton, Richie 98, 100–101, 103
Power, Mick 207, 208
Pragmatic Inference Task 279, 284–5, 334–6
predisposition to psychosis 105, 106–10
prefrontal leucotomy 5, 156, 497, 529
Premack, David 192n Preston, Martin 361
prevalence 529
cross-cultural differences 120–28
symptoms 96–104
preventative intervention 509–10
Prince, Morton 352n
principle of functional interconnectedness 414
Proctor, Robert 497–8
projection 495
projective tests 624–5
Prosen, Mel 386–7
prospective studies 454–7
protein synthesis 445
proximate determinants 407, 408
Prozac 89
pseudohallucinations 350, 375
psychiatric wards 7–8
psychiatrists 529
differences from clinical psychologists 3n
psychiatry
history of 9
origin of term 9
psychoanalysis 21–2, 23, 45, 58, 277–8, 530
psychoanalysts 530
psychoanalytic therapy 505–6
psychological research, Kraepelinian
perspective 179–89
psychopharmacology 530
psychosis 37, 38, 530–31
psychosis-proneness 105, 106–10
psychotherapy 504–9
psychotic disorder due to a medical
condition 69
PTSD 160, 478, 480–81, 528–9
puerperal psychosis 481, 531
pyknic build 104
Quade, Dana 49, 55
quadruplet study 79–81
questionnaires, personality 106–8, 109, 110
quetiapine 503
racial discrimination 127n, 308, 475
Rado, Sandor 227, 277
Raison, Charles 288
Rankin, Peter 369, 372, 470
Raune, David 427
RDC 65, 66
reaction-maintenance principle 376, 407
reactive depression 47
Read, John 481–2, 485
reality, recognition of 364–7
Reboul-Lachaux, J. 309–10
receptors 167
dopamine 167–8, 172–3, 486, 571, 628
recklessness 275–6
Reich, Walter 53
Reil, Johann Christian 9
reinforcement 4, 217, 531
relapse 419–20
and high expressed emotion 423–4
and life events 428–33
model of 433–5
relationships, stressful 420–28
relatives, creativity 114
reliability 531
of diagnostic systems 43, 44–56, 63–6, 68
of post-Kraepelinian psychiatry 144–5
symptoms 144–5
religious beliefs and delusions 99–100
Research Diagnostic Criteria 65, 66
Resonance 138, 511
Response Styles Questionnaire 263
retrospective studies 453–4
Richards, Graham 213
Richards, Ruth 114
Rieder, Ronald 144, 145, 405, 406, 440, 441, 444, 451–2
risperidone 503
Roberts, Glen 99–100, 326–7
Roberts, John 431
Robins, Lee 70
Robson, Philip 248
Rochester, Sherry 381, 382, 386, 389, 390–91
Rokeach, Milton 296, 302, 326
Romme, Marius 137–8, 313, 353, 354, 355, 356, 412, 483, 511
Romney, David 247–8, 332
Rorschach test 624–5
Rose, Steven 76n, 79
Rosenberg, Stanley 332
Rosenhan, David 234
Rosenthal, David 79–80, 105
Rosetta stone 13–14
Ross, Catherine 306–7
Ross, Colin 481
Ross, James 312
Roth, Martin 153
RSQ 263
Rüdin, Ernst 30, 76
rumination 263–5, 289–90, 531–2
rural environment 477
Russell, James 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 482
Rutter, Michael 422
Sabshin, Melvin 59
Saccuzzo, Dennis 186
safety behaviours 328
Sally-Ann test 192–3
Salzinger, Kurt 325
Sandifer, Myron 49, 55
SANS 220, 224
Sarbin, Theodore 349
Sarfati, Yves 317, 395
Sartorius, Norman 124
Sass, Louis 376
Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms 220, 224
Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language and Communication 101–2, 145, 383–5, 388, 395, 396
schemas 199, 532
schizoaffective disorder 35, 37, 38, 69, 87
schizophrenia 37, 38
Bleuler’s four ‘As’ 23–4
comorbidity with bipolar disorder 70–71
continuum with normal personality 106–10
DSM-III criteria 60–61, 62
and emotion 205–6
as endogenous disorder 47
evolution of concept 22–9, 37, 39–40
genetics 448–50
latent 24
lay misunderstanding of 23, 23n
outcome 86–9
relationship with manic depression 24–5
Schneider-positive 34
simple 24
subtypes 69, 73
unpredictability of course 84–5
schizophrenia spectrum disorder 105, 106
schizophreniform disorder 69
schizotaxia 105, 106
schizothymic personality 104
schizotypal personality disorder 105–6, 415
schizotypy 104–6, 106–8, 109, 110
Schneider, Kurt 28, 29–35, 37, 39, 95–6, 97, 221, 300, 351
Sc
hnurr, Paula 332
Schou, Mogens 92
Schreber, Daniel Paul 294–5, 298, 306, 307, 309
Schulsinger, Fini 455
scientific revolution 42
Scott, Jan 280–81, 283
SDT 370–72, 373, 532–3
Seal, Mark 369
season-of-birth effect 459–60, 461
Sedgwick, Peter 176, 466
selective attention 514
selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors 89
self 198–201
actual 248, 251, 251n, 252, 332–3
definition 532
and depression 247–53
domains 251n
ideal 250–51, 251n, 252, 332–3
implicit beliefs about 333–6
influence of appraisals 248–50
in mania 285–6
ought 250–51, 251n
and paranoia 331–40
and psychosis 204
self-awareness 197
self-discrepancy 251–2, 532
self-esteem 247–50
definition 532
and expressed emotion 425
fluctuations in 415–16
and hypomania 282
and mania 283
see also self
self-guides 251n, 532
self-instructional training 5–6
self-reference effect 199–200, 248, 285–6, 385
self-representation and attribution 254–62
self-schema 532
self-serving bias 243–4, 261, 331, 532
self-standards 250–53
Seligman, C. G. 122
Seligman, Martin 234, 239–43, 240n, 245, 415, 472
semantic encoding 199
semantic memory 397–9
semantic paraphasia 385
semantic priming 397, 398–9
Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry 53
serotonin 167, 169, 468, 570
Serper, Mark 184
sertindole 503
sexual abuse 478–9, 481–2, 486, 639
sexual dysfunction, drug-induced 500
sexual feelings and mania 276
Shah, G. M. 363
Shakespeare, William, King Lear243–4
Shakow, David 180, 223
shamanism 134–5, 134–6
shared psychotic disorder 69
Sharp, Helen 319, 336
Shaver, Philip 470
Shimizu, Akira 361
Shimkunas, Algimantas 387
Shorter, Edward 9, 45, 90, 92
Shugar, G. 331
Shweder, Richard 237
Siegel, Ronald 358
signal detection theory 370–72, 373, 532–3
Silbersweig, David 363
Simonton, Dean 112
Singer, Margaret 441–2
single positron emission tomography 363
Sison, Cecile 225
Skinner, B. F. 211, 212, 527
Slade, Peter 110, 350, 358, 372
sleep deprivation 287–9
Smith, David 225
Smith, Geoffrey 159
Snezebryakova, Andrei 52–3
social brain hypothesis 189–93, 194, 533
social cognition 189–93, 194
social constructionism 564
social desirability 280
social drift 476–7, 521
social isolation 413–14
social outcome 83–4
social rhythm disruption events 288–9