by Adam LeBor
———. The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War Against the Jews. London: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Jeffreys, Diarmuid. Hell’s Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler’s War Machine. London: Bloomsbury, 2009.
Kahn, David. Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II. New York: Macmillan, 1978.
Krugman, Paul. End This Depression Now! New York: W. W. Norton, 2012.
Laughland, John. The Tainted Source: The Undemocratic Origins of the European Idea. London: Time, Warner, 1998.
LeBor, Adam. Hitler’s Secret Bankers: How Switzerland Profited from Nazi Genocide. London: Pocket Books, 1999.
LeBor, Adam and Roger Boyes. Surviving Hitler: Choice, Corruption and Compromise in the Third Reich. London: Pocket Books, 2000.
Lisagor, Nancy and Frank Lipsius. A Law Unto Itself: The Untold Story of Sullivan and Cromwell. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1988.
MacMillan, Margaret. Peacemakers: Six Months that Changed the World. London: John Murray, 2003.
Mahl, Thomas E. Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939–1944. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey’s, 1998.
Marsh, David. The Bundesbank: The Bank That Rules Europe. London: William Heinemann, 1992.
———. The Euro: The Battle for the New Global Currency. Yale University Press, 2011.
Mierzejewski, Alfred C. Ludwig Erhard (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2006)
Mosley, Leonard. Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen and John Foster Dulles and their family network. New York: Doubleday, 1978.
O’Sullivan, Christopher D. Post-War Planning and the Quest for a New World Order. Columbia University Press, 2008.
Padoa-Schioppa, Tommaso. The Road to Monetary Union in Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
Partnoy, Frank. The Match King: Ivar Kreuger and the Financial Scandal of the Century. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010.
Pauly, Louis W. Who Elected the Bankers? Surveillance and Control in the World Economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Petersen, Neal H., ed. From Hitler’s Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles 1942–1945. Penn State University Press, 1996.
Pol, Heinz. The Hidden Enemy: The German Threat to Post-War Peace. New York: Julian Messner, 1943.
Roberts, Richard. Schroders: Bankers and Merchants. London: Macmillan, 1992.
Sampson, Anthony. The Money Lenders: The People and Politics of the World Banking Crisis. London: Viking, 1983.
Schacht, Hjalmar. Confessions of the Old Wizard. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1956.
Scherman, Rabbi Nosson. The Chumash: The Torah, Haftoras and Five Megillos With a Commentary Anthologised from the Rabbinic Writings, NewYork: Mesorah Publications, 2001.
Simpson, Christopher. Blowback: The First Full Account of America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Disastrous Effect on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1988.
———. The Splendid Blond Beast: Money, Law and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995.
Simpson, Christopher, ed. War Crimes of the Deutsche Bank and the Dresdner Bank: Office of the Military Government (US) Reports. Teaneck, NJ: Holmes and Meier, 2002.
Singleton, John. Central Banking in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Stiglitz, Joseph. Freefall: Free Markets and the Sinking of the Global Economy. London: Penguin, 2010.
Strachan, Hew. Financing the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Sutton, Anthony. Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler. West Hoathly, Sussex: Clairview Books, 2010.
Swaine, Robert Taylor. The Cravath Firm and Its Predecessors 1819–1947. New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange Ltd, 1964.
Tarullo, Daniel. Banking on Basel: The Future of International Financial Regulation. Washington, DC: The Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2008.
Toniolo, Gianni, with Piet Clement. Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements 1930–1973. London: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Tooze, Adam. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and the Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Allen Lane, 2006.
Touffut, Jean-Philippe. Central Banks as Economic Institutions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008.
Trevor-Roper, H. R. Hitler’s Secret Conversations, 1941–1944. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Young, 1953.
Turner, Henry Ashby Jr. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Ugland, Trygve. Jean Monnet and Canada: Early Travels and the Idea of European Unity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.
Weitz, John. Hitler’s Banker: Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht. London: Warner Books, 1999.
West, Nigel. British Security Co-ordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas 1940–45. London: Little, Brown, 1998.
Wistrich, Robert. Who’s Who in Nazi Germany. London: Routledge, 2002.
Wyman, David S. The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941–1945. New York: Pantheon, 1984.
SELECTED ARTICLES AND PAPERS
Aldrich, Richard. “OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe 1948–1960,” Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 1997.
Andrews, David M. “Command and Control in the Committee of Governors: Leadership, Staff and Preparations for EMU,” European University Institute, available at http://aei.pitt.edu/2811/1/078.pdf.
Auboin, Roger. “The Bank for International Settlements, 1930–1955,” Essays in International Finance, May 1955.
Avent, Ryan. “The Twilight of the Central Banker,” Free Exchange, The Economist, June 26, 2012, available at http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/06/central-banks.
Bank for International Settlements, The. Annual reports from 1930, available at http://www.bis.org.
Bank for International Settlements, The. “Note on Gold Operations Involving the BIS and the German Reichsbank, September 1, 1939–May 8, 1945,” available at http://www.bis.org/publ/bisp02b.pdf.
Beevor, Antony. “Europe’s Long Shadow,” Prospect magazine, December 2012.
Borkin, Joseph and Charles Welsh. “Germany’s Master Plan,” review by J. Hurstfield, Economic History Review, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1944), 206–207.
Boughton, James M. “Harry Dexter White and the International Monetary Fund,” Finance and Development magazine, September 1998.
Breitman, Richard. “A deal with the Nazi dictatorship: Hitler’s alleged emissaries in Autumn 1943,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 30, No. 3, July 1995.
Cecchetti, Stephen and Enisse Kharroubi. “Reassessing the Impact of Finance on Growth,” BIS Working Papers, 381, July 2012.
Clement, Piet. “The touchstone of German credit: Nazi Germany and the service of the Dawes and Young Loans,” Financial History Review, Vol. 11, 1, April 2004.
———. “The term ‘macroprudential’: origins and evolution,” Bank for International Settlements, BIS Quarterly Review, March 2010.
Eichengreen, Barry, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. “The European Payments Union: History and implications for the evolution of the international financial architecture,” OECD Development Center, Paris, March 2001.
Epstein, Edward Jay. “Ruling the world of money,” Harper’s, November 1983.
Friedman, Milton. “The Island of Stone Money,” Working Papers in Economics E-91-3, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, February 1991.
Funk, Walter. “Economic Reorganisation of Europe,” Reichsbank, Berlin, 1940.
Goodhart, Charles. “The Changing Role of Central Banks,” BIS Working Paper 326, November 2010.
Hilsenrath, Jon, and Brian Blackstone. “Inside the Risky Bets of Central Banks”, Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2012.
Haldane, Andrew. “A Leaf Being Turned,” Occupy Economics, London, 29 October, 2012, available at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publica
tions/Documents/speeches/2012/speech616.pdf.
Hudson, Manley, O. “The Immunities of the Bank for International Settlements,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan. 1938), 128–134.
Johanssen, Niels and Gabriel Zucman. “The End of Bank Secrecy? An Evaluation of the G20 Tax Haven Crackdown,” Working Paper 2012–04, Paris School of Economics, February 2012.
Keynes, J. M. “The Bank for International Settlements, Fourth Annual Report, 1933–34,” Economic Journal, Vol. 44, No. 175. September 1934, 514–518.
Kriz, M.A. “The Bank for International Settlements: Wartime Activities and Present Position,” (Revised), Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Foreign Research Division, June 11, 1947.
Lamfalussy, Alexandre. “Central banks, Governments and the European Monetary Unification Process,” BIS Working Paper 201. February 2006.
Lefort, Daniel. “Bank for International Settlements, Basel, Switzerland,” Kluwer Law International, Intergovernmental Organisations—Supplement 36, November 2009.
Martín-Aceña, Pablo, Elena Martínez Ruiz, Maria. A. Pons, “War and Economics: Spanish Civil War Finances Revisited,” Working papers on Economic History, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, WP-04-10, December 2010.
Maes, Ivo. “The Evolution of Alexandre Lamfalussy’s Thought on the International and European Monetary System (1961-1993),” Working Paper Research, November 2011, No. 127. National Bank of Belgium.
Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum and Ernst and Young. “Challenges for Central Banks, Wider Powers, Greater Restraints.” November 2012.
Pol, Heinz. “IG Farben’s Peace Offer,” Protestant Magazine, June–July 1943, 41.
Pollard, Patricia. “A Look Inside Two Central Banks: The European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, January/February 2003.
Sibert, Anne. “Accountability and the ECB,” European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policies, Economic and Monetary Affairs, September 2009, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/200909/20090924ATT61145/20090924ATT61145EN.pdf.
Siegman, Charles J. “The Bank for International Settlements and the Federal Reserve,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, Volume 80, number 10, October 1994.
Simmons, Beth. “Why Innovate? Founding the Bank for International Settlements,” World Politics, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Apr. 1993), 361–405.
Taibbi, Matt. “The Great American Bubble Machine,” Rolling Stone, July 9 2009.
Tuttle, William M. Jr. “The Birth of an Industry: the Synthetic Rubber ‘Mess’ in World War II,” Technology and Culture, January 1981, 40.
Van Hook, James C. “Review of Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case by R. Bruce Craig,” Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 49, No. 1, April 2007.
Weixelbaum, Jason. “The Contradiction of Neutrality and International Finance: The Presidency of Thomas H. McKittrick at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel 1940–1946,” May 2010, available at http://jasonweixelbaum.wordpress.com/tag/thomas-h-mckittrick.
———. “Following the Money: An Exploration of the Relationship between American Finance and Nazi Germany,” December 2009, available at http://jasonweixelbaum.wordpress.com/2009/12/21/following-the-money-an-explorationof-the-relationship-between-american-finance-and-nazi-germany.
ARCHIVED INTERVIEWS
Connelly, Albert Ray. Conducted in October 1990. Number 549, Jean Monnet Statesman of Interdepence Collection (EUI), available at http://www.eui.eu/HAEU/OralHistory/bin/CreaInt.asp?rc=INT549.
Harriman, Averell. Conducted in 1971. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, available at http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/harriman.htm.
Hoffman, Paul. Conducted in October 1964. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, available at http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/hoffmanp.htm.
Lamfalussy, Alexandre. Series of interviews conducted in March 2010, available at http://www.cvce.eu.
McKittrick, Thomas. Conducted in July 1964. John Foster Dulles Oral History Collection, number 172 (SGMML).
Zijlstra, Jelle. Conducted in May 1989. Number 534, Jean Monnet Statesman of Interdepence Collection (EUI), available at http://www.eui.eu/HAEU/OralHistory/bin/CreaInt.asp?rc=INT534.
SELECTED WEBSITES
Bank for International Settlements, http://www.bis.org
Centre for European Studies, http://www.cvce.eu
Economics resource, http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com
Economics and finance resource, http://www.econlib.org
The Economist magazine, http://www.economist.com
European University Institute, http://www.eui.eu
Financial Times, http://www.ft.com
Investopedia finance resource, http://www.investopedia.com
New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com
Holocaust research resource, http://www.nizkor.org
Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, http://www.trumanlibrary.org
IG Farben historical resources, http://www.wollheim-memorial.de
US Department of State, Office of the Historian, http://www.history.state.gov
Index
A
Abacha, Sani, 259
Abs, Hermann, 153–154, 184, 187–188, 192–193, 197
Adenauer, Konrad, 159
Agreement for Intra-European Payments and Compensation, 166
The Alchemy Murder (Jacobssen), 52
Aldrich, Nelson, 137
Aldrich, Richard, 173
Aldrich, Winthrop, 137
Alien Property Custodian, 102, 118, 146
Alkali Export Association (Alkasso), 143
Allied Chemical & Dye Corporation, 37
Allied Tripartite Commission, 127, 132–133
Ambros, Otto, 159
American Committee for a United Europe, 173
American-Nazi financial network, 99–102, 104–109
Anschluss, 47, 53
Arendt, Hannah, 183
Argentina, dispute over reserves of, 260–261
Arnold, Thurman, 101
Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank, 70–71
Asian debt crisis (1997), 238
Auboin, Roger, xviii, 61, 81, 86, 94, 116, 192
Auschwitz, 116, 144, 158, 162
See also IG Auschwitz
Australia, 198
Austrian National Bank, 53, 182
Autarky, 35, 84, 166
Axis powers, BIS gold transactions for, 86–87
B
Baer, Gunther, 212
Baker, Dean, 252
Baltic gold, management of by BIS, 79–80, 206
Banco Zaragozano, 57
Bank deutscher Länder, 151, 175, 219
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
adaptability of, xxi, 193
American presidents of, 109
amorality of, 52–54, 63–66
annual reports, 25, 52–53, 208, 236, 256–254
Argentine reserves, dispute over, 260–261
authorized activities of, 21–22
available information about, xvi–xvii, xvii–xviii
Baltic gold, management of, 79–80, 206
Basel Committee rules, 241
buy-back of shares, dispute over, 242–243
as Cold War information channel, 201–202
collapse of Soviet Union, role of in, 205
current status, 255–257
Czechoslovak gold affair, 59–63
ECSC, as transitional bank for, 174–175
effect of World War II on, 84–85
employees, 23–24
European Currency Unit (ECU), agent for, 210
European Monetary Cooperation Fund, agent for, 210
European Payments Union (EPU), agent for, 167
European unification, role in, 208–211, 258
Eurozone crisis, role in, xx–xxi
evacuation of headquarters in World War II, 80–81
existence, question of need
for, 262–263
founding of, xvii, 20–21
fund transfer procedure, 22–23
funding of Holocaust by, 258
future of, 270
globalization of, 228
gold, looted, 53, 78, 85, 132, 261–263
gold standard and, 42
gold transactions of, 67–68, 86–87, 114–115
governors’ monthly meeting, xii–xiii, 49–50, 256
Hague Convention, signing of, 20
headquarters, xix, 199–201
hostility toward, 89
insider trading by, 41
legal inviolability of, 14, 20, 42, 263, 265–268
liquidation of, motion for, 122–124
location, choice of, 13
Marshall Plan payments, as clearinghouse for, 146–147
Nazi Germany, relationship with, 33, 51, 78–79, 84–87, 114–115, 123, 125–127, 256
neutrality of, 78, 87
post–World War II survival of, 139–140, 147–148, 167, 175–176
privileges of, xiv, 81–82
problems caused by member financial policies, 245–246
purpose, xix–xxi, 5, 20, 42–43, 53–54
Reichsbank gold account in, 85
rescue packages, coordination of, 206–207
reserve currency rescue, coordination of, 193
as safe haven from creditors, 261–262
secrecy, tradition of, xv–xviii, 259
social responsibility, need for, 268–269
transnational economy, role of in, xxii–xxiii
transparency, need for, 267–268
United States, blockage of transactions by, 95, 111, 133
warnings about easy credit, 238–240
wartime intelligence, conduit for, 113, 116–117, 127–131
See also BIS committees
Bank of America, 169
Bank of England, 28, 29, 59–61, 67, 83, 110, 122, 189, 191, 245, 257
Bank of France, 28, 29, 61, 62, 65, 69, 85, 175
Bank of France (Vichy), 86–87
Bank of Greece’s missing gold, 23
Bank of Japan, 257
Bank of Portugal, 114
Bank of Russia, 206
Bank of Spain, 44, 56
Bank Voor Handel en Scheepvaart, 145
Bankers’ Almanac and Yearbook, 64
Bankers’ Magazine, on neutrality of BIS reports, 52
Bankhaus Herstatt, 207
Banks, war and, 29–30