51. Church, Grant, 231–232.
52. Nicolay memorandum, n.d., Nicolay-Hay Papers, IHi.
53. F. B. Sanborn to Moncure D. Conway, Worcester, 13 July 1864, Conway Family Papers, Dickinson College.
54. Willard Cutter to Elizabeth Cutter, 11 July 1864, in Matthew Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers’ Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 136.
55. Lincoln to Grant, Washington, 10 July 1864, CWL, 7:437.
56. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 221 (entry for 11 July 1864).
57. Ibid., 222, 223 (entries for 13, 14 July 1864); Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:88 (entry for 26 July 1864).
58. Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, ed. Mitgang, 162.
59. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 219 (entry for 4 July 1864).
60. Brooks, Washington, D. C., in Lincoln’s Time, ed. Mitgang, 162.
61. Lincoln to Stanton, Washington, 14 July 1864, CWL, 7:439–440.
62. Memo read to cabinet, [14? July] 186[4], CWL, 7:439.
63. Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 302.
64. J. W. Schuckers to Chase, Washington, 15 July 1864, Chase Papers, DLC; Britton A. Hill to Thomas Ewing, Washington, 14 July 1864, Ewing Family Papers, DLC.
65. B. B. French to his son Frank, Washington, 17 July 1864, French Family Papers, DLC.
66. Curtis to Charles Eliot Norton, North Shore, New York, 12 July 1864, Curtis Papers, Harvard University.
67. Britton A. Hill to Thomas Ewing, Washington, 29 July 1864, Ewing Family Papers, DLC.
68. George Harrington to William P. Fessenden, Washington, 1 Aug. 1864, Lincoln Collection, Yale University; Simpson, Grant, 367; David S. Sparks, ed., Inside Lincoln’s Army: The Diary of Marsena Rudolph Patrick, Provost Marshall General, Army of the Potomac (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1964), 409–410 (entry for 5 Aug. 1864); George R. Agassiz, ed., Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1922), 204 (journal entry for 1 Aug. 1864).
69. Grant to Halleck, City Point, Virginia, 1 Aug. 1864, Simon, ed., Grant Papers, 11:358.
70. Lincoln to Grant, Washington, 3 Aug. 1864, CWL, 7:476.
71. Lincoln to Grant, Washington, 17 Aug. 1864, CWL, 7:499.
72. J. K. Herbert to Benjamin Butler, Washington, 11 Aug. 1864, in Jessie Ames Marshall, ed., Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, During the Period of the Civil War (5 vols.; Norwood, MA: Plimpton Press, 1917), 5:35.
73. Lincoln to Stanton, Washington, 5 Feb. 1864, CWL, 7:169.
74. Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 3449 (1 July 1864).
75. Hale to his wife, 29 May 1864, in Richard H. Sewell, John P. Hale and the Politics of Abolition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 210.
76. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 217–218 (entry for 4 July 1864).
77. Washington correspondence, 28 February, Chicago Tribune, 3 Mar. 1864; Worthington G. Snethen to Wendell Phillips, Baltimore, 25 Aug. 1864, Phillips Papers, Harvard University.
78. Gerald S. Henig, Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland (New York: Twayne, 1973), 9; Davis to S. F. Dupont, 20 Dec. 1859, 26 Apr. 1863; n.d. 1860; June 1862; 11 Nov. 1859, S. F. Dupont Papers, Hagley Museum.
79. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 245 (entry for 8 Nov. 1864).
80. Washington correspondence, 28 Feb., Chicago Tribune, 3 Mar. 1864.
81. Montgomery Blair to Augustus W. Bradford, 26 Jan. 1864, Bradford Papers, Maryland Historical Society; Henig, Davis, 196–197; Davis to S. F. Dupont, n.p., 28 Jan. 1864, transcript, S. F. Dupont Papers, Hagley Museum.
82. Buffalo Morning Express, 24 Aug. 1864.
83. Henig, Davis, 167, 174.
84. Davis to S. F. Dupont, 11 July 1862; July 1862; 20 Mar. 1861, S. F. Dupont Papers, Hagley Museum.
85. Proclamation, 8 July 1864, CWL, 7:433–434.
86. Stevens to Edward McPherson, [Lancaster?], 10 July 1864, in Beverly Wilson Palmer, ed., The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens (2 vols.; Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997–1998), 1:500.
87. The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1864 (New York: D. Appleton, 1865), 308–310.
88. New York World, in Randall and Current, Last Full Measure, 209.
89. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:98 (entry for 8 Aug. 1864).
90. Carpenter, Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln, 145.
91. Mary Todd Lincoln interviewed by Herndon, [Sept. 1866], Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds., Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln [hereafter HI] (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 358.
92. J. K. Herbert to Benjamin F. Butler, Washington, 6 Aug. 1864, Correspondence of Butler, ed. Marshall, 5:8.
93. Plumly to N. P. Banks, Washington, 9 Aug. 1864, Banks Papers, DLC.
94. Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, ed. Mitgang, 156.
95. James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield (2 vols.; Norwich, CT: Henry Bill, 1884-1886), 2:44.
96. New York Times, 12 Aug. 1864.
97. Ashtabula Sentinel, 17 Aug. 1864, and New York Times, 26 Aug. 1864, in Hans L. Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade, Radical Republican from Ohio (New York: Twayne, 1963), 227, 228.
98. Washington correspondence, 1 July, Sacramento Daily Union, 26 July 1864, in Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 120.
99. Usher to R. W. Thompson, Washington, 14 Aug. 1864, R. W. Thompson Papers, LMF.
100. John D. Defrees to Benjamin F. Wade, Washington, 7 Aug. 1864, copy, AL MSS DLC.
101. Browning to Thomas Ewing, Washington, 4 Oct. 1864, Ewing Family Papers, DLC.
102. Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 2038 (2 May 1864).
103. New York World, 15 Aug. 1864.
104. E. A. Stansbury to Charles Sumner, New York, 10 Aug. 1864, Sumner Papers, Harvard University.
105. E. A. Stansbury to Lincoln, New York, 9 Aug. 1864, AL MSS DLC.
106. Henry Winter Davis to Samuel F. Du Pont, n.p., 18 Aug. 1864, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
107. Henry Winter Davis to Henry Cheever, Baltimore, 21 July 1864, Cheever Family Papers, American Antiquarian Society.
108. Chase to his daughter Kate, Washington, 17 Sept. 1864, John Niven, ed., The Salmon P. Chase Papers (5 vols.; Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1993–1998), 4:432.
109. Sumner to John Bright, 27 Sept. 1864, Beverly Wilson Palmer, ed., The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner (2 vols.; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:253.
110. Cincinnati Commercial, 8 Aug., copied in the New York World, 10 Aug. 1864.
111. Yates to Greeley et al., Springfield, 6 Sept. 1864, Theodore Tilton Papers, New-York Historical Society.
112. Andrew to Greeley et al., Boston, 3 Sept. 1864; Joseph A. Gilmore to Theodore Tilton, Concord, 5 Sept. 1864; Buckingham to Theodore Tilton et al., Norwich, 3 Sept. 1864; Thomas Carney to Theodore Tilton et al., Leavenworth, 12 Sept, 1864; William M. Stone to Tilton et al., Des Moines, 9 Sept. 1864; Andrew G. Curtin to Tilton et al., Saratoga Springs, 8 Sept. 1864, ibid.
113. Davis to S. F. Du Pont, n.p., 18 Aug. 1864, John D. Hayes, ed., Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters (3 vols.; Ithaca, NY: Published for the Eleutherian Mills Historical Library by the Cornell University Press, 1969), 3:370.
114. New York Sun, 30 June 1889.
115. Lewis D. Campbell to John A. Andrew, Hamilton, Ohio, 27 Aug. 1864, Andrew Papers, MHi; Lewis D. Campbell to Thurlow Weed, Hamilton, Ohio, 12 Nov. 1864, Weed Papers, University of Rochester.
116. Albany, New York, Statesman, n.d., copied in the Bridgeport, Connecticut, Farmer, n.d., copied in the La Crosse, Wisconsin, Daily Democrat, 30 A
ug. 1864.
117. Alexander K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War-Times (Philadelphia: Times, 1892), 126.
118. George Luther Stearns to Wendell Phillips, Boston, 26 Aug. 1864, Wendell Phillips Papers, Harvard University.
119. Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (3 vols.; New York: McClure, 1907–1908), 3:103–104.
120. Boston Evening Journal, n.d., copied in the Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 18 Apr. 1865.
121. Davis to Julius Rockwell, Bloomington, 4 Aug. 1864, Davis Papers, DLC.
122. Erasmus Peshine Smith to Henry C. Carey, Pittsfield, 21 Sept. 1864, Henry C. Carey Papers in the Edward Carey Gardiner Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
123. Suffolk Herald (New York), n.d., copied in the La Crosse, Wisconsin, Daily Democrat, 17 Aug., 1 Sept. 1864.
124. Concord, New Hampshire, Monitor, n.d., copied ibid., 23 Aug. 1864.
125. Weed to Seward, New York, 22 August 1864, AL MSS DLC.
126. J. W. Shaffer to Benjamin Butler, New York, 17 Aug. 1864, in Correspondence of Butler, ed. Marshall, 5:68.
127. Swett to his wife, New York, n.d., and Washington, 8 Sept. 1864, in Tarbell, Lincoln, 2:201–202.
128. Swett interviewed by Nicolay, Washington, 16 Oct. 1878, in Michael Burlingame, ed., An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 58.
129. Bross, Biographical Sketch of the Late B. J. Sweet (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1878), 16.
130. Carpenter, Inner Life of Lincoln, 275.
131. Undated memo by Francis Pierpont, Pierpont Papers, West Virginia University.
132. Raymond to Lincoln, New York, 22 Aug. 1864, AL MSS DLC.
133. New York World, 18 Aug. 1864.
134. Weed to Seward, New York, 22 Aug. 1864, AL MSS DLC.
135. Beale, ed., Bates Diary, 388 (entry for 22 July 1864); Hay to Jewett, Washington, 18 July 1864, Michael Burlingame ed., At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 88.
136. Greeley to Lincoln, New York, 7 July 1864, AL MSS DLC.
137. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 179.
138. Chauncey M. Depew, My Memories of Eighty Years (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1922), 62.
139. Lincoln to Greeley, Washington, 9, 15 July 1864, CWL, 7:435, 442.
140. Ashley, Address of Hon. J. M. Ashley, at the Fourth Annual Banquet of the Ohio Republican League (New York: New York Evening Post, 1891), 13.
141. Shelby M. Cullom, Fifty Years of Public Service: Personal Recollections (Chicago: McClurg, 1911), 101.
142. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 224 (entry for ca. 21 July 1864).
143. Lincoln to “whom it may concern,” Washington, [1]8 July 1864, CWL, 8:63.
144. New York Daily News, 22 July 1864.
145. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:112 (entry for 19 Aug. 1864).
146. Joseph E. McDonald, interview in the Pittsburgh Commercial, n.d, copied in the New York Times, 28 Dec. 1882.
147. Jacob M. Manning in the Christian Advocate and Journal, 4 Aug. 1864, in Victor B. Howard, Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 80.
148. Boston Daily Journal, 5 Aug. 1864.
149. Philadelphia Bulletin, n.d., copied in the New York World, 29 July 1864.
150. Mark W. Delahay to Lincoln, Leavenworth, 8 August 1864, AL MSS DLC.
151. Cincinnati Enquirer, 25 July 1864.
152. Detroit Free Press, n.d., copied in the New York World, 29 July 1864.
153. Nevins and Thomas, eds., Strong Diary, 3:474 (entry for 19 Aug. 1864).
154. Speech of Hon. Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, Delivered before the Brooklyn McClellan Central Association, October 21, 1864 (Brooklyn: Brooklyn McClellan Association, 1864), 7, quoted in Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 150.
155. Arnold M. Shankman, The Pennsylvania Antiwar Movement, 1861–1865 (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980), 180.
156. Noah Brooks, Abraham Lincoln and the Downfall of American Slavery (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894), 402.
157. Joseph E. McDonald, interview in the Pittsburgh Commercial, n.d, copied in the New York Times, 28 Dec. 1882.
158. Baltimore correspondence, 17 Aug., New York Daily News, n.d., copied in the National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York), 24 Sept. 1864.
159. Edmund Kirke [James R. Gilmore], Down in Tennessee, and Back by Way of Richmond (New York: Carleton, 1864), 282; James R. Gilmore, Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War (Boston: L.C. Page, 1898), 289.
160. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 230 (entry for 23 Sept. 1864).
161. Swett to Herndon, Chicago, 17 Jan. 1866, HI, 164.
162. Lincoln to Wakeman, Washington, 25 July 1864, CWL, 7:461.
163. Wakeman to Lincoln, New York, 12 Aug. 1864, AL MSS DLC.
164. New York Herald, 1 Feb. 1864.
165. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 229 (entry for 23 Sept. 1864).
166. Greeley to W. O. Bartlett, New York, 30 Aug. 1864, Greeley Papers, New York Public Library.
167. Oliver Carlson, The Man Who Made News: James Gordon Bennett (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1942), 370.
168. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 230 (entry for 23 Sept. 1864).
169. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 2:259 (entry for 16 Mar. 1865).
170. Memorandum, 23 Aug. 1864, CWL, 7:514.
171. Interview with Alexander W. Randall and Joseph T. Mills, 19 Aug. 1864, CWL, 7:506–507.
172. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 248 (entry for 11 Nov. 1864).
173. Lincoln to Charles D. Robinson, Washington, 17 Aug. 1864, draft, CWL, 7:499–501.
174. Douglass to Theodore Tilton, Rochester, 15 Oct. 1864, in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (5 vols.; New York: International Publishers, 1950), 3:423.
175. New York World, 15, 19 Aug. 1864.
176. Douglass, speech at Rochester, 18 Apr. 1865, Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, 27 Apr. 1865.
177. Douglass, Life and Times, 435.
178. John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War with Special Reference to the Work for the Contrabands and Freedmen of the Mississippi Valley (New York: Longmans, Green, 1907), 175–176.
179. Raymond to Lincoln, New York, 22 Aug. 1864, AL MSS DLC.
180. Charles Eliot Norton to George William Curtis, Ashfield, Massachusetts, 24 July 1864, Sara Norton and M. A. De Wolfe Howe, eds., Letters of Charles Eliot Norton (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 1:274.
181. Dana to Raymond, Washington, 26 July 1864, George Jones Papers, New York Public Library.
182. Nicolay to John Hay, Washington, 25 Aug. 1864; Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 28 Aug. 1864, Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 152–154; H. A. Tilden to [Samuel J. Tilden], Wash[ington], 26 Aug. 1864, Tilden Papers, New York Public Library; Washington correspondence, 26 Aug., New York World, 27 Aug. 1864.
183. Lincoln to Raymond, Washington, 24 Aug. 1864, CWL, 7:517.
184. Forbes to Gustavus V. Fox, Yacht Azela, bound to New Bedford, 6 Sept. 1864, in Hughes, ed., Letters of Forbes, 2:102–103.
185. John Murray Forbes to John A. Andrew, New Bedford, 3 Sept. 1864, and Naushon, 5 September 1864, Andrew Papers, MHi.
186. New York World, 29, 30 July, 25 Aug. 1864.
187. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 238 (entry for 11 Oct. 1864).
188. Memorandum by Fox, Washington, 29 Mar. 1883, in Hughes, ed., Letters of Forbes, 2:105.
189. Forbes to Charles Eliot Norton, Naushon, 25 Aug. 1864, Norton Papers, Harvard University.
Chapter 34. “The Wisest Radical of All”
1. Noah
Brooks, Washington, D.C., in Lincoln’s Time, ed. Herbert Mitgang (1895; Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), 164.
2. Joseph P. Thompson, “A Talk with President Lincoln,” The Congregationalist and Boston Recorder, 30 Mar. 1866, p. 50.
3. Joseph Hooker to Dr. B. M. Stevens, Watertown, New York, 1 Sept. 1864, Schoff Civil War Collection, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.
4. J. W. Rathbone to Manton Marble, Albany, 4 Nov. 1864, Manton Marble Papers, DLC.
5. Solomon Newton Pettis, interview, Washington Post, 16 Aug. 1891.
6. John H. Clifford to Robert C. Winthrop, New Bedford, 13, 25 Sept., 18 Nov. 1864, Winthrop Family Papers, MHi.
7. John Pendleton Kennedy to Robert C. Winthrop, Newport, 6 Sept. 1864, ibid.
8. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds., Diary of George Templeton Strong, 1835–1875 (4 vols.; New York: Macmillan, 1952), 3:481 (entry for 5 Sept. 1864).
9. Tilton to Anna E. Dickinson, New York, 13 July, 3, 5 Sept. 1864, Dickinson Papers, DLC.
10. Dickinson to “My Dear Friend,” Philadelphia, 3 Sept. 1864, National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York), 10 Sept. 1864.
11. New York Tribune, 6 Sept. 1864.
12. Nicolay to Lincoln, New York, 30 Aug. 1864, in Michael Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 155.
13. Lillie B. Chace to Anna E. Dickinson, Valley Falls, 19 Sept. 1864, Dickinson Papers, DLC; Sumner to John A. Stevens, Boston, 1, 17 Sept. 1864, Stevens Papers, New-York Historical Society.
14. Sumner to Francis Lieber, 3 Sept. 1864, in Edward Lillie Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols.; Boston: Roberts, 1877–1893), 4:198.
15. Sumner, speech at Fanueil Hall, 28 Sept., Boston Daily Advertiser, 29 Sept. 1864.
16. Butler to Simon Cameron, n.d., Cincinnati Gazette, 5 Oct. 1864; Beverly Wilson Palmer, ed., The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens (2 vols.; Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997–1998), 1:502.
17. Frederick Douglass to Theodore Tilton, Rochester, 15 Oct. 1864, Philip S. Foner, ed., The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (5 vols.; New York: International Publishers, 1950), 3:424; Douglass to Garrison, Rochester, 17 Sept. 1864, The Liberator (Boston), 23 Sept. 1864, ibid., 407.
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