by Peter Irons
313 McReynolds, “This will insure”: id. at 134.
314 Roosevelt, “If we can pass”: id. at 3-17.
314 Roosevelt, “The simple fact”: Irons, New Deal, 275.
314 Hughes, “is fully abreast”: id. at 276.
315 Sumners, “Boys, here’s where”: Baker, 7-8.
315 Roosevelt, “has improperly”: Epstein and Walker, 296-300.
315 Background to West Coast Hotel case: John A. Garraty, ed., Quarrels That Have Shaped the Constitution, 266-284.
317 Hughes opinion in West Coast Hotel: 300 U.S. 379, 386-400 (1937).
317 Sutherland dissent in West Coast Hotel: 300 U.S. at 400-414.
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318 Background in Labor Board cases: Irons, New Deal, 203-214, 226-233, 254-267.
321 Arguments in Labor Board cases: id. at 283-286.
322 Emerson, “It was an amazing”: id. at 287.
322 Hughes opinion in Jones & Laughlin: 301 U.S. 1, 30-45 (1937).
322 “Old McReynolds”: Irons, New Deal, 288.
322 McReynolds dissent in Jones & Laughlin: 301 U.S. at 103.
324 Roberts, “I said I saw”: Baker, 174-175.
324 “substantial ‘favorite son’ vote”: New York Times, May 30, 1936, 3.
325 Reed, “threatened to ‘pack’”: New York Times, August 6, 1936, 18.
326 Black nomination: Abraham, 211-216; Urofsky, 5-14.
327 Reed nomination: Abraham, 216-217; Urofsky, 367-372.
327 Frankfurter nomination: Abraham, 217-222; Urofsky, 171-181.
328 Douglas nomination: Abraham, 222-225; Urofsky, 141-151.
329 Murphy nomination: Abraham, 225-227; Urofsky, 331-336.
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334 New York Times, “2,000 Jewish lawyers,” Goebbels, “Our racial theory,” and New York Times, “eyes were gouged out”: Irons, Brennan vs. Rehnquist (cited below as Irons, Brennan), 74-76.
334 Bilbo, “the lust”: id. at 75.
334 Stone, “I have been”: ibid.
334 Stone opinion in Carolene Products: 304 U.S. 144, 151-153 (1938).
336 Lovell case: 303 U.S. 444 (1938).
336 Schneider case: 308 U.S. 147 (1939).
336 Cantwell case: 310 U.S. 296 (1940).
337 Background to Gobitis case: Peter Irons, The Courage of Their Convictions (cited below as Irons, Courage), 15-27.
338 Gobitas, “He did it a lot”: id. at 20-21, 30.
339 Hughes, “nothing to do”: id. at 21.
339 Frankfurter opinion in Gobitis: 310 U.S. 586, 591-600 (1940).
340 Stone dissent in Gobitis: 310 U.S. at 601-607.
340 Gobitas, “We were”: Irons, Courage, 30-31.
341 Attacks on Witnesses: id. at 22-23.
341 Roosevelt, “We will not,” Willkie, “We must preserve,” and Biddle, “essential at such”: Walker, 135-136.
342 Reed opinion in Jones: 316 U.S. 584, 585-600 (1942).
342 Stone dissent in Jones: 316 U.S. at 600-611.
342 Black, Douglas, and Murphy in Jones: 316 U.S. at 623-624.
343 Douglas, “No, but he has”: Irons, Courage, 23.
343 Byrnes nomination: Abraham, 228-229; Urofsky, 87.
343 Frankfurter, “I’d prefer Bob”: Abraham, 230.
343 Rutledge nomination: Abraham, 234-236; Urofsky, 391-393.
345 Lower-court decision in Barnette: 47 F. Supp. 251 (1943).
346 Jackson opinion in Barnette: 319 U.S. 624, 632-642 (1943).
346 Frankfurter dissent in Barnette and diary entries: 319 U.S. at 646-647; Joseph Lash, ed., From the Diaries of Felix Frankfurter, 254.
347 Durkee, “I don’t believe,” and editorial: San Diego Union-Tribune, July 21 and 22, 1998.
CHAPTER 27
348 “thousands of Japanese”: Peter Irons, Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases (cited below as Irons, Justice at War), 6-7.
349 Ford, “all Japanese”: id. at 7.
349 Lippmann, “the unwillingness”: id. at 60.
349 Pegler, “The Japanese”: id. at 61.
350 “We’re charged”: id. at 39-40.
350 DeWitt, “the very fact”: id. at 59; Peter Irons, Justice Delayed: The Record of the Japanese American Internment Cases (cited below as Irons, Justice Delayed ), 146.
350 Bendetsen, “the sheer military”: Irons, Justice at War, 49-50.
350 DeWitt, “An American”: id. at 30, 36.
351 Stimson, “We cannot”: id. at 55.
351 McCloy, “To a Wall Street”: id. at 46.
351 Cohen-Cox-Rauh, “Since the Occidental”: id. at 53-54.
351 Burdell, “Jap citizens”: id. at 140-141.
352 Background of Hirabayashi case: id. at 87-93.
352 Background of Yasui case: id. at 81-85.
353 Background of Korematsu case: id. at 93-99.
354 Hirabayashi trial: id. at 154-159.
354 Yasui trial: id. at 140-143.
355 Korematsu trial: id. at 151-154.
355 Briefs and arguments in Hirabayashi case: id. at 197-198, 219-227.
356 Stone opinion in Hirabayashi: 320 U.S. 81, 83-105 (1943).
357 Frankfurter-Murphy exchange: Irons, Justice at War, 246.
357 Debate over ending internment: id. at 269-277.
359 Brief in Korematsu: id. at 299-300.
359 Black opinion in Korematsu: 323 U.S. 214, 215-224 (1944).
359 Black, “People were”: Irons, Justice at War, 356.
359 Murphy dissent in Korematsu: 323 U.S. at 233-242.
360 Roberts dissent in Korematsu: 323 U.S. at 225-233.
360 Jackson dissent in Korematsu: 323 U.S. at 242-248.
360 Douglas opinion in Endo: 323 U.S. 283, 284-307 (1944).
360 Roberts concurrence in Endo: 323 U.S. at 308-310.
360 War Department, “Those persons”: Irons, Justice at War, 345.
360 Los Angeles Times, “Outbreak of Violence”: id. at 345-346.
361 Warren, “all Americans”: id. at 346.
361 “grave injustice”: Irons, Justice Delayed, 120.
362 Reopening of internment cases: id. at 1-46, 243, 407.
364 Clinton, “A man of quiet bravery”: Program for Medal of Freedom ceremony, the White House, January 15, 1998.
CHAPTER 28
365 Ho Chi Minh, “All men”: Zinn, 460.
366 Truman, “Did you ever”: Abraham, 237.
366 Burton nomination: Abraham, 238-240; Urofsky, 77-80.
366 Vinson nomination: Abraham, 240-242; Urofsky, 489-492.
367 Vinson dissent in Youngstown: 343 U.S. 579, 667-710 (1952).
367 Clark nomination: Abraham, 242-245; Urofsky, 113-119.
368 Minton nomination: Abraham, 245-247; Urofsky, 323-325.
368 “The Army”: Zinn, 4110.
369 Woodward attack: The Crisis, Sept. 1946, 276; Richard Kluger, Simp
le Justice, 298-299.
369 Monroe killings: New York Times, July 27, 1946, 1.
369 NAACP, “Mob acts”: The Crisis, Sept. 1946, 277; Jack Greenberg, Crusaders in the Courts, 61-62.
370 “Margold Report”: Mark Tushnet, The NAACP’s Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 25-28.
371 Hughes opinion in Gaines: 305 U.S. 337, 344-350 (1938).
371 Sipuel case: Greenberg, 63-67; 332 U.S. 631 (1948).
372 Background of Sweatt case: Greenberg, 64.
373 Background of McLaurin case: id. at 66-67.
373 Corrigan case: 271 U.S. 323 (1926).
374 Background of Shelley case: Irons, Courage, 65-69.
374 Vaughn argument: id. at 71.
375 Vinson opinion in Shelley: 334 U.S. 1, 4-23 (1948).
376 Rankin, “there must,” and Shelley, “My little soul”: Irons, Courage, 72.
376 Briefs in Sweatt: Greenberg, 72-76.
376 Vinson opinion in Sweatt: 339 U.S. 629, 631-636 (1950).
377 Vinson opinion in McLaurin: 339 U.S. 637, 638-642 (1950).
377 Background of Dennis case: Michal R. Belknap, Cold War Political Justice, 45-53.
378 Briefs and arguments in Dennis: Landmark Briefs, Vol. 47, 6-72; New York Times, Dec. 5. 1950.
379 Hand opinion in Dennis: 183 F.2d 201, 205-234 (1950).
381 Vinson opinion in Dennis: 341 U.S. 494, 495-517 (1951).
382 Frankfurter concurrence in Dennis: 341 U.S. 517-561.
382 Black dissent in Dennis: 341 U.S. at 579-581.
382 Harlan opinion in Yates: 354 U.S. 298, 300-338 (1957).
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383 Background on Clarendon County and Briggs case: Kluger, 3-26.
386 Clark doll tests: id. at 317-318, 330-331.
387 Trial and decisions in Briggs: id. at 297-301.
389 Waring death and funeral: id. at 364-366.
389 Trial and decision in Brown: Greenberg, 126-132.
390 Trial and decision in Gebhart: id. at 150-151; Kluger, 425-430.
390 Trial and decision in Davis: Kluger, 493, 506.
391 Trial and decision in Bolling: id. at 508-523.
391 First round of school case arguments: id. at 570-574; Greenberg, 169-171.
393 Frankfurter, “This is the first”: Abraham, 251.
393 Warren nomination: Abraham, 252-259; Urofsky, 501-509.
CHAPTER 30
395 Second round of school case arguments: Greenberg, 189-191; Kluger, 670-673.
397 Drafting of Brown opinions: Kluger, 678-699.
397 Warren opinion in Brown: 347 U.S. 483, 486-496 (1954).
398 Reaction to Brown decision: Kluger, 710-711; Greenberg, 200.
399 Arguments in Brown II: Kluger, 729-732.
400 Warren opinion in Brown II: 349 U.S. 294, 298-301 (1955).
400 Reaction to Brown II decision: Urofsky, March of Liberty, 775-776.
401 Harlan nomination: Abraham, 259-262; Urofsky, 215-223.
402 Brennan nomination: Abraham, 262-265; Urofsky, 49-60; Irons, Brennan, 23-42.
403 Whittaker nomination: Abraham, 266-267; Urofsky, 533-534.
403 Stewart nomination: Abraham, 267-271; Urofsky, 419-424.
404 Eisenhower, “I think”: Greenberg, 213.
406 Background of Cooper case: Greenberg, 228-243; Irons, Courage, 110-112.
406 Arguments in Cooper: Peter Irons and Stephanie Guitton, eds., May It Please the Court (cited below as Irons, May It Please), 250-256.
407 Supreme Court opinion in Cooper: 358 U.S. 1, 4-20 (1958).
407 Barnett and Wallace defiance: Greenberg, 318-332, 338-340.
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409 Black opinion in Everson: 330 U.S. 1, 3-18 (1947).
410 Black opinion in McCollum: 333 U.S. 203, 204-212 (1948).
410 Black opinion in Engel: 370 U.S. 421, 422-436 (1962).
411 Tocqueville, “religious zeal”: Irons, Brennan, 119-120.
411 Reaction to Engel decision: Walker, 225.
411 Arguments in Schempp: Irons, May It Please, 62-68.
412 Clark opinion in Schempp: 374 U.S. 203, 205-227 (1963).
412 Stewart dissent in Schempp: 374 U.S. at 308-320.
412 Background of Lee case: Robert S. Alley, Without a Prayer, 128-138.
413 Kennedy opinion in Lee: 505 U.S. 577, 580-599 (1992).
413 Scalia dissent in Lee: 505 U.S. at 631-646.
413 Istook prayer amendment: San Diego Union-Tribune, June 5, 1998.
413 White nomination: Abraham, 272-277; Urofsky, 517-524.
414 Goldberg nomination: Abraham, 277-280; Urofsky, 193-195.
415 Fortas nomination: Abraham, 281-288; Urofsky, 169-170.
415 Marshall, “You’re talking”: Irons, May It Please, 313.
416 Warren opinion in Reynolds: 377 U.S. 533, 536-587 (1964).
417 “Well, Mr. Chief Justice”: Kluger, 699.
417 “forty-three million”: Irons, May It Please, 270.
417 Clark opinion in Heart of Atlanta: 379 U.S. 241, 242-262 (1964).
418 Warren, “Are lawyers”: Irons, May It Please, 221.
418 Warren opinion in Miranda: 384 U.S. 436, 439-499
418 White dissent in Miranda: 384 U.S. at v526-545.
418 Warren opinion in O’Brien: 391 U.S. 367, 369-386 (1968).
419 Fortas opinion in Tinker: 393 U.S. 503, 504-514 (1969).
419 Black dissent in Tinker: 393 U.S. at 515-526.
419 Brennan opinion in New York Times: 376 U.S. 254, 256-292 (1964).
420 Taylor, “We owe a lot”: Washington Post, July 1, 1974, B-1.
CHAPTER 32
424 Fortas withdrawal: Abraham 286-288; Laura Kalman, Abe Fortas, 327-358.
424 Burger nomination: Abraham, 297-301; Urofsky, 69-76.
425 Finkbine case: David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality, 285-289.
427 Pilpel, “a dagger”: Walker, 301.
427 ACLU, “the right”: id. at 302.
428 Douglas opinion in Skinner: 316 U.S. 535, 536-543 (1942).
429 Background of Griswold case: Garrow, 196-229.
429 Arguments in Griswold: id. at 237-240; Stephanie Guitton and Peter Irons, eds., Arguments on Abortion (cited below as Guitton, Arguments), 2-10.
430 Douglas opinion in Griswold: 381 U.S. 479, 480-486 (1965).
430 Harlan concurrence in Griswold: 381 U.S. at 499-502.
430 Goldberg concurrence in Griswold: 381 U.S. at 486-499.
430 White concurrence in Griswold: 381 U.S. at 502-507.
430 Black dissent in Griswold: 381 U.S. at 507-527.
430 Stewart dissent in Griswold: 381 U.S. at 527-531.
431 Background of Roe case: Garrow, 402-407.
433 District court hearing and decision in Roe: id. at 433-444, 451-454.
CHAPTER 33
437 Haynesworth and Carswell rejections: Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong, The Breth
ren: Inside the Supreme Court, 56-57, 74-75.
437 Blackmun nomination: Abraham, 301-305; Urofsky, 15-24.
438 Arguments in Roe: Garrow, 523-526; Irons, May It Please, 344-348.
440 Deliberations in Roe: Garrow, 528-538, 547-560.
441 Powell nomination: Abraham, 307-313; Urofsky; 357-366; Irons, Brennan, 45-46.
441 Rehnquist nomination: Abraham, 313-321; Urofsky, 357-366; Irons, Brennan, 43-64.
443 Second round of arguments in Roe: Garow, 567-571; Irons, May It Please, 349-354.
444 Weddington, “I left the courtroom”: Sarah Weddington, A Question of Choice, 142.
445 Deliberations in Roe: Garrow, 573-588; Woodward and Armstrong, 271-280.
447 Blackmun opinion in Roe: 410 U.S. 113, 116-167 (1973).
448 Burger concurrence in Roe: 410 U.S. at 207-208.
448 White dissent in Roe: 410 U.S. at 221-223.
448 Rehnquist dissent in Roe: 410 U.S. at 171-178.
449 Reaction to Roe decision: Garrow, 605-606.
CHAPTER 34
451 Background of Bakke case: Joel Dreyfuss and Charles Lawrence III, The Bakke Case, 3-30.
452 Brennan dissent in DeFunis: 416 U.S. 312, 350 (1974).
453 Arguments in Bakke: Dreyfuss and Lawrence, 176-201; Irons, May It Please, 306-313.
455 Stevens nomination: Abraham, 323-328; Urofsky, 409-417.
455 Powell opinion in Bakke: 438 U.S. 265, 269-320 (1978).
456 Brennan opinion in Bakke: 438 U.S. at 324-379.
456 Marshall opinion in Bakke: 438 U.S. 387-402.
456 Blackmun opinion in Bakke: 482 U.S. 402-408.
459 Background of Bowers case: Irons, Courage, 381-403.
459 Brief in Bowers: id. at 387.
460 Arguments in Bowers: Irons, May It Please, 362-368.
460 White opinion in Bowers: 478 U.S. 186, 187-196 (1986).
461 Burger concurrence in Bowers: 478 U.S. at 196-197.