14. Davis Chambers to John Sherman, Zanesville, 15 Nov. 1862, ibid.
15. Lewis D. Campbell to William B. Campbell, 20 Jan. 1863, Campbell Family Papers, Duke University, in William C. Harris, “Conservative Unionists in 1864,” Civil War History 38 (1992):303.
16. Halstead to Chase, Cincinnati, 19 Feb. 1863, in the Cincinnati Enquirer, 28 Sept. 1885.
17. Halstead to John Sherman, Cincinnati, 8 Feb. 1863, Sherman Papers, DLC.
18. George S. Denison to James Denison, New Orleans, 3 Jan. 1863, 6 Sept. 1864, George S. Denison Papers, DLC.
19. Weed to John Bigelow, Albany, 16 Jan. 1863, John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life (5 vols.; New York: Baker & Taylor, 1909–1913), 1:596.
20. Washington correspondence, 10 Feb., St. Cloud Democrat, 26 Feb. 1863, in Arthur J. Larsen, ed., Crusader and Feminist: Letters of Jane Grey Swisshelm, 1858–1865 (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1934), 173.
21. Medill to Elihu B. Washburne, Chicago, 14 Jan. 1863, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, DLC.
22. Jackson Grimshaw to Ozias M. Hatch, Quincy, 12 Feb. 1863, Hatch Papers, IHi.
23. Cutler diary, entry for 26 Jan. 1863, in Julia Perkins Cutler, Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler (Cincinnati: R. Clarke, 1890), 300.
24. Dawes to his wife, Washington, 1, 12 Feb. 1863, Dawes Papers, DLC.
25. Washington correspondence, 4 Feb., Sacramento Daily Union, 3 Mar. 1863, in Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 22.
26. Charles Gibson to Hamilton Gamble, Washington, 4 Jan. 1863, Gamble Papers, Missouri Historical Society.
27. John W. Crisfield to his wife, Washington, 23 Jan. 1863, Crisfield Papers, Maryland Historical Society.
28. Boston Evening Journal, 2 Feb. 1863.
29. William Pitt Fessenden to his family, Washington, 24, 10 Jan. 1863, Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessenden (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907), 1:265.
30. William Pitt Fessenden to William Cullen Bryant, Washington, 17 Jan. 1863, Bryant-Godwin Papers, New York Public Library.
31. John Sherman to William T. Sherman, Mansfield, Ohio, 7 May 1863, William T. Sherman Papers, DLC.
32. Washington correspondence, 5 Feb., Boston Evening Journal, 9 Feb. 1863.
33. Usher to Allen Hamilton, Washington, 4 Feb. 1863, copy, Richard W. Thompson Papers, LMF.
34. Moncure D. Conway, Autobiography: Memories and Experiences (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), 1:379.
35. Conway journal, 5 Feb. 1863, in John d’Entremont, Southern Emancipator: Moncure Conway, the American Years, 1832–1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 91–92.
36. Victor B. Howard, Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 57.
37. Frank Preston Stearns, The Life and Public Services of George Luther Stearns (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1907), 280.
38. John Sherman to William T. Sherman, 18 May 1863, in V. Jacque Voegeli, Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 82.
39. Murat Halstead to John Sherman, Cincinnati, 8 Feb. 1863, John Sherman Papers, DLC.
40. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, eds., The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning (2 vols.; Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925–1933), 1: 613 (entry for 12 Jan. 1863).
41. This statement was made on 9 January 1863. Ibid., 1:612 (entry for 10 January 1863).
42. Henry W. Bellows to his wife, Washington, 23 Apr. 1863, Bellows Papers, MHi.
43. Pease and Randall, eds., Browning Diary, 1:616 (entry for 19 Jan. 1863).
44. William D. Kelley, speech in New York, n.d., in Washington correspondence by Agate [Whitelaw Reid], 26 Nov., Cincinnati Gazette, 30 Nov. 1863.
45. New York Evening Post, 27 Aug. 1863.
46. Josephine Shaw Lowell diary, entry for 20 May 1863, copy, Allan Nevins Papers, Columbia University.
47. Sumner to Francis Lieber, Washington, 17 Jan. 1863, Edward Lillie Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols.; Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1877–1893), 4:114.
48. Ward Hill Lamon, drafts and anecdotes, folder 6, Lamon Papers, CSmH.
49. David Davis to Leonard Swett, Washington, 23 Jan. 1863, David Davis Papers, IHi.
50. Washington correspondence by Noah Brooks, 22 July, Sacramento Daily Union, 13 Aug. 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 60.
51. Lincoln to Halleck, Washington, 15 Jan. 1862, Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln [hereafter CWL] (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 5:100.
52. Curtis to Halleck, Pea Ridge, 10 Mar. 1862, Curtis Papers, State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines.
53. Colonel George G. Lyon to Sigel, Fairfax Courthouse, [Virginia], 10 Oct. 1862, Sigel Papers, New-York Historical Society.
54. Caspar Butz to Sigel, Chicago, 25 Dec. 1862, ibid.
55. Lincoln to Sigel, Washington, 5 Feb. 1863, CWL, 6:93.
56. Washington correspondence by Noah Brooks, 12 Apr., Sacramento Daily Union, 8 May 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 44.
57. James B. Fry in Allen Thorndike Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American, 1886), 392.
58. Lincoln to Burnside, Washington, 27 July 1863, CWL, 6:350; Albert D. Richardson, A Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant (Hartford, CT: American Publishing Company, 1868), 336–337.
59. Washington correspondence, 20 Jan., Boston Evening Journal, 22 Jan. 1863.
60. Pope to Henry H. Sibley, St. Paul, 28 Sept. 1862, OR, I, 13:686.
61. Pope to Halleck, St. Paul, 23 Sept. 1863, ibid., 13:663–664.
62. Lincoln to Stanton, Washington, 20 Sept. 1862, CWL, 5:432.
63. Lincoln to Halleck, Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, 3 Oct. 1862, CWL, 5:449.
64. David A. Nichols, Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1978), 95, 98.
65. Ibid., 96.
66. Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1862.
67. CWL, 5:493.
68. John Pope to Lincoln, St. Paul, 11 Nov. 1862, AL MSS DLC.
69. Ramsey to Lincoln, St. Paul, 10 Nov. 1862, OR, I, 13:787.
70. Jane Grey Swisshelm, Half a Century (Chicago: J. G. Swisshelm, 1880), 223.
71. Washington correspondence, 28 Nov., New York Tribune, 29 Nov. 1862.
72. Unidentified Minnesota newspaper copied in the Washington correspondence, 22 Nov., New York Times, 23 Nov. 1862.
73. Stephen R. Riggs to Lincoln, Saint Anthony, 17 Nov. 1862, AL MSS DLC.
74. Thaddeus Williams to Lincoln, St. Paul, 22 Nov. 1862, ibid.
75. Washington correspondence, 5 Dec., New York Tribune, 6 Dec. 1862.
76. Lincoln to the Senate, 11 Dec. 1862, CWL, 5:551.
77. Ramsey diary, 23 Nov. 1864, in Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 372.
78. Washington correspondence, 23 Feb., St. Cloud Democrat, 5 Mar. 1863, Larsen, ed., Crusader and Feminist, 184.
79. Washington correspondence by Jane Grey Swisshelm, 1 May, St. Cloud Democrat, 14 May 1863, ibid., 225; Swisshelm, Half a Century, 234.
80. Cyrus Aldrich, Morton S. Wilkinson, and William Windom to Lincoln, Washington, 3 Dec. 1862, Washington Evening Star, 5 Dec. 1862; Nichols, Lincoln and the Indians, 104.
81. Dole to Caleb B. Smith, Washington, 10 Nov. 1862, New York Tribune, 8 Dec. 1862.
82. Henry B. Whipple, Light and Shadows of a Long Episcopate: Being Reminiscences and Recollections of the Right Reverend Henry Benjamin Whipple (New York: Macmillan, 1899), 136–137.
83. Hiram M. Chittenden, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River: Life and Adventures of Joseph La Barge (New York: F. P. Ha
rper, 1903), 342.
84. John Beason to Henry W. Bellows, Philadelphia, [1862], Bellows Papers, MHi.
85. Nichols, Lincoln and the Indians, 145.
86. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 14 Jan., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 16 Jan. 1863.
87. Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 4 Jan. 1863, in Michael Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 102.
88. Howard K. Beale and Alan W. Brownsword, eds., Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson (3 vols.; New York: W. W. Norton, 1960), 2:280 (entry for 14 Apr. 1865).
89. Lincoln to Rosecrans, Washington, 5 Jan., 31 Aug. 1863, CWL, 6:39, 424–425.
90. Garfield to Rosecrans, 18 Dec. 1863, in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union (4 vols.; New York: Scribner, 1959–1971), 3:203.
91. Lincoln to Burnside, Washington, 30 Dec. 1862, CWL, 6:22.
92. Lincoln to Halleck, Washington, 1 Jan. 1863, CWL, 6:31.
93. Halleck to Burnside, Washington, 7 Jan. 1863 [misdated 1862], Schoff Civil War Collection, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.
94. Lincoln to Burnside, Washington, 8 Jan. 1863, CWL, 6:46.
95. Fessenden to his son William, Washington, 10 Jan. 1863, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College.
96. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), 161.
97. “Excerpts from the Journal of Henry J. Raymond,” Scribner’s Monthly 19 (Mar. 1880): 705.
98. W. B. Franklin to Richard Henry Dana, York, Pennsylvania, 3 June 1863, Dana Papers, MHi.
99. James G. Blaine to E. B. Washburne, Auburn, Maine, 6 May 1863, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, DLC.
100. Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time (New York: Century, 1895), 52.
101. Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (3 vols.; New York: McClure, 1907–1908), 2:403.
102. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 26 Jan. 1863, CWL, 6:78–79.
103. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 53.
104. Nicolay to Robert Todd Lincoln, 1878 [no day or month indicated], in Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary: A Biography of John G. Nicolay (New York: Longmans, Green, 1949), 278.
105. Noah Brooks, Abraham Lincoln and the Downfall of American Slavery (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894), 356–357.
106. Henry to his wife, Washington, 12 Apr. 1863, Henry Papers, IHi.
107. Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 8 Feb. 1863, in Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 104.
108. Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 8 Mar. 1863, ibid., 105.
109. Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 5 Apr. 1863, ibid., 108.
110. Colfax, Life and Principles of Abraham Lincoln: Address Delivered at the Court House Square, at South Bend, April 24,1865 (Philadelphia: J. B. Rodgers, 1865), 14.
111. Washington correspondence by Whitelaw Reid, ca. 7 Mar. 1863, Cincinnati Gazette, n.d., scrapbook, Reid Family Papers, DLC.
112. Fox to Du Pont, Washington, 6 Sept. 1862, 16 Feb. 1863, in Robert Means Thompson and Richard Wainwright, eds., Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1861–1865 (2 vols.; New York: Printed for the Naval History Society by the De Vinne Press, 1918–1919), 1:154–155, 180.
113. Fox to Du Pont, Washington, 16, 20 Feb. 1863, John D. Hayes, ed., Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters (3 vols.; Ithaca, NY: Published for the Eleutherian Mills Historical Library by the Cornell University Press, 1969), 2:450.
114. A. D. Richardson to Sydney Howard Gay, Washington, 20 Mar. 1863, Gay Papers, Columbia University.
115. Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren, Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, Rear-Admiral United States Navy (Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1882), 389 (diary entry for 29 Mar. 1863).
116. James M. Merrill, The Making of an Admiral: A Biography of Samuel Francis Du Pont (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986), 289.
117. Du Pont to his wife, Port Royal, 27 Mar. 1863, Du Pont Correspondence, ed. Hayes, 2:516–517.
118. Fox to Du Pont, Washington, 12 Feb. 1863, Thompson and Wainwright, eds., Confidential Correspondence of Fox, 1:178.
119. Gideon Welles, Lincoln and Seward (New York: Sheldon, 1874), 200.
120. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:236 (entry for 16 Feb. 1863).
121. Noah Brooks, “Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln,” in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 212-213.
122. Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 390 (diary entry for 26 Apr. 1863).
123. Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, Washington, 14 Apr. 1863, Gay Papers, Columbia University.
124. “President Lincoln’s Notion for Harbor Defense,” unidentified clipping, [1885], Nicolay Papers, DLC.
125. Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 16 Apr. 1863, Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 109.
126. Washington correspondence, 1 Jan., Sacramento Daily Union, 4 Feb. 1864, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 100–101.
127. T. J. Barnett to S. L. M. Barlow, Washington, 12, 27 Oct. 1862, Barlow Papers, CSmH.
128. Lincoln to Hunter and Du Pont, Washington, 14 Apr. 1863, CWL, 6:174.
129. Henry Winter Davis to Du Pont, 2 May 1863, Du Pont Correspondence, ed. Hayes, 3: 80–82.
130. Welles to his son Edgar, Washington, 13 Dec. 1863, Welles Papers, DLC.
131. David Davis to William H. Hanna, Washington, 8 Feb. 1863, David Davis Papers, IHi.
132. Letter by Walter Carter, 27 Apr. 1863, Robert Goldthwaite Carter, Four Brothers in Blue; or, Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion, A Story of the Great Civil War from Bull Run to Appomattox (Washington, DC: Gibson Brothers, 1913), 235.
133. Stephen Minot Weld, War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1912), 170 (diary entry for 5 Apr. 1863).
134. Undated letter in Carter, Four Brothers in Blue, 237.
135. Richard S. Skidmore, ed., The Civil War Journal of Billy Davis: From Hopewell, Indiana to Port Republic, Virginia (Greencastle, IN: Nugget Publishers, 1989), 134, in William C. Davis, Lincoln’s Men: How President Lincoln Became Father to an Army and a Nation (New York: Free Press, 1999), 65.
136. Darius N. Couch in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (4 vols.; New York: Century, 1887–1888), 3:120.
137. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 50–51.
138. Washington correspondence, 12 Apr., Sacramento Daily Union, 8 May 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 42.
139. Washington correspondence by C., 9 Sept., Chicago Tribune, 14 Sept. 1861.
140. G. G. Benedict, Vermont in the Civil War (2 vols.; Burlington, VT: Free Press, 1886), 1:133.
141. Washington Sunday Morning Chronicle in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (4 vols.; New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), 1:531.
142. Paschal P. Ripley to Lincoln, Montpelier, Vermont, 9 Jan. 1865, AL MSS DLC.
143. Dawes, “A Study of Abraham Lincoln,” typescript, pp. 53–57, Dawes Papers, DLC.
144. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 64 (entry for 18 July 1863).
145. William O. Stoddard, “White House Sketches No. 7,” New York Citizen, 29 Sept. 1866, in Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times, ed. Burlingame, 171.
146. General George Stoneman, statement dated 1881, in Osborn H. Oldroyd, ed., The Lincoln Memorial: Album-Immortelles (New York: G. W. Carleton, 1883), 221.
147. Holt, interview with Nicolay, Washington, 29 Oct. 1875, in Michael Burlingame, ed., An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 69.
148. Jonathan T. Dorris, “President Lincoln’s Clemency,”
Lincoln Herald, 55 (1953):2–12; P. S. Ruckman, Jr., David Kincaid, “Inside Lincoln’s Clemency Decision Making,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 (1999): 84–99.
149. Colfax, Life and Principles of Lincoln, 17.
150. Reminiscences of J. H. Van Alen in Van Alen to the editors of the New York Evening Post, New York, 22 Apr., New York Evening Post, 11 May 1865.
151. Holt interviewed by Nicolay, Washington, 29 Oct. 1875, in Burlingame, ed., Oral History of Lincoln, 69-70.
152. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 64 (entry for 18 July 1863).
153. Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the War (Hartford, CT: A. D. Worthington, 1890), 568.
154. John D. Paxton, Lynchburg, VA., “Abraham Lincoln at Bay,” manuscript in the J. G. Randall Papers, DLC.
155. Dawes, “A Study of Abraham Lincoln,” typescript, pp. 53–57, Dawes Papers, DLC.
156. Washington correspondence by Ben: Perley Poore, 2 Feb., Boston Evening Journal, 4 Feb. 1863; Washington Sunday Chronicle, 15 June 1862.
157. Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, ed., A Biographical Memorial of General Daniel Butterfield (New York: Grafton Press, 1904), 161–162.
158. Washington correspondence, 12 Apr., Sacramento Daily Union, 8 May 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 43.
159. Egbert L. Viele, “Lincoln as a Story-Teller,” in William Hayes Ward, ed., Abraham Lincoln: Tributes from His Associates (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1895), 124.
160. Memorandum on Hooker’s campaign against Richmond, [ca. 6–10 Apr. 1863], CWL, 6:164–165.
161. Henry to his wife, Washington, 12 Apr. 1863, Henry Papers, IHi.
162. Henry W. Bellows to his wife and daughter, Washington, 19 Apr. 1863, Bellows Papers, MHi.
163. Marszalek, Halleck, 171.
164. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 52.
165. Brooks, Lincoln and the Overthrow of American Slavery, 357.
166. “A Word about Hooker,” Chicago Tribune, 5 February 1863; Washington correspondence, 28 January 1863, ibid.
167. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 232.
168. Couch in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Johnson and Buel, 3:155.
169. Army correspondence by A. R. W., near Falmouth, 9 May, Boston Evening Journal, 12 May 1863.
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