23. Luthuli, op. cit., p. 172
24. Private information
25. Long Walk, p. 237
26. Jail Memoir
27. New Age, July 17, 1957
28. See for example E. J. Emery, letter to R. G. Britten, Jan. 19, 1959: “Judging from press reports (which is all we have so far to go by) …” (PRO: DO/35/10575)
29. Eleanor Emery, interview with James Sanders, Dec. 12, 1996
30. Sunday Telegraph, Feb. 25, 1990; Mandela, comments on text
31. Long Walk, p. 242; Meer, op. cit., p. 82
32. Joseph, op. cit., p. 209
33. Meer, op. cit., p. 94
34. Winnie Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
35. Meer, op. cit., p. 104
36. Winnie Mandela, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
37. Emma Gilbey, The Lady: The Life and Times of Winnie Mandela, p. 26
38. Ellen Kuzwayo, Call Me Woman, p. 159
39. Sunday Independent, Sept. 8, 1996
40. A. Tambo, interview with author, Feb. 13, 1997
41. J. Matthews, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
42. Long Walk, p. 250
43. Adelaide Joseph, interview with author, Dec. 6, 1996; Amina Cachalia, interview with author, Aug. 29, 1996; R. Bernstein, interview with author, Aug. 18, 1996
44. Winnie Mandela, Part of My Soul, p. 66
45. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
46. Long Walk, p. 252
47. Mandela, letter to W. Mandela, June 2, 1986
48. Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996
49. W. Mandela, op. cit., p. 65
50. Meer, op. cit., p. 132
51. Kuzwayo, op. cit., p. 160
52. A. Joseph, interview with author, Dec. 6, 1996
53. Lodge, op. cit., p. 145
54. Bizos, op. cit.
55. Long Walk, pp. 259–60, 591; Joel Carson, No Neutral Ground, pp. 106–7
56. Long Walk, p. 591
10 Dazzling Contender: 1957–1959
1. Long Walk, p. 248
2. Gail M. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa, p. 174, citing Golden City Post, March 2, 1956
3. Mandela to Richard Stengel
4. Benjamin Pogrund, How Can Man Die Better: Sobukwe and Apartheid, p. 118; Gerhart, op. cit., p. 166
5. Slovo, op. cit., p. 113
6. Pitje, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
7. Peter Raboroko, interview with Gail Gerhart, Sept. 9, 1968
8. Mandela to Richard Stengel
9. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 284, 308
10. Gerhart, op. cit., pp. 284, 178
11. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
12. Nthato Motlana, interview with author, Feb. 3, 1997; Pogrund, How Can Man Die Better, op. cit., p. 85
13. Motlana, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
14. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
15. Mda, interview with Gerhart, op. cit.
16. Mandela, letter to Momazoma Finca, Aug. 1974
17. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 314
18. Pogrund, How Can Man Die Better, op. cit., pp. 37, 62
19. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 508
20. Lewis Nkosi, “Robert Sobukwe: An Assessment,” Africa Report, April 1962
21. Long Walk, p. 268
22. E. J. Emery in Cape Town, report to R. G. Britten in London, May 25, 1959 (PRO: DO 119/1200)
23. Commissioner of the South African Police, report to Mr. Gee, British High Commission, Aug. 17, 1959 (PRO: DO 35/10575)
24. Sampson, diary, Oct. 1958
25. Long Walk, p. 101
26. Meer, op. cit., p. 142
27. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
28. Mandela to Richard Stengel
29. Mandela, “The First Bram Fischer Memorial Lecture,” June 9, 1995
30. E. Matshikiza, conversation with author, Oct. 10, 1996
31. E. J. Emery in Cape Town, report to R. G. Britten in London, June 4, 1959 (PRO: DO 35/10575)
32. New York Times, May 28, 1959; Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 293
33. Sisulu, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
34. “Banned Leader,” “Problems of Organisation in the ANC,” Liberation, Nov. 1955, p. 8
35. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1997; Martin Leighton, interview with James Sanders, June 1998
36. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 263, 453, 484
37. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1997
38. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 445, 472
39. Sampson, diary, July 1957
40. Long Walk, p. 299
41. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 292, 473; Sampson, diary, March 30, 1960
42. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 86
43. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 475, 546
44. Oliver Tambo, oration at Duma Nokwe’s funeral, Jan. 22, 1978
45. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 475, 546
46. Gerhart, op. cit., p. 229
47. Slovo, op. cit., p. 114
11 The Revolution That Wasn’t: 1960
1. The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 76–7
2. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 464
3. Sampson, diary, Feb. 1960
4. Observer, Dec. 20, 1959
5. Harold Macmillan, conversation with author, Dec. 31, 1959; Richard Cockett, David Astor and the Observer, p. 201, citing PRO: CO 1027/143
6. Alistair Horne, Macmillan, 1957–1986: Volume II of the Official Biography, pp. 189, 194. For the development of the speech see PRO: CO 1027/143
7. Harold Evans, Downing Street Diary: The Macmillan Years 1957–1963, p. 102
8. Horne, op. cit., pp. 195–6; see also Sampson, Observer, Feb. 7, 1960
9. Sampson, Macmillan, p. 189
10. Driver, op. cit., p. 172
11. Sir David Hunt, On the Spot, p. 119
12. Sampson, diary, Feb. 1960; Sampson, Macmillan, p. 189
13. Mandela, speech to British Parliament, July 11, 1996
14. Sampson, Macmillan, p. 190
15. Jail Memoir
16. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 564, 332
17. Long Walk, pp. 279–80
18. Lodge, op. cit., p. 207
19. Welsh, op. cit., p. 454
20. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 336
21. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
22. Sampson, Observer, April 24, 1960
23. Long Walk, p. 281
24. Slovo, op. cit., pp. 115–16
25. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
26. Jail Memoir
27. Sampson, diary, March 30, 1960
28. Sampson, Observer, April 3, 1960
29. Pogrund, How Can Man Die Better, op. cit., p. 144
30. Joseph Lelyveld, Move Your Shadow: South Africa, Black and White, pp. 315–47; Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 329–44
31. Kathrada, comments on text
32. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
33. Joseph, op. cit., p. 83
34. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 343
35. Sampson, Observer, April 24, 1960
36. Mandela to Richard Stengel
37. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 344
38. Long Walk, pp. 294, 296
39. Kentridge, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
40. Mandela to Richard Stengel
41. Treason Trial transcript, pp. 15,987, 15,983–5, 16,002, 16,012–13, 15,919, 16,138, 15,977, 16,118, 15,959
42. Joseph, op. cit., p. 95; Treason Trial transcript, p. 15,864
43. Treason Trial transcript, pp. 16,143, 16,149, 16,112–13, 15,772
44. Kentridge, interview with author, Oct. 2, 1996
45. Ben Turok, interview with author, July 26, 1998
46. R. Bernstein, interview with author, Sept. 29, 1996
47. D. P. Wilcocks, Liquidator, Department of Justice, letter to Mandela, July 1, 1966; Mandela, letter to Liquidator, August 15, 1966; Wilcocks, letter to Mandela, Dec. 15, 1966 (Justice Archive)
48. I. Meer, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
49. Long Walk, p. 139
50. Jail Memoir
51. Mandela to Richard Stengel
52. Jail Memoir
53. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 341, 572–6
54. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
55. Ronald Segal, Into Exile, pp. 278–81
56. Long Walk, p. 289
57. Kathrada, comments on text
58. Jail Memoir
59. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 359
12 Violence: 1961
1. Mandela to Richard Stengel
2. W. Mandela, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
3. Lodge, op. cit., p. 233
4. Bunting, op. cit., p. 266
5. P. M. Foster, report to A. I. M. Davie, Commonwealth Relations Office, May 23, 1961 (PRO: DO 180/6); Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 355
6. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
7. Harry Oppenheimer, conversation with author, Aug. 8, 1997
8. Contact, May 4, 1961; New York Times, March 27, 1961; Rand Daily Mail, March 27, 1961
9. Lodge, op. cit., p. 232
10. Dingake, op. cit., p. 65
11. New York Times, March 27, 1961
12. New Age, March 30, 1961; Observer, March 26, 1961
13. Andrew Wilson, conversation with author, May 25, 1997
14. Contact, April 6, 1961
15. Benjamin Pogrund, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
16. Denis Goldberg, interview with author, Dec. 13, 1996
17. The Struggle Is My Life, p. 21
18. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 348
19. Long Walk, pp. 309–10
20. Ibid., p. 304
21. Sisulu, interview with author, Nov. 29, 1995
22. Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 78
23. Jail Memoir; John Sutherland, interview with author, March 15, 1997; Tony Heard, interview with author, Feb. 6, 1997
24. P. M. Foster, report to R. G. Britten, Commonwealth Relations Office, April 20, 1961 (PRO: DO 180/8)
25. Driver, op. cit., p. 195
26. Randolph Vigne, interview with author, Oct. 29, 1997; Vigne, op. cit., pp. 143–4; Jail Memoir
27. P. M. Foster, report to A. I. M. Davie, Commonwealth Relations Office, May 23, 1961 (PRO: DO 180/6)
28. P. M. Foster, report to W. S. Bates, Commonwealth Relations Office, Jan. 30, 1961 (PRO: DO 180/6)
29. P. M. Foster, report to A. I. M. Davie, Commonwealth Relations Office, May 23, 1961 (PRO: DO 180/6)
30. Horne, op. cit., pp. 392–3
31. Oliver Tambo, conversation with author, Dec. 26, 1987
32. Peter Foster, memo to Hilary Young, Pretoria, Dec. 21, 1962, citing Ambassador’s Policy Despatch No. 17, June 1961 (PRO: FO 371/161906)
33. Private information
34. House of Assembly Debates, May 23, 1961, col. 6497
35. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 636; Sir de Villiers Graaff, Div Looks Back
36. New York Times, May 12, 1961
37. Jail Memoir
38. Baruch Hirson, Revolutions in My Life, p. 302
39. Meer, op. cit., p. 165
40. Dingake, op. cit., p. 66
41. Star, May 12, 1961
42. Guardian, May 27, 29, 1961
43. Long Walk, p. 318
44. Star, May 27, 1961
45. The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 104–6
46. Benjamin Pogrund, “Killing the Messenger” (unpublished); Pogrund, interview with author, Oct. 22, 1996
47. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
48. Lodge, op. cit., p. 232
49. Rand Daily Mail, June 3, 1961
50. Brian Widlake, interview with James Sanders, Jan. 1997
51. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
52. Benson, A Far Cry: The Making of a South African, p. 129
53. Long Walk, p. 320
54. Stanley Uys, conversation with author, April 30, 1998
55. Robert Oakeshott, conversation with author, Jan. 6, 1997; Benson, Nelson Mandela, p. 87
56. Observer, June 4, 1961
57. A. I. M. Davie, note, June 7, 1961 (PRO: DO 180/6)
58. Jail Memoir
59. Francis Meli, South Africa Belongs to Us: A History of the ANC, p. 144
60. Tom Lodge, Bill Nasson, Steven Mufson, Khehla Shubane and Nokwanda Sithole, All, Here and Now: Black Politics in South Africa in the 1980s, p. 307
61. Long Walk, p. 322
62. R. Bernstein, interview with author, Aug. 18, 1996
63. Slovo, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
64. R. Bernstein, interview with author, Aug. 18, 1996
65. Long Walk, pp. 320–3
66. Jail Memoir
67. Sisulu, interview with author, Jan. 25, 1996
68. Apollon Davidson, interview with author, Oct. 15, 1996
69. Slovo, op. cit., pp. 151–2
70. Jail Memoir; Rand Daily Mail, May 29, 1961
71. Slovo, op. cit., pp. 147, 150
72. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 701
73. The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 148–9, Trial statement, 1962
74. Wolfie Kodesh, interview with author, Oct. 13, 1996
75. Jail Memoir
76. Slovo, op. cit., p. 147
77. Jail Memoir
78. Kodesh, interview with author, Oct. 13, 1996
79. Long Walk, p. 329
80. Kodesh, interview with author, Oct. 13, 1996
81. Meer, op. cit., p. 255, citing Rivonia trial testimony
82. Mandela, speech at Memorial Service for Joe Slovo, Nov. 23, 1995
83. Slovo, op. cit., pp. 150, 153
84. Kodesh, interview with author, Oct. 13, 1996
85. Meer, op. cit., pp. 228, 164, citing Rivonia trial testimony
86. Mandela, letter to Effie Schultz, March 10, 1986
87. Meer, op. cit., p. 248, citing Rivonia trial testimony; R. Bernstein, op. cit.
88. Holland, op. cit., p. 135
89. Kathrada, Star, July 17, 1998
90. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
91. P. and A. Joseph, interview with author, Dec. 6, 1996
92. Goldberg, interview with author, Dec. 13, 1996
93. Meer, op. cit., pp. 165, 251
94. Benson, Far Cry, p. 131
95. Vigne, op. cit., p. 202; Slovo, op. cit., p. 152
96. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
97. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., p. 656
98. Slovo, interview for Menell and Gibson, Mandela (film)
99. Karis and Carter, Vol. 3, op. cit., pp. 716–17
100. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
101. Jail Memoir
102. Long Walk, p. 338
103. J. J. Hurley, Ambassador, Canadian Embassy, Pretoria, “Conversation with Chief Albert J. Luthuli,” Nov. 23, 1961 (PRO: FO 371/155546)
104. Long Walk, p. 337
105. E. B. Boothby, Visit of Chief Luthuli memo, Dec. 11, 1961 (PRO: FO 371/155546)
106. R. Bernstein, interview with author, Aug. 18, 1996
107. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
13 Last Fling: 1962
1. “The White Redoubt” (declassified U.S. State Department document), July 6, 1962
2. Mandela, Africa Diary (unpublished), Jan. 9–11, 1962
3. Mandela, letter to Mary Benson, May 6, 1987
4. Jail Memoir
5. High Commissioner, Cape Town, telegram to Secretary of State for the Colonies, Jan. 22, 1962 (PRO: DO 119/1478)
6. Jail Memoir
7. “Overt and Covert Activity by the South African Police Within the High Commission Territories”; J. A. Steward, Cape Town, letter to V. Gillett, Maseru, April 26, 1961 (PRO: DO 119/1222)
8. John Longrigg, int
erview with James Sanders, April 1997
9. V. J. G. Matthews: Source of Funds—HC Telex, August 10, 1962 (PRO: DO 119/1229)
10. Jail Memoir
11. Frene Ginwala, interview with author, Oct. 11, 1996
12. Jail Memoir
13. Long Walk, p. 347
14. Jail Memoir
15. The Struggle Is My Life, pp. 116–24
16. Star, Feb. 3, 1962; see also Mandela’s statement in Star, Feb. 10, 1962: “The underground ANC is becoming stronger every day.”
17. Observer, Feb. 4, 1962; Guardian, Feb. 7, 1962
18. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
19. Meer, op. cit., pp. 177–80; Jail Memoir
20. Mandela to Richard Stengel
21. Jail Memoir
22. R. Bernstein, op. cit.
23. Rivonia trial evidence, R13
24. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997
25. Rivonia trial evidence, R13
26. Meer, op. cit., p. 246, citing Rivonia trial testimony
27. Long Walk, p. 355
28. Jail Memoir
29. Africa Diary, March 25, 1962
30. Jail Memoir
31. Neville Alexander, interview with author, Oct. 14, 1996
32. Africa Diary, April 7, 30, May 3–4, 17, 1962
33. Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 11, 1997
34. A. Tambo, interview with author, Feb. 13, 1997
35. Sisulu, interview with author, Feb. 21, 1997
36. A. Tambo, interview with author, Oct. 20, 1996
37. Benson, Far Cry, p. 144
38. Denis Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 358; Mandela, interview with author, Feb. 24, 1997; Healey, conversation with author, July 15, 1997
39. Jail Memoir; David Astor, conversation with author, May 1, 1996
40. Africa Diary, June 15, 1962
41. Astor, conversation with author, May 1, 1996
42. Colin Legum, interview with author, Jan. 6, 1997
43. Benson, Far Cry, p. 144
44. E. Matshikiza, conversation with author, Oct. 10, 1996
45. Vella Pillay, interview with author, Dec. 3, 1996
46. Jail Memoir
47. Africa Diary, June 29, 1962
48. Meer, op. cit., p. 199
49. Sampson, diary, July 1962
50. Long Walk, pp. 363–4
51. Kathrada, interview with author, Oct. 16, 1996; Long Walk, p. 365
52. Rivonia trial evidence, R14
53. Kathrada, interview with author, Oct. 16, 1996
54. F. Meer, interview with author, July 27, 1996
55. Long Walk, pp. 370–1
56. Ronnie Kasrils, “Armed and Dangerous”: My Undercover Struggle Against Apartheid, p. 50
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