by Martha Hodes
Abraham Lincoln
On Lincoln and slavery, see especially Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010). And see John Burt, Lincoln’s Tragic Pragmatism: Lincoln, Douglas, and Moral Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013); Brian R. Dirck, Abraham Lincoln and White America (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012); Henry Louis Gates Jr., ed., Lincoln on Race and Slavery (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009); James Oliver Horton, “Naturally Anti-Slavery: Lincoln, Race, and the Complexity of American Liberty,” in The Best American History Essays on Lincoln, ed. Sean Wilentz (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); George M. Fredrickson, Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008); Manisha Sinha, “Allies for Emancipation? Lincoln and Black Abolitionists,” in Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World, ed. Eric Foner (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 167–96; James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007); Lerone Bennett Jr., Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream (1999; reprint, Chicago: Johnson, 2007); James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); and Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). On Lincoln and civil liberties, see William A. Blair, With Malice toward Some: Treason and Loyalty in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014); John Fabian Witt, Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History (New York: Free Press, 2012); Mark E. Neely Jr., Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); and Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). Lincoln’s second inaugural address is treated in works on Lincoln and slavery (see above) and Lincoln biographies (see below); I have found none that interpret Lincoln’s ideas about malice and charity as pertaining to African Americans rather than Confederates. On the speech, see especially Ronald C. White Jr., Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002); Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). And see James Tackach, Lincoln’s Moral Vision: The Second Inaugural Address (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2002); Nicholas Parrillo, “Lincoln’s Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War,” Civil War History 46 (2000), 227–53; Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln, Redeemer President (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); Garry Wills, “Lincoln’s Greatest Speech,” Atlantic, September 1, 1999, available at theatlantic.com; and Ronald C. White Jr., “Lincoln’s Sermon on the Mount: The Second Inaugural,” in Religion and the American Civil War, ed. Randall M. Miller et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 208–25. See also Richard Carwardine, “Lincoln’s Religion,” in Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World, ed. Eric Foner (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 223–48; and Glen E. Thurow, “Abraham Lincoln and American Political Religion,” in The Historian’s Lincoln: Pseudohistory, Psychohistory, and History, ed. Gabor S. Boritt (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 125–43. On Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction, see William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997); and LaWanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981).
The Civil War
On the Civil War era, see Bruce Levine, The Fall of the House of Dixie: The Civil War and the Social Revolution That Transformed the South (New York: Random House, 2013); Allen C. Guelzo, Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Gary W. Gallagher, The Union War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011); Harry S. Stout, Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War (New York: Viking Penguin, 2006); Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997); James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982); James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (1965; reprint, New York: Random House, 2008); and Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (1953; reprint, New York: Da Capo, 1989). See also E. B. Long and Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (New York: Doubleday, 1971). On Civil War soldiers, see William A. Dobak, Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867 (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2011); Thomas J. Ward Jr., “Enemy Combatants: Black Soldiers in Confederate Prisons,” Army History 78 (Winter 2011), 32–41; Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007); Martin H. Blatt et al., eds., Hope and Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001); William C. Davis, Lincoln’s Men: How President Lincoln Became Father to an Army and a Nation (New York: Free Press, 1999); James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); James M. McPherson, What They Fought For, 1861–1865 (1994; reprint, New York: Doubleday, 1995); Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: Free Press, 1990); Ira Berlin et al., eds., The Black Military Experience (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865 (1956; reprint, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987); Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952; reprint, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008); and Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (1943; reprint, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008). On combat stress, see Diane Miller Sommerville, “‘A Burden Too Heavy to Bear’: War Trauma, Suicide, and Confederate Soldiers,” Civil War History 59 (2013), 453–91; Diane Miller Sommerville, “‘Will They Ever Be Able to Forget?’ Confederate Soldiers in the Defeated South,” in Weirding the War: Stories from the Civil War’s Ragged Edges, ed. Stephen Berry (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 321–39; Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “Honor Chastened,” in Brown, The Shaping of Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s–1890s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 255–69; Eric T. Dean Jr., Shook over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1997); and Drew Gilpin Faust, “Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army,” in Faust, Southern Stories: Slaveholders in Peace and War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 88–109. On Washington, D.C., during the Civil War era, see Kate Masur, An Example for All the Land: Emancipation and the Struggle over Equality in Washington, D.C. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012); and Robert Harrison, Washington during Civil War and Reconstruction: Race and Radicalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). On religion and the Civil War, see Timothy L. Wesley, The Politics of Faith during the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013); Sean A. Scott, A Visitation of God: Northern Civilians Interpret the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); George C. Rable, God’s Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010); Nicholas Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607–1876 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); Gary Dorrien, The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805–1900 (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001); and Steven E. Woodworth, While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of C
ivil War Soldiers (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001). On civil religion, see Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus 96 (Winter 1967), 1–21. On women and the Civil War, see Stephanie McCurry, Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010); Thavolia Glymph, Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005); and Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). On nonslaveholding white southerners, see Stephanie McCurry, Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010); Samuel C. Hyde Jr., “Plain Folk Reconsidered: Historiographical Ambiguity in Search of Definition,” Journal of Southern History 71 (2005), 803–30; Adam Rothman, “The ‘Slave Power’ in the United States, 1783–1865,” in Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), 64–91; Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Charles C. Bolton, Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994); Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989); Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); and Eugene D. Genovese, “Yeoman Farmers in a Slaveholders’ Democracy,” Agricultural History 49 (1975), 331–42. On Herrenvolk democracy, see George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (New York: Harper and Row, 1971). On emancipation, see James Oakes, Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013); Louis P. Masur, Lincoln’s Hundred Days: The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012); Steven Hahn, The Political Worlds of Slavery and Freedom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009); Edna Greene Medford, “Imagined Promises, Bitter Realities: African Americans and the Meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation,” in The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views, ed. Harold Holzer et al. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 1–47; Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004); and Ira Berlin et al., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992). On the Copperheads, see Jennifer L. Weber, “Lincoln’s Critics: The Copperheads,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 32 (Winter 2011), 33–47; and Jennifer L. Weber, Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). See also Sidney Blumenthal, “Romanticizing the Villains of the Civil War,” Atlantic, July 22, 2013, available at theatlantic.com. On colonization, see Eric Foner, “Lincoln and Colonization,” in Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World, ed. Foner (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 135–66; Eric Burin, Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005); Claude A. Clegg III, The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); and Bruce Dorsey, Reforming Men and Women: Gender in the Antebellum City (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002). On Great Britain during the Civil War, see Amanda Foreman, A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War (New York: Random House, 2010); and J. R. Pole, Abraham Lincoln and the Working Classes of Britain (London: English Speaking Union, 1912).
The End of the Civil War
On the end of the Confederacy, see Stephanie McCurry, Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010); Paul F. Paskoff, “Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War’s Destructiveness in the Confederacy,” Civil War History 54 (2008), 35–62; Jason Phillips, Diehard Rebels: The Confederate Culture of Invincibility (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007); Anne Sarah Rubin, A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005); Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning, and Recovery, trans. Jefferson Chase (London: Granta, 2001); Stephen V. Ash, When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); Drew Gilpin Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War,” Journal of American History 76 (1990), 1200–1228; Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); and David Herbert Donald, “A Generation of Defeat,” in From the Old South to the New: Essays on the Transitional South, ed. Walter J. Fraser Jr. and Winfred B. Moore Jr. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981), 3–20. On the fall of Richmond and Confederate surrender, see Elizabeth R. Varon, Appomattox: Victory, Defeat, and Freedom at the End of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014); Joan Waugh, “‘I Only Knew What Was in My Mind’: Ulysses S. Grant and the Meaning of Appomattox,” Journal of the Civil War Era 2 (2012), 307–36; Nelson Lankford, Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital (New York: Viking Penguin, 2002); Jay Winik, April 1865: The Month That Saved America (New York: HarperCollins, 2001); J. Tracy Power, Lee’s Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); and Ernest B. Furgurson, Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). On Lincoln in Richmond, see Richard Wightman Fox, “‘A Death-Shock to Chivalry, and a Mortal Wound to Caste’: The Story of Tad and Abraham Lincoln in Richmond,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 33 (Summer 2012), 1–19; and Richard Wightman Fox, “Lincoln’s Practice of Republicanism: Striding through Richmond, April 4, 1865,” in The Living Lincoln, ed. Thomas A. Horrocks et al. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011), 131–51. On the Sherman-Johnston negotiations, see Mark L. Bradley, This Astounding Close: The Road to Bennett Place (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); and Craig L. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992). See also Eric Rauchway, “What Did Lincoln Say to Sherman at City Point?” Chronicle Blog Network, Chronicle of Higher Education, April 9, 2008, chronicle.com/blognetwork/edgeofthe west/2008/04/09/what-did-lincoln-say-to-sherman-at-city-point. On oaths of allegiance, see Bradley R. Clampitt, “‘Not Intended to Dispossess Females’: Southern Women and Civil War Amnesty,” Civil War History 56 (2010), 325–49; and Harold Melvin Hyman, Era of the Oath: Northern Loyalty Tests during the Civil War and Reconstruction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954). On the post-Appomattox nation, see Gregory P. Downs, After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015); and Michael Vorenberg, The Appomattox Myth: Struggling to Find the End of the American Civil War, forthcoming. On the departure of freedpeople and the search for family, see Sydney Nathans, To Free a Family: The Journey of Mary Walker (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012); Yael A. Sternhell, Routes of War: The World of Movement in the Confederate South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012); Heather Andrea Williams, Help Me to Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012); and Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979). On the Grand Review, see Gary W. Gallagher, The Union War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvar
d University Press, 2011). On the Fourth of July, see Matthew Dennis, Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002); and Leonard I. Sweet, “The Fourth of July and Black Americans in the Nineteenth Century: Northern Leadership Opinion within the Context of the Black Experience,” Journal of Negro History 61 (1976), 256–75.