163. Fox to Montgomery Blair, at sea, 17 Apr. 1861, Thompson and Wainwright, eds., Correspondence of Fox, 1:34–35.
164. CWL, 4:351.
165. AL MSS DLC.
166. Seward to his wife, Washington, 5 June 1861, Seward, Seward, 2:590.
167. Boston Transcript, n.d., copied in the Home Journal, n.d., copied in the Missouri Democrat (St. Louis), 23 Sept. 1861.
168. Seward to Weed, Washington, 1 Apr. 1862, Weed Papers, University of Rochester; Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds., Diary of George Templeton Strong, 1835–1875 (4 vols.; New York: Macmillan, 1952), 3:292 (entry for 28 Jan. 1863); Henry W. Bellows to his wife, Washington, 23 Apr. 1863, Bellows Papers, MHi.
169. Seward’s remarks paraphrased by John Hay, Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 211–212 (entry for 24 June 1864).
170. Second inaugural address, CWL, 8:332.
171. Pease and Randall, eds., Browning Diary, 1:453 (entry for 9 Feb. 1861).
Chapter 23. “I Intend to Give Blows”
1. This is a conflation of two versions of these remarks, one from the Perryville correspondence, 28 Apr., New York World, 29 Apr. 1861, and the other from the New York Tribune, 1 May 1861, reproduced in Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln [hereafter CWL] (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 4:345.
2. Stanton to John A. Dix, Washington, 8 Apr. 1861, Dix Papers, Columbia University.
3. Lincoln to Erastus Corning and others, Washington, 12 June 1863, CWL, 6:263.
4. Lincoln to John M. Clayton, Springfield, 28 July 1849, ibid., 2:60.
5. Eulogy on Henry Clay, 6 July 1852, ibid., 2:125.
6. Annual message to Congress, 1 Dec. 1862, ibid., 5:537.
7. Washington correspondence, 12 Apr., New York World, 13 Apr. 1861; Washington correspondence, 12 Apr., Cincinnati Gazette, n.d, copied in the Illinois State Register (Springfield), 16 Apr. 1861.
8. Washington correspondence, 12 Apr., New York World, 13 Apr. 1861.
9. Benjamin Brown French to his son Frank, Washington, 14 Apr. 1861, French Family Papers, DLC.
10. Washington correspondence, 14 Apr., Cincinnati Commercial, n.d., copied in the Illinois State Register (Springfield), 17 Apr. 1861; Washington correspondence, 14 Apr., New York Tribune, 15 Apr. 1861.
11. A. H. H. Stuart to F. S. Wood, Staunton, Virginia, 22 June 1875, photocopy, Stuart Papers, Virginia State Library, Richmond.
12. Reply to a Virginia delegation, 13 Apr. 1861, CWL, 4:331.
13. Alexander K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War-Times (Philadelphia: Times, 1892), 69.
14. Philadelphia Press, n.d., in the New York Evening Post, 18 Aug. 1863.
15. George Alfred Townsend, Washington Outside and Inside (Hartford, CT: Betts, 1874), 714–715.
16. Albert G. Browne, Jr., to John A. Andrew, Washington, [28 Mar. 1861], Andrew Papers, MHi.
17. Washington correspondence, 3 Apr., Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, 6 Apr. 1861.
18. Washington correspondence, 24 June, New York Examiner, 27 June 1861, in Michael Burlingame, ed., Dispatches from Lincoln’s White House: The Anonymous Civil War Journalism of Presidential Secretary William O. Stoddard (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 12.
19. Washington States and Union, 15 Apr. 1861.
20. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 vols.; New York: Century, 1890), 4:79.
21. Draft of proclamation, 15 Apr. 1861, AL MSS DLC; CWL, 4:332.
22. John Pendleton Kennedy journal, 15 Apr. 1861, Kennedy Papers, Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore.
23. John Pendleton Kennedy to Robert C. Winthrop, Baltimore, 25 Apr. 1861, Winthrop Family Papers, MHi.
24. Louisville Journal, n.d., copied in the New York Times, 18 Apr. 1861.
25. Lincoln to Harris, Washington, [1?] May 1861, CWL, 4:351; Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay [hereafter Hay Diary] (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 17 (entry for 3 May 1861).
26. Worth to C. W. Woolen, Asheboro, 17 May 1861, in J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, ed., The Correspondence of Jonathan Worth (2 vols.; Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton, 1909), 1:147.
27. John Minor Botts, The Great Rebellion: Its Secret History, Rise, Progress, and Disastrous Failure (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866), 205; Rives to Robert C. Winthrop, Castle Hill, 19 Apr. 1861, Winthrop Family Papers, MHi.
28. Nicholson to “Dear Green,” 5 May 1861, in Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 351.
29. George William Brown, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1887), 74.
30. S. Teackle Wallis to James Alfred Pearce, Baltimore, 18 July 1861, in Bernard C. Steiner, “James Alfred Pearce,” Maryland Historical Magazine 19 (1924):26.
31. Lincoln to Johnson, Washington, 24 Apr. 1861, CWL, 4:343.
32. George Ashmun to Isaac N. Arnold, Springfield, Massachusetts, 15 Oct. 1864, Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 26 Oct. 1864; Washington correspondence, 14 Apr., 15 May, New York Tribune, 15 Apr., 16 May 1861; Simon P. Hanscom in the Washington National Republican, 16 Sept. 1866; Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, 4:80; J. G. Holland, Life of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, MA: G. Bill, 1866), 300–303; F. Lauriston Bullard, “Abraham Lincoln and George Ashmun,” New England Quarterly 19 (1946): 198–200; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 859–860; Robert W. Johannsen, “The Douglas Democracy and the Crisis of Disunion,” Civil War History 9 (1963): 229–230, 243.
33. Isaac Miller Short, Abraham Lincoln: Early Days in Illinois (Kansas City, MO: Simpson, 1927), 249, 860.
34. “Lincoln and Douglas: Their Last Interview,” undated memorandum written by Illinois Congressman Philip B. Fouke for Ward Hill Lamon, Jeremiah S. Black Papers, DLC.
35. CWL, 4:426.
36. Edward Kirkwood to Gideon Welles, Brattleboro, Vermont, 16 Apr. 1861, Welles Papers, DLC.
37. James R. Doolittle to Lyman Trumbull, Racine, 24 Apr. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
38. Washington correspondence by John Hay, 16 Apr., Illinois State Journal (Springfield), 23 Apr. 1861, in Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998), 57–58.
39. Washington correspondence, 17 Apr., New York Times, 18 Apr. 1861.
40. James H. Campbell to his wife, Juliet Lewis Campbell, Washington, 24 Apr. 1861, Campbell Papers, Schoff Civil War Collection, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.
41. Diary of Clifford Arrick, 20 Apr. 1861, Frontier Guard Records, DLC.
42. Henry Villard, Memoirs of Henry Villard, Journalist and Financier: 1838–1900 (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), 1:169–170.
43. Philadelphia correspondence, 23 Apr., New York Herald, 24 Apr. 1861.
44. Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, 4:152.
45. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Men of Our Times; or, Leading Patriots of the Day (Hartford, CT: Hartford Publishing Company, 1868), 473.
46. Magruder’s reminiscences, taken from an unpublished memoir, edited by his brother, Allan B. Magruder, Philadelphia Weekly Times, 28 Dec. 1878; Samuel D. Sturgis to the editor of the Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, 12 June 1870, draft, Sturgis Papers, in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, compiled and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 431–432; Magruder to an unidentified resident of Philadelphia, Galveston, 8 May 1870, Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, n.d., copied in the New York Times, 23 May 1870.
47. Francis P. Blair, Sr., to William Cullen Bryant, 5 Aug. 1866, draft, Blair Family Papers, DLC; Montgomery Blair in the New York Evening Post, 30 Sept. 1865.
48. Lincoln, 4 July 1861 mes
sage to Congress, first draft, AL MSS DLC.
49. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 8 (entry for 22 Apr. 1861).
50. Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, 4:106–107.
51. Kansas State Journal (Lawrence), 9 May 1861, in Edgar Langsdorf, “Jim Lane and the Frontier Guard,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 9 (1940):16–17.
52. Ward Hill Lamon, Washington Evening Star, 24 May 1890.
53. Oliver C. Bosbyshell, “When and Where I Saw Lincoln,” Michael A. Cavanaugh, comp., Military Essays and Recollections of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1904–1933 (2 vols.; Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1995), 2:17–18; Heber Thompson, The First Defenders (n.p., 1910), 151.
54. Washington correspondence by Bayard Taylor, 19 Apr., New York Tribune, 23 Apr. 1861.
55. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 2–3 (entry for 19 Apr. 1861).
56. Robert M. McLane, speech to a secessionist meeting in Baltimore, 1 Feb. 1861, quoted in a letter to the editor of the Baltimore Clipper by C. N., Fort Warren, 3 Feb. 1862, copy, John Sherman Papers, DLC.
57. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 3 (entry for 19 Apr. 1861).
58. Philadelphia Press, 22 Apr., copied in the New York Times, 23 Apr. 1861.
59. George W. Brown and Thomas H. Hicks to Lincoln, Baltimore, 18 Apr. 1861; telegram from George W. Brown and Thomas H. Hicks to Lincoln, Baltimore, 19 Apr. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
60. Speech by B. F. Watson, who was the major of the regiment, given in Lowell, Massachusetts, 19 Apr. 1886, quoted in an article by John Towle, Boston Evening Journal, 16 Apr. 1911; Thomas E. Ballard to Truman H. Bartlett, Boston, 1 Aug. 1907, Bartlett Papers, Boston University; Edward F. Jones to Daniel Butterfield, Binghamton, New York, 19 Apr. 1901, in Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, A Biographical Memorial of General Daniel Butterfield (New York: Grafton, 1904), 29.
61. Nicolay, memorandum of events, 21 Apr. 1861, in Michael Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 37.
62. Nicolay, memorandum of events, 20 Apr. 1861, ibid., 36.
63. Baltimore Exchange, n.d., copied in the Cincinnati Commercial, 30 Apr. 1861.
64. Washington correspondence by [George W.] S[imonton], 1 May, New York Times, 4 May 1861; Brown, Baltimore and 19th of April, 71–74; George M. Brown’s statement, dated Baltimore, 7:30 P.M., 21 Apr., Washington National Intelligencer, 22 Apr. 1861; Nicolay, memorandum of events, 21 Apr. 1861, Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 37; George T. M. Davis to Prosper M. Wetmore, New York, 1 May 1861, in John Austin Stevens, The Union Defence Committee of the City of New York: Minutes, Reports, and Correspondence (New York: Union Defence Committee, 1885), 153–156; Washington correspondence, 28 Apr., New York Times, 1 May 1861.
65. William Faxon to Mark Howard, Washington, 12 May [1862], Mark Howard Papers, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.
66. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 8 (entry for 23 Apr. 1861).
67. Andrew H. Reeder to Simon Cameron, Philadelphia, 24 Apr. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
68. Villard to Joseph Medill and Charles Henry Ray, Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, 29 Apr. 1861, Ray Papers, CSmH.
69. New York Tribune, 25 Apr. 1861; New York Times, 24, 26, 27 Apr. 1861; New York Daily News, 25 Apr. 1861; New York World, 10 May 1861.
70. New York Evening Post, n.d., copied in the Ohio State Journal (Columbus), 27 Apr. 1861.
71. John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life (5 vols.; New York: Baker & Taylor, 1909–1913), 1:366–367.
72. John Bigelow diary, New York Public Library (entry for 8 May 1861).
73. George Gibbs to John Austin Stevens, Washington, 26 Apr. 1861, Stevens Papers, New-York Historical Society.
74. Barney to Chase, New York, 23 Apr. 1861, Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
75. Henry W. Bellows to his son, New York, 25 Apr. 1861, Henry W. Bellows Papers, MHi.
76. Manton Marble to Martin Anderson, New York, 11 June 1861, Anderson Papers, University of Rochester.
77. George Hoadly to Chase, Cincinnati, 19 Sept. 1861, Chase Papers, DLC.
78. Washington correspondence, 1 May, New York Tribune, 2 May 1861.
79. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 18 Sept., Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, 21 Sept. 1861.
80. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 5, 6 (entries for 21, 22 Apr. 1861).
81. This is a conflation of the following sources: CWL, 4:341–342, which reproduces what Nicolay and Hay gave in their biography of Lincoln; an account in the Baltimore Sun, 23 Apr. 1861, evidently based on what Richard Fuller told someone; Washington correspondence, 24 Apr., New York Times, 27 Apr. 1861; and William Cullen Bryant’s dispatch dated New York, 24 Apr., New York Evening Post, 24 Apr. 1861. “Haggle” in this case means to cut clumsily or to hack.
82. Fuller to Chase, Baltimore, 23 Apr. 1861, Chase Papers, DLC.
83. Washington correspondence, n.d., Philadelphia Gazette, n.d., copied in the Chicago Tribune, 28 Sept. 1861.
84. Robert Livingston Stanton, “Reminiscences of President Lincoln,” written ca. 1883, Robert Brewster Stanton Papers, New York Public Library.
85. Seward to Hicks, Washington, 22 Apr. 1861, Abraham Lincoln: Complete Works, Comprising His Speeches, Letters, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings, ed. John G. Nicolay and John Hay (2 vols.; New York: Century, 1902), 2:37. The inclusion of this letter in Nicolay and Hay’s edition of Lincoln’s writings suggests that Lincoln may have drafted it for Seward’s signature.
86. George P. Bissell to Gideon Welles, Hartford, 24 Apr. 1861, Welles Papers, CSmH.
87. Charles R. Miller to Salmon P. Chase, New York, 24 Apr. 1861, Chase Papers, DLC; E. Seeley to Gideon Welles, New York, 25 Apr. 1861, Welles Papers, DLC.
88. John Pendleton Kennedy journal, 21 Apr. 1861, Kennedy Papers, Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore.
89. Washington correspondence by G. W. A., 29 Apr., Cincinnati Gazette, 3 May 1861.
90. Granville Moody to Chase, Cincinnati, 30 Apr. 1861, Chase Papers, DLC.
91. Andrew H. Reeder to Simon Cameron, Philadelphia, 24 Apr. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
92. Indianapolis Journal, 1 May 1861.
93. George T. M. Davis to Prosper M. Wetmore, New York, 1 May 1861, in Stevens, Union Defence Committee, 154.
94. Reply to a delegation of Baltimore citizens, 15 Nov. 1861, CWL, 5:24.
95. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 11 (entry for 24 Apr. 1861).
96. Seward to Weed, Washington, 26 Apr. 1861, Weed Papers, University of Rochester.
97. James H. Campbell to Juliet Lewis Campbell, Washington, 27 Apr. 1861, Campbell Papers, Schoff Civil War Collection, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.
98. Washington correspondence, 28 Apr., New York Times, 1 May 1861; reminiscences of E. A. Spring, unidentified clipping with date “1898” penciled in, LMF; Washington correspondence, 25 Apr., New York Tribune, 26 Apr. 1861; Washington correspondence, 25 Apr., New York World, 30 Apr. 1861; Washington correspondence, 1 May, Cincinnati Commercial, 2 May 1861; Washington correspondence, 15 May, Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, 17 May 1861.
99. National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York), 4 May 1861.
100. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 12 (entry for 25 Apr. 1861); CWL, 4:344.
101. Washington correspondence, 5 May, Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1861; report of the commissioners (Otho Scott, Robert McLane, and William J. Ross), contained in the Baltimore correspondence, 6 May, New York Tribune, 8 May 1861; CWL, 4:356.
102. Statement regarding suspension of habeas corpus in Maryland, [ca. 15 Sept. 1861], CWL, 4:523.
103. Dix to Silas M. Stillwell, Baltimore, 6 Nov. 1861, draft, Dix Papers, Columbia University.
104. McClellan to Dix, 20 Aug. 1861, Official Records of the War of the Rebellion [hereafter OR], I
, 2, 1:589; Randolph B. Marcy to Dix, 11 Oct. 1861, and A. V. Colburn to Dix, 18 Sept. 1861, Dix Papers, in Martin Lichterman, “John Adams Dix: 1798–1879” (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1952), 458.
105. Dix to Samuel J. Tilden, Baltimore, 3 Dec. 1861, Tilden Papers, New York Public Library.
106. Message to Congress, 26 May 1862, CWL, 5:241–242.
107. Gideon Welles, Lincoln and Seward (New York: Sheldon, 1874), 122–124; Howard K. Beale and Alan W. Brownsword, eds., Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson (3 vols.; New York: W. W. Norton, 1960), 1:174 (entry for 15 Oct. 1862), 414 (22 Aug. 1863); Seward in conversation with Henry W. Bellows, 22 Apr. 1863, described in Bellows to his wife, Washington, 23 Apr. 1863, Bellows Papers, MHi; Bates to Francis Lieber, Washington, 12 Nov. 1862, Lincoln Cabinet Collection, LMF.
108. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, eds., The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning (2 vols.; Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925–1933), 1:489 (entry for 28 July 1861).
109. Lyman Trumbull to his wife Julia, Washington, 2 July 1861, Trumbull Family Papers, IHi.
110. Henry W. Bellows to his son, New York, 2 May 1861, and to his wife, Washington, 20 May 1861, Henry W. Bellows Papers, MHi.
111. Philadelphia correspondence, 23 Apr., New York Tribune, 24 Apr. 1861; Francis B. Carpenter, “A Day with Governor Seward at Auburn,” July 1870, Seward Papers, University of Rochester.
112. Memorandum, [ca. 17 May 1861], CWL, 4:372.
113. Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents of American History (5th ed.; New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1949), 401.
114. Henry Winter Davis to Sophie Du Pont, Baltimore, 5 May 1861, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
115. AL MSS DLC.
116. Joel Parker, “Habeas Corpus and Martial Law,” North American Review 93 (Oct. 1861):498.
117. Binney, The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus under the Constitution (Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Sons, 1862), 36.
118. Wilbourn E. Benton, ed., 1787: Drafting the U.S. Constitution (2 vols.; College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1986), 1:976, 991.
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