Trinitron television, 93, 111, 114
Tristan da Cunha, 138n
Triton’s trumpet, 347–48
Tropic of Cancer, 247, 365
Tropic of Capricorn, 247
Truman, Harry S., 31, 39–42, 46–47, 66–67
Truro Shoal, 396
Tsingtao beer, 9n
Tsing Yi Island, 195, 200
tsunamis, 62, 259, 379, 382
Tuamotu Islands, 438
tube worms (Riftia pachyptila), 324–25
Tumbes, Peru, 249
tuna, 366, 368
Tung Chao Yung, 194–201
Tung Chee Hwa “C. H.,” 198, 200–201
Tupaia, Raiatean priest, 431–32
Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands), 214, 272
Twain, Mark, 132
typhoons, 22, 237–46, 248, 254, 258–59, 261, 378. See also cyclones; hurricanes
defined 236n
Haiyan, 237–43, 240, 245, 254, 264
Tip, 237, 246
Yunya, 383
Ukraine, 407, 410
UNCLOS Exclusive Economic Zone, 394
undersea resources, 28
UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 79, 289, 346, 350
Unification Church, 25
United Flight 154, 1–4, 6–8, 11–12, 20–21
United Nations, 201, 297
Able test and, 59
headquarters, 105
Command Military Armistice Commission, 171, 175
Commission of Inquiry report on North Korea, 181n
deep-sea mining and, 333
United States, 295
China and, 118–19, 378, 386–425
colonies and, 190
El Niño and, 261
Hawaii becomes colony of, 351–52
Japan and, 88, 91, 115–16, 118
Korea and, 155, 178, 183
Marshall Islands and, 12–17, 45–46
Micronesia and, 11–12
military bases, 379–81, 390–91, 418–19
missile tests and, 375
nuclear tests and, 12–14, 17, 19, 32–33, 41, 46–64
ocean protection and, 367
Pueblo and, 152–76, 187
surfing and, 134–37, 142
Vietnam War and, 27, 206–11, 211
U.S. Air Force, 67n, 164, 404
U.S. Army, 12–17, 155, 207, 209–10
U.S. Congress, 420
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 380–82, 385
U.S. Marines, 115–16, 178, 183, 240–41, 246n, 383, 392, 419–20
U.S. Naval Intelligence, 407
U.S. Navy, 306
Australia and, 420–21
China and, 378, 386–89, 402–3, 414–25
deep-sea research and, 310, 311–12, 318
Hawaii and, 375
Japan and, 119
nuclear tests and, 20, 46–64, 67n
Pinatubo and, 381–86, 384, 389, 421
Pueblo and, 156–60, 158, 176n
Singapore and, 421
Typhoon Haiyan and, 238, 240
U.S. Navy World Ocean Floor Map, 316n-17n
U.S. Pacific Command, 423
U.S. Pacific Fleet, 160–61, 163, 238, 388, 414
U.S. Seventh Fleet, 119, 381, 383, 388, 419
U.S. Special Forces, 240–41
Uraga Channel, 114
Uruguay, 369
Utzon, Jørn, 284
Utzon, Lin, 284–89, 286, 291
van Andel, Tjeerd, 320
Vancouver, 84, 224
Vandenberg birds, 15
Vanua Levu Island, 368
Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), 215, 272, 413, 425
Vema (schooner survey ship), 310
Venice Beach, 135–36, 140
Veron, Charlie, 339–42, 345, 349–50
Versailles Treaty (1919), 212n
Victoria, Queen of England, 137
Viet Cong, 210, 211
Viet Minh, 204–6, 208
Vietnam, 31–32, 35, 393, 422. See also Indochina; North Vietnam; South Vietnam
Declaration of Independence, 204n
division of, 206, 208–9
South China Sea and, 394, 394, 395n, 397, 400
U.S. withdrawal from, 27, 202
WW II and British fight to retain for France, 203–6
Vietnam War, 20, 25, 206–11, 211, 269, 299, 381, 395n. See also Indochina War
Vladivostok, 25
volcanoes, 21, 62, 313, 313, 315–16, 378–86
Voyage of the Beagle (Darwin), 267
wa’a (sailing canoe), 427–29, 428, 435–41, 444
Waglan Island Lighthouse, 226
Waikiki, 1, 129–30
Walker, Sir Gilbert, 251–55, 252, 263
Walker Circulation, 252, 254–55, 262–64
Walkman, 93, 111
Wallis, 215n
“Waltzing Matilda” (song), 269
Wang Wei, 402–4
Washington Post, 420
Washom, Byron, 373
waterspouts, 236n
Watson, James D., 102
Waveriders (film), 132n
waves
breaking, defined, 124n
types of, 127–28
weather, 28
climate change and, 263–64
ENSO, 254–63, 258
Pacific as generator of, 246–47, 251–55
Weihaiwei, 414
Weissmuller, Johnny, 139
Wendkos, Paul, 147
Western Africa, 313
Western Electric, 98, 103
Westmoreland, William, 209
Whitaker, Don, 75
White Australia immigration policy, 293–98
white-bellied sea eagle, 352–53
White Fang (London), 130
Whitlam, Gough, 268–71, 273–77, 275, 279, 295
Whitsunday Islands, 348
Wilson Cloud, 62
wind power, 373–74
Winnipeg, 85, 107
Winogradsky, Sergei, 325
Woelk, Stephen, 169–70
Woman’s Home Companion, 133, 134
Wonsan, North Korea, 161–62, 164
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 306–7, 307, 310, 317–18, 323–24, 327
Woody Island, 396–98
Woomera atomic tests, 37
World Meteorological Organization, 245–46
World’s Fair (Paris 1933), 86
World Trade Center attacks, 388
World War I, 9–10, 45, 139, 212n, 293–94
World War II, 10–12, 45–46, 87, 153–55, 202–4, 213, 231, 294, 300, 333n
Japanese surrender, 37, 153
World Wildlife Fund, 336, 349, 366
Wyatt, Ben, 50–51
Yaizu fishing community, 77
Yamamoto, Admiral, 57
Yangtze River, 424
Yap island, 11, 434, 439
Yellow Sea, 412, 417
Yokohama, 114–17, 259, 439
Yokosuka, 114–15
Naval Base, 119, 160, 386, 408, 419
Yucatán, 343
Zenith company, 113
Zheng He, 397
zooxanthellae, 345
Zweig, Stefan, 23–24
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Charting the complex fascinations to be found in the sixty-four million square miles of the Pacific Ocean was a task made immeasurably easier thanks to the help generously offered to me by Charles Morrison, president of the East-West Center in Honolulu. He gave me an office and administrative assistance during the six weeks I spent in Hawaii in the winter of 2014; and the use of these facilities—most notably the excellent library, which together with the Pacific Collection at the University of Hawaii, just up the road, makes for a truly incomparable resource—rooted me to my subject in a manner that would have been well-nigh impossible to fashion elsewhere. So my thanks must go first to Dr. Morrison, and to his staff and colleagues—June Kuramoto, Anna Tanaka, Phyllis Tabusa, Karen Knudsen, Elisa Johnston, Scott Kroeker, and Carol Fox in particular—who helped me lay the found
ations for the making of this book.
I am also most grateful to the U.S. Navy for assistance offered in Hawaii and beyond. Commander Jason Garrett was the point man at Pacific Fleet headquarters at Pearl Harbor; and Lieutenant Colonel Eric Bloom at the all-forces Pacific Command headquarters at Camp Smith, nearby. Both officers bent over backward to offer help and access to various nooks and crannies of the byzantine world that is the U.S. armed forces in the region, and so far as I recall, not a single thing I asked for was denied.
The commander of the Pacific Fleet during my time in Hawaii was Admiral Harry Harris, who was later promoted to take over the entire Pacific Command: his courtesy and help to me were warm and personal, and I am most thankful. One of his senior advisers, Commander Jon Duffy, now at the White House, was helpful both at the time in Hawaii and subsequently when posted to Washington; he took time to read the passages concerning the rise of modern China, and made many useful and constructive comments. Naturally any errors of fact or interpretation are mine alone, and neither his words of advice, nor those of any others mentioned here, should be thought of as suggesting an official endorsement.
My visit to Kwajalein Atoll and to the U.S. Army’s missile range operations there was arranged by Michael Sakaio and Shannon Paulsen, both of whom were hospitable to a fault during my stay with them. If I write critically of the local treatment of the Marshall Islanders, Mr. Sakaio and Ms. Paulsen will both appreciate, I am sure, that it is the policies that I fault, and not the personnel, who in their cases were kindness personified.
Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, were especially obliging in sharing with me their research and knowledge of the ocean. I am grateful to Carl Peterson, a longtime trustee of the WHOI, for arranging visits and contacts; and to Susan Avery, the director. With Jayne Iafrate’s assistance I was able to spend valuable time with, among others, Daniel Fornari and Adam Soule, discussing hydrothermal vents; with Maurice Tivey, an expert on deep-sea mining; and with Ken Buesseler, a specialist on the sea-borne radiation effects of atomic testing and from nuclear-related accidents.
JAMSTEC, the Japanese government’s principal meteorological research agency, could not have been more helpful; and for arranging visits to see some of its teams of remarkable weather scientists I must especially thank Ms. Mizue Ijima—who nearly missed the plane that would take her and her husband on a well-deserved holiday, to make sure I received timely information that I needed before my visit. The JAMSTEC scientists whose work I found especially relevant to this book were Kentaro Ando, Satomi Tomishima, and Takeshi Doi—the last an expert on the workings of Earth Simulator 2, the homegrown NEC supercomputer that endeavors to solve some of the more complex of the Pacific’s weather conundrums.
Officials past and present at the Sony Corporation were unfailingly helpful when I was attempting to piece together the story of Masaru Ibuka and the company’s first transistor radios. Hiroko Onoyama worked for many years as chief assistant to Akio Morita in New York; and Hiroko Maeda is with Sony USA today: both made introductions for me and arranged visits to Sony offices, archives, and showrooms in Tokyo that were enormously useful. I also grateful to John Nathan, professor of Japanese cultural studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has written what remains probably the best popular history of the corporation.
The men and women of the Polynesian Voyaging Society, eager, enthusiastic, and brave, were tremendously welcoming and helpful whenever I chanced by their boatyard offices, as they prepared for their epic malama honua voyage of 2014. Marisa Hayase, who then acted as communications coordinator for the planned circumnavigation, was subsequently unfailing with her advice and timely assistance. May fair winds continue to attend all who are involved in the expedition.
Among the many individuals to whom I owe much for their encouragement or assistance or both, I must thank the following: Kate Andrews, an Australian environmentalist friend of many years, who looked after me in Darwin and then read and helped tweak the relevant Australian chapters; Sasha and Marina Belousov, geologists in Kamchatka, who kindly took me to see the Zhupanovsky volcano while it was in full eruption; Simon Bowden and Dana Yee, for allowing me affordable use of their apartment in Honolulu; Mark Bradford, senior meteorologist on Kwajalein, and fund of information on tropical cyclones; Mark Brazil, who from his base on Hokkaido travels the world pursuing his environmental interests; David Christian, director of the Big History Institute at Macquarie University in Sydney; Gavan Daws, the writer, long based in Hawaii, who is a walking treasure-house of Pacific Island matters; John Dvorak, who runs a large university telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea, and is the author of a fine account of the San Andreas fault; the wise writer Gretel Ehrlich, who now lives in Hawaii with her husband and my old NPR friend Neal Conan; John Elias of Nautilus Minerals; Mary Hagedorn, an expert on hot-water corals; Kevin Hamilton, an atmospheric scientist and former director of the International Pacific Research Center at the University of Hawaii; Louise Hancock at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford; Hiroshi Hasegawa, single-handed savior of the short-tailed albatross and a true hero of the avian world; Laurie Irvine of Soil Machine Dynamics in Newcastle upon Tyne; Elizabeth Kapu’uwailani Lindsey, an old friend, a true Hawaiian, and student of the original instructions of the world’s elders; Kurt Matsumoto of Pulama Lanai; the talented writer Jon Mooallem, who made many noble attempts to unravel today’s Lana’i story; my old friend and former Hong Kong government official Peter Moss; Jack Niedenthal, who from his base in Majuro acts as liaison for the displaced people of Bikini atoll; the geochronologist Professor Paula Reimer at Queen’s University, Belfast; Kylie Robertson, a great Australian friend and publicist currently based in New York; Tom Roelans, general manager of the Four Seasons resorts on Lana’i; Philip Smiley, one of the last British colonial officers in the Solomon Islands; Lori Teranishi, who is Larry Ellison’s spokesperson in Hawaii; Kazuyoshi Umemoto, formerly Japan’s ambassador to the UN, now in Rome; Charlie Veron, the world-revered champion of corals; Julianne Walsh, an expert on the Marshallese people at the Pacific Islands Studies Center at the University of Hawaii; and my son Rupert Winchester, of London and Phnom Penh, who kindly proofread the near-finished book and offered a wealth of corrections and invaluable suggestions.
This was a challenging book, both to research and to write; but the task was made much less daunting by the clear-eyed and wise counsel of my friend and HarperCollins editor Henry Ferris, for whose lexico-surgical skills I have the greatest admiration. I continue to believe that a readable book is the result of intimate team-work between editor and writer; and if this book comes to be regarded as readable, then it will stand as testament to the hard work that Henry Ferris put into it to help make it so. Both he and I were greatly aided by Nick Amphlett, his stellar editorial assistant at Harper, who attended to the myriad nuts and bolts of this project with great good humor and forbearance. So to all in the HarperCollins team in New York, as well as to my splendid London editor, Martin Redfern, and his colleagues there, I raise a glass, or several, in salute.
As I do also to my agents at William Morris: in New York to the redoubtable Suzanne Gluck, to her incomparable assistant Clio Seraphim; and across in London, to my great friend Simon Trewin. My sincerest thanks, and blessings to you all!
Simon Winchester
Sandisfield, Massachusetts
July 2015
About the Author
Simon Winchester is the bestselling author of Atlantic, Krakatoa, The Map that Changed the World and The Surgeon of Crowthorne, among many other titles. In 2006, he was awarded an OBE. Born in England, he now lives in western Massachusetts and New York City.
Also by SIMON WINCHESTER
In Holy Terror
American Heartbeat
Their Noble Lordships
Stones of Empire (photographer)
Outposts
Prison Diary, Argentina
Hong Kong: Here Be Dragons
Kor
ea: A Walk Through the Land of Miracles
Pacific Rising
Small World
Pacific Nightmare
The River at the Center
of the World
The Surgeon of Crowthorne
The Fracture Zone
The Map That Changed the World
Krakatoa
The Meaning of Everything
A Crack in the Edge of the World
Bomb, Book and Compass
West Coast: Bering to Baja
Skulls
Atlantic
The Men Who United the States
When the Earth Shakes
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Pacific: Silicon Chips and Surfboards, Coral Reefs and Atom Bombs Page 49