by Morton Hunt
43. Benjamin, 1988:434–435; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:318.
44. Gonnezano and Coleman, 1985.
45. Hothersall, 1984:394–395.
46. Major biographical sources: Skinner, 1967, 1976, 1979, 1983.
47. Skinner, 1979:117; Skinner, 1953:19–21; Cohen, 1977:279.
48. Skinner, 1967:410.
49. Quoted in Hothersall, 1984:395.
50. Skinner, 1972:7.
51. The first sentence: Skinner, 1972:12–13; the rest: Skinner, 1974:115.
52. Cohen, 1977:283.
53. Guttman, 1977.
54. Cohen, 1977:273.
55. Skinner, 1979:35.
56. Hilgard, 1987:194–199.
57. Fancher, 1979:364.
58. Skinner, 1953:92.
59. E. Hunt, 1982:59, citing Hintzman, 1978, and Levine, 1975.
60. As, for instance, according to Science Citation Index for the period May–August 1990.
61. Hintzman, 1978:194–196.
62. Ayllon and Azrin, 1968; Kazdin, 1978.
63. Bachrach et al., 1965.
64. Early years: Kinkade, 1972; status in 2006: Twin Oaks Web page, and e-mail communiqué from Twin Oaks.
65. Skinner, 1967:408.
66. Skinner, 1956.
67. Hintzman, 1978:180–181; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:315–316; Stephen Glickman, in Koch and Leary, 1985:766–768.
68. Braginsky and Braginsky, 1974:48.
69. Tolman, 1938.
70. Tolman and Honzick, 1930.
71. Tolman, 1948.
72. Tolman, 1938; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:303–305.
73. Guthrie, 1935:172.
74. Tolman, 1932:3; Tolman, 1938; “Neobehaviorism,” in Benjamin, 1988:434–436.
75. Kuhn, 1970.
76. Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:313–314.
77. Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:195.
78. Ibid.:196.
79. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:235.
80. Bandura, 1997:324–325, 333–337.
81. Shull and Grimes, 2006.
CHAPTER 10
1. Major sources of biographical details on Wertheimer: Luchins, 1987; Michael Wertheimer, 1980; Luchins and Luchins, 1986; Newman, 1944.
2. Major sources of biographical details on Köhler: Ash, 1985; Mandler and Mandler, 1968; Zuckerman and Wallach, 1987. On Koffka: Ash, 1985; Harrower, 1983; Grace Heider, 1979.
3. Wertheimer, 1961 [1912].
4. Ibid.
5. Mandler and Mandler, 1968:378.
6. “Gestalt Psychology,” in Benjamin, 1988:517.
7. Wertheimer, 1959 [1945]: chap.2.
8. Wertheimer, 1955b [1912].
9. Ash, 1985.
10. “More than half”: Murray, 1988:284, referring to the period 1922–1928.
11. Wertheimer, 1955a [1923].
12. Helson, 1933.
13. Hothersall, 1984:171.
14. Zeigarnik, 1955 [1927].
15. Both studies: Koffka, 1963 [1935]:88–89.
16. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:161.
17. Adapted from Kohler, 1948 [1917], chap.5.
18. Wertheimer, 1955c [1925] and Wertheimer 1959 [1945].
19. Kohler, 1988 [1967].
20. Hothersall, 1984:180.
21. Kohler, 1925a:190.
22. Kohler, 1925b:14.
23. Kohler, 1957 [1917]:150.
24. Kohler, 1925b:127.
25. Hothersall, 1984:180–181.
26. Ibid.:181.
27. Alpert, 1928.
28. Dunker, 1945 [1935]:69–70.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.:2–3.
31. Ibid.:86–88.
32. Kohler, 1955 [1918].
33. Asch 1969.
34. Boring, 1950:613.
35. Koffka; 1963 [1935]:355–356; R. Watson, 1978:481.
36. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:628–647.
37. Ibid.:52, 62–66; Hilgard, 1987:427.
38. Lashley, Chow, and Semmes, 1951; Sperry and Miner, 1955.
39. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:542.
40. Ibid.:557–558.
41. Boring, 1950:610.
42. Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:535–536.
43. Henle, 1986:121–123; Hilgard, 1987:139–145.
44. Feldin, Goldman-Meadow, and Gleitman, 1978.
45. Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:539.
46. Heidbreder, 1933.
47. Luchins and Luchins, 1978, vol. 2:505.
48. David Navon, cited in Rock and Palmer, 1990.
49. Ibid.
50. Gleitman, Fridlund, and Reisberg, 1999:319; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:266.
51. Murray, 1988:295; R. Watson, 1978:604–605.
52. Koffka, 1963 [1935]:21.
53. Boring, 1950:600. Omissions not indicated.
54. Rock and Palmer, 1990. Omissions not indicated.
FISSION AND FUSION
1. Heidbreder, 1933.
2. Sanford, 1963:577.
3. Kessen and Cahan, 1986.
4. Gazzaniga, 2006.
CHAPTER 11
1. Historia Animalium, bk. I, viii, 891b.
2. McReynolds and Ludwig, 1984.
3. Pervin, 1985:85.
4. Cattell, 1974:65.
5. Woodworth, 1919; Loevinger, 1987:107.
6. Allport, 1965:424.
7. Ibid.:436; Loevinger, 1987:107.
8. Mischel and Peake, 1983:237.
9. Hartshorne and May, 1928:385.
10. Main source of biographical details: Allport, 1967.
11. Allport, 1968:383–384.
12. Allport, quoted in Evans, 1976:200–201.
13. Allport and Allport, 1928.
14. Allport, 1965:341–342, 347.
15. Ibid.:386–387.
16. Allport and Vernon, 1933.
17. Lawrence A. Pervin, cited in Buss and Cantor, 1989:33; Gleitman, Fridlund, and Reisberg, 1999, ch. 16.
18. Allport, 1965:353–355; the original source is Allport and Odbert, 1936.
19. Caspi and Roberts, 2001, cited in Harris, 2006.
20. Singer, 1984:148–150; Kline, 1983:26–27.
21. Kline, 1983:27.
22. Ibid.:28–29.
23. Singer, 1984:154–155.
24. American Psychologist 20:990 (1965), quoted in Singer, 1984:154.
25. Gough, 1988a; Singer, 1984:156; Aiken, 1979:256–257; Gough, 1988b. On versions in use ca. 1993: Gough, personal communication. On ranking today: various issues of Mental Measurements Yearbook from 1972 on, and Gough, personal communication.
26. Taken from Mischel, 1976:132.
27. Kline, 1983:35; Mischel, 1981:87.
28. Aiken, 1979:261.
29. “Leading topic”: Hilgard, 1987:516. Pro-Rorschach: Singer, 1984:161. Anti-Rorschach: Aiken, 1976:263.
30. Murray, 1967.
31. Kazin, 1993; “Christiana Morgan” in Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd ed., 2001.
32. Murray et al., 1938:144–145.
33. Ibid.:537–538.
34. Ibid.:531, 545.
35. McAdams and Valliant, 1982.
36. Aiken, 1979:260.
37. OSS, 1948:8.
38. Kline, 1983:37, 71.
39. Allport, 1958.
40. Eysenck, 1970 [1953]:19.
41. Eysenck and Rachman, 1965.
42. Most biographical details from Cattell, 1974.
43. Ibid.:64.
44. Cattell, 1969 [1946]:294–299.
45. Cattell and Stice, 1957, quoted in Singer, 1984:156.
46. Skinner, 1953:202–203, 285.
47. Dollard and Miller, 1950.
48. Rotter, 1954:102–103.
49. Rotter, personal communication.
50. Rotter, 1966.
51. Rotter, personal communication; Singer, 1984:247; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:466–467.
52. The examples are cited in Singer, 1984:247–248; Mischel, 1990:125; and Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:484–486.
53. Singer, 1
984:248; Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:486. Heider quote: Edward E. Jones, 1990b:ix.
54. Kelly, 1955.
55. Jones and Berglas; 1978.
56. Seligman, 1991:19–21.
57. Overmier and Seligman, 1967.
58. Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale, 1978.
59. Ibid.; Seligman, 1991:32–43, 66–67.
60. Cited in Krebs and Blackman, 1988:701–702.
61. Seligman, personal communication.
62. Sutterfield, 2001; Seligman et al., 2005.; www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/.
63. Terman and Miles, 1936, quoted in Garrett, 1961:192–193.
64. Fearful: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:184–189. Nurturance: ibid.:220. Compassion: Staub, 1978a:254; Piliavin, Dovidio, et al., 1981:199–202.
65. Aggressiveness: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:241–247; Maccoby and Jacklin, 1980; Deaux, 1985. Verbal ability: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:2–3 and chap.7. Nonverbal cues: Deaux, 1985. The recent review of brain studies: Hines, 2004:211. The thorough survey: Hines, 2004:11–13.
66. Deaux, 1985.
67. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:472–474; omissions not indicated; sources omitted.
68. Kretschmer, 1925.
69. Hilgard, 1987:495.
70. Sheldon and Stevens, 1942; Sheldon, Stevens, and Tucker, 1940.
71. Gardner Lindzey, in Lindzey and Hall, 1965:348.
72. Ibid.:348–349.
73. McConnell, 1974:652.
74. Berger, 1980:91–92, citing Thomas, Chess, and Birch, 1963.
75. Chess and Thomas, 1986, appendix B.
76. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:50.
77. Ibid.:51.
78. Powledge, 1983:26; Time, January 12, 1987:63.
79. Tellegen, Lykken, et al., 1988; Bouchard, Lykken, et al., 1990.
80. Loehlin, 1986.
81. Scarr, Webber, et al., 1981.
82. Bouchard and McGue, 2003.
83. Costa and McCrae, 1984.
84. The two studies: Rosenman, et al., 1975; Haynes, Feinleib, et al., 1980. Later studies: Carson, 1989.
85. Peterson, Seligman, and Vailliant, 1988; Seligman, 1991; Seligman et al., 2005; www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/.
86. Eysenck, 1989.
87. Digman, 1990; McCrae, 1989; Costa et al., 1991.
88. Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:439–440.
89. Mischel, 1990:131.
90. Roberts et al., 2006.
CHAPTER 12
1. Sources of the following vignettes: Greenough, Black, and Wallace, 1987:549; Kisilievsky et al., 2003; Colombo and Richman, 2002; Hunt, 1982b:197, from personal observation; Piaget, 1948:13; Hunt, 1990:50, based on videotape seen at NIMH and on Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, and King, 1979:321; Osherson and Markman, 1974–1975; Rest, 1986:22–23.
2. White, 1983.
3. Gelman, 1978:327.
4. The Organisation of Thought, quoted in Merton, 1968:1.
5. Skinner, 1953:59, 156.
6. In British Journal of Psychology, May 1982:1.
7. Kagan, 1989:91.
8. Ibid.
9. Major sources of biographical material: Piaget, 1952a; Evans, 1973; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969; Cohen, 1983.
10. Piaget, 1952b:42–43, 407–419.
11. Piaget, 1969.
12. The details: Flavell, 1963; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979; and Cohen, 1983. All give references to Piaget’s own writings (which are relatively inaccessible due to his special terminology).
13. Piaget, 1952b:337–338.
14. Piaget, 1951, quoted in Berger, 1980:54.
15. Quoted in Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:173.
16. Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:90.
17. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:176.
18. Piaget, 1958:70–71.
19. Piaget and Inhelder, 1969:132.
20. Kagan, 1989:193–194.
21. Papousek, 1959.
22. Sullivan, Rowe-Collier, and Tynes, 1979.
23. Kagan, 1989:189.
24. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:351–352.
25. Eleanor Gibson, 1988.
26. Kagan, 1989:229–30.
27. Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:85, 171–172.
28. Bruner, 1964.
29. Kuenne, 1946.
30. Gagne and Smith, 1964.
31. Clark and E. Clark, 1977:266.
32. Moskowitz, 1978.
33. Bickerton, 1998.
34. Cohen, 1983:100–101.
35. Gelman, 1978.
36. On theory of mind: Somerville and Woodword, 2005; Gergely and Csiba, 2003; Baldwin and Baird, 2001. The fMRI-based study: R. Saxe and Powell, 2006.
37. Morton Hunt, 1982:180–182, citing work of Merry Bullock and Rochel Gelman.
38. Rogoff, 2003; Lourenço and Machado, 1996.
39. Fish, 2000.
40. Serpell, 2000; Rogoff, 1990.
41. Schlitz, 1997.
42. Various sources cited by Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:259–260, 305, 306, 329–330, 336, 460.
43. Farah et al. (in press).
44. Snibbe, 2003.
45. Buss, 2004:xix.
46. Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:18.
47. Ibid.:19, citing Brown, 1991.
48. Buss, 2004:47.
49. Ibid.:59.
50. Ohman, Flykt, and Esteves, 2001.
51. Buss, 2004:93.
52. Ibid., xix, 373.
53. Pinker, 2002:135.
54. de Villiers and de Villiers, 1978:90.
55. McGraw, 1935
56. “Science and the Citizen: Growing Up,” Scientific American, July 1987:30–32.
57. Dennis, 1935; Dennis, 1938.
58. Lorenz, 1937.
59. Hess, 1959.
60. Macfarlane, 1977; Kennell, Jerauld, et al., 1974.
61. Fantz, 1961.
62. Haaf, 1977; Aslin and Smith, 1988; Clarke-Stewart, Friedman, and Koch, 1985.
63. Nyengaard et al., 2001.
64. Siegler, 1989c:358–359; Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2005:436–437.
65. Greenough et al., 1987
66. Bowlby, 1980, cited in Kagan, 1989:80; Bretherton, 1985:4; Peter Evans, 1977.
67. Gewirtz, 1965.
68. Bretherton, 1985:15; Ainsworth, Blehar, et al., 1978; Kagan, 1984:44; Sroufe and Cooper, 1988:221–223.
69. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:222; Kagan, 1984:44–45.
70. Kagan, 1984:60–61.
71. Ibid.:61.
72. Lewis, Feiring, et al., 1984
73. Lewis, et al., 1989; Izard, Huebner, et al., 1980; Hyson and Izard, 1985.
74. Morton Hunt, 1990:49–50; Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, and King, 1979. Brain scans: Decety and Jackson, 2006.
75. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:302.
76. Lewis, et al., 1989b.
77. Staub, 1979; Martin Hoffinan, 1971b.
78. Gray and Steinberg, 1999; Maccoby and Martin, 1983; Maccoby, 1980; Shaffer, 1985.
79. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:206–211; Hetherington and Morris, 1978; Bryan and Walbeck, 1970.
80. Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:114–115; Parke, 1990.
81. Bowers, 1973; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:227–228.
82. Mueller and Lucas, 1975.
83. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:385.
84. Berger, 1980:343–344.
85. Collins and Gunnar, 1990.
86. Darley and Shultz, 1990.
87. Lewis, et al., 1989a.
88. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:385–387; Connolly and Doyle, 1984.
89. Broughton, 1978.
90. Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:467; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:305; Berndt, 1979.
91. Anne Peterson, 1988.
92. Kling et al., 1999.
93. Morton Hunt, 1990, passim.
94. Four-stage: Hoffman, 1982. Five-stage: Eisenberg, 1986:135–145. Six-stage: Krebs and Van Hesteren, 1994.
95. Piaget, 1948 [1932]; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:99–109.
96.
Main biographical sources: Who Was Who in America; “Memorial Minute,” Harvard Gazette, December 15, 1989; Boston Herald, January 30, 1987; Boston Globe, April 8, 1987; and memorabilia contributed by Mrs. Lucille Kohlberg.
97. Kohlberg, 1984:640–641.
98. Ibid.:624–639; Kohlberg, 1969:379. The typical responses are adapted from Rest, 1968, in Kohlberg, 1984:49–55.
99. Kurtines and Gewirtz, 1984; David Cohen, 1983:125; Krebs, Denton, and Higgins, 1988.
100. Gilligan, 1977.
101. Gielen, 1996:313; Lind, 2003.
102. Denton and Krebs, 1990.
103. Krebs, in submission.
104. Main biographical sources: Snarey, 1987; Hilgard, 1987; Goleman, 1988a.
105. Adapted from Erikson, 1950:247–274.
106. Baltes, Reese, and Lipsitt, 1980.
107. Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2005, chap. 11; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004, chap.12.
108. Peterson, 1988.
109. Silbereisen and Noack, 1988.
110. Offer and Schonert-Reichl, 1992.
111. “Thrive or muddle through”: sociologist Michael Farrell and social psychologist Stanley Rosenberg, cited in Rosenfeld and Stark, 1987; “can adapt sufficiently”: Baltes, Reese, and Lipsitt, 1980; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:419; “do cope”: Rowe and Kahn, 1998.
112. The reanalysis: Havighurst et al., 1968; the Duke Longitudinal Study reports: Morton Hunt, 1985:70–71; Baltes et al., 1992; Freund and Baltes, 1998.
CHAPTER 13
1. The first definition: K. Shaver, 1987:2. The second one: Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:541.
2. Brown, 1965:xx.
3. Asch, 1951, 1955.
4. Luce and Raiffa, 1957:95; M. Deutsch, 1985:121–124.
5. Freedman and Fraser, 1966, Guadagno et al., 2001.
6. Rosenhan, 1973; Slater, 2004; Jaffe, 2006.
7. Latané, Williams, and Harkins, 1979; recent studies: Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:711.
8. Quoted in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:3, unchanged from the 1954 edition.
9. Quoted in Lindzey and Aronson, 1968, vol. I:2–5.
10. Triplett, 1897.
11. Sherif, 1935, 1936.
12. Aarts and Dijksterhuis, 2003.
13. Marrow, 1969:ix.
14. Main sources of biographical details: Marrow, 1969; Allport, 1968, chap. 19; Hothersall, 1984.
15. M. Deutsch, 1968.
16. Lewin, Lippitt, and White, 1939.
17. Leon Festinger, in Festinger, 1980:238–239.
18. Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985:57.
19. Biographical details: Leon Festinger, in Festinger, 1980; Aron and Aron, 1989; D. Cohen, 1977.
20. Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter, 1964 [1956]:3.
21. Leon Festinger, “A Personal Memory,” in Grunberg, Nisbett, et al., 1987:5.