59. World Health Organization, “Global Health Observatory Country Views,” apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country.
60. Ibid.
61. This, in spite of the fact that since 2008, UNICEF and other organizations working with the government have promoted Community-Led Total Sanitation, which calls for helping communities build traditional latrines. The Departamento de Água e Saneamento does not count the number of traditional latrines constructed through this approach.
62. Iaué has several alternate spellings, most commonly “Hiawe.”
63. Eduardo et al., Relatório da liga dos direitos humanos: caso Mogincual.
64. Jacqueline Charles, “U.N. Security Council Supports Replacing Haiti Peacekeepers with Smaller Mission,” Miami Herald, April 11, 2017.
65. Paisley Dodds, “AP Investigation: UN Troops Lured Kids into Haiti Sex Ring,” AP News, April 12, 2017; Paisley Dodds, “AP Exclusive: UN Child Sex Ring Left Victims but No Arrests,” AP News, April 12, 2017.
66. See, for instance, Eric Jean Baptiste, “L’Heritage de MINUSTAH,” Le nouvelliste, April 17, 2017; Ann Simmons, “U.N. Peacekeepers Are Leaving after More than Two Decades, but Where Does That Leave Haiti?” Los Angeles Times, April 17, 2017.
6. Go Tell the Crocodiles—Tete
1. Shlomo Felberbaum, trans., Inquiries of Herodotus, book 2 (Losttrails.com: 2003).
2. Raymond Dart, “The Myth of the Bone-Accumulating Hyena,” American Anthropology (1956).
3. Community courts are governed by a 1992 law but stand apart from the justice system. For a discussion of the range of practices, makeup, and history of community courts, see Boaventura de Sousa Santos, “The Heterogeneous State and Legal Pluralism in Mozambique,” Law & Society Review 40, no. 1 (2006): 56–59.
4. Gerald Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats (New York: Sterling, 1983).
5. Gregory Erickson, Paul M. Gignac, Scott J. Steppan, A. Kristopher Lappin, Kent A. Vliet, John D. Brueggen, Brian D. Inouye, David Kledzik, and Grahame J. W. Webb, “Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation,” Plos One (March 14, 2012).
6. EIA figures on state-by-state consumption for Vermont: U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Consumption & Expenditures,” www.eia.gov/state/data.cfm?sid=VT#ConsumptionExpenditures; as of 2013, the most recent year’s data available, the World Bank estimated electricity consumption of 435.6 kilowatt-hours per capita for Mozambique, or roughly 11.5 billion kilowatt-hours total. See World Bank, “World Development Indicators,” http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
7. Watchbands and handbags are actually a major funding source for research on wild crocs: since Nile crocodiles are listed as a threatened species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, getting a license to hunt them or export their hides first requires a study to document the size of the population. In Tanzania, Fergusson recalls getting survey work only after wildlife managers there realized that there was a good market for extra-large crocodile skins, only available in the wild, and typically used in golf bags.
8. Patrick Aust, “The Ecology, Conservation and Management of Nile Crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus in a Human Dominated Landscape” (doctoral diss., Imperial College London, 2009).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Diane Ackerman, “Crocodilians,” New Yorker, October 10, 1988, 52; Job 41:13–15, 22, 25 (NIV), www.biblegateway.com.
13. Cited in Mwelma C. Musambachime, “The Fate of the Nile Crocodile in African Waterways,” African Affairs 86, no. 343 (1987): 201.
14. R.C.F. Maugham, Portuguese East Africa (London: Murray, 1906), 50.
15. Musambachime, “Fate of the Nile Crocodile.”
16. Peter Ashton, “The Demise of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) as a Keystone Species for Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation in South Africa: The Case of the Olifants River,” Aquatic Conservation 20, no. 5 (2010): 489–93.
17. Ian Games and Jacques Moreau, “The Feeding Ecology of Two Nile Crocodile Populations in the Zambezi Valley,” in Advances in the Ecology of Lake Kariba, ed. Jacques Moreau (Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, 1997).
18. Aust, “Ecology, Conservation and Management of Nile Crocodiles.”
19. “There’s nowhere in Mozambique,” he added, “where it comes even close to that.”
20. Ian Games, “The Feeding Ecology of Two Nile Crocodile Populations in the Zambezi Valley” (doctoral diss., University of Zimbabwe, 1990).
21. “Africa’s Population Boom: Will It Mean Disaster or Economic and Human Development Gains?” World Bank, October 22, 2015, www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/africas-demographic-transition.
22. Aust, “Ecology, Conservation and Management of Nile Crocodiles.”
23. Ken Wilson, “Mozambique’s Tchuma Tchato Initiative of Resource Management on the Zambezi: A Community Perspective,” Society & Natural Resources 10, no. 4 (2008): 409–13.
24. Ministério da Agricultura, Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas, Estudo do impacto do diploma ministerial no. 93/2005 de 4 de Maio sobre os mecanismos que regulam a canalização dos 20% das taxas de exploração florestal e faunística às comunidades, February 2012.
25. Luis Dos Santos Namanha, “Artisanal Fishing and Community-Based Natural Resources Management: A Case Study of Tchuma Tchato Project in Mozambique” (master’s thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999).
26. The problem continues today: when a stockpile of rhino horn was burned in 2015, 20 percent of the haul had been confiscated from a police warehouse.
27. Wilson, “Mozambique’s Tchuma Tchato Initiative.”
28. Anthony Maughan Brown, “Revisiting Community Based Natural Resource Management: A Case Study of the Tchuma Tchato Project in Tete Province, Mozambique” (master’s thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1998).
29. Ibid.
30. Unfortunately, other programs that have followed Tchuma Tchato do not seem to have fared much better. In 2011, a team of researchers from the Ministry of Agriculture spent two months on a nine-thousand-mile trip around the country to evaluate the impact of “the 20%”—fees set aside from logging and hunting operations since 2005, analogous to the 32.5 percent earmarked for communities under Tchuma Tchato. “Although 103,908,364 meticais have been transferred to-date,” the authors write—equivalent to roughly $3 million at the time—“there is still a general feeling in the local community that the projects that have been implemented have not had much effect on family and community quality of life.” Close to 90 percent of the communities where money had supposedly gone had no proof or documents showing how it might have been spent; two-thirds of planned projects were never completed. In Tete Province, half the money set aside for local communities never made it out of accounts belonging to the provincial government. Even corrupt uses of the 20 percent gave some indication of how badly it was needed: committee members used the 20 percent to buy themselves bicycles, cell phones, clothes. Some people had a notion of how the program was supposed to work but were never told how often transfers would be made or in what amount. “The people from the district agriculture office came here and they said they wanted people to open bank accounts,” said a woman in Gaza who was a member of her local committee—formed expressly to manage spending of the 20 percent. “They came by our houses and we signed papers, and we never heard anything about it again.” See Ministério da Agricultura, Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas, Estudo do impacto do diploma ministerial.
31. Miguel Wilson, personal communication, Zumbo, November 25, 2011; Claudio Masango, personal communication, Tete, December 1, 2011; Oscar Zalimba, personal communication, Tete, November 2, 2011.
32. Tracy Brooks, “A New National Park for Tete,” Zambezi Traveller, December 7, 2013, www.zambezitraveller.com/cahora-tete/conservation/new-national-park-tete.
33. “New National Park in Moza
mbique Has No Money,” VOA via Club of Mozambique, September 29, 2016, clubofmozambique.com/news/new-national-park-mozambique-no-money.
34. Luis Namanha, “Progesso do Programa Tchuma Tchato,” 2017. Unpublished report, courtesy Luis Namanha.
35. “Poachers Killed Half Mozambique’s Elephants in Five Years,” The Guardian, May 26, 2015, www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/may/26/poachers-killed-half-mozambiques-elephants-in-five-years.
8. Neighborhood Headquarters—Beira
1. Joseph Hanlon, Mozambique Political Process Bulletin, no. 29, December 2003.
2. Ibid.
3. Carter Center, Observing the 1999 Elections in Mozambique: Final Report (Atlanta, GA: Democracy Program, Carter Center, 2000).
4. Itumeleng Magetia, “Building Beira: A Municipal Turnaround in Mozambique, 2003–2010” (case study, Initiatives for Successful Societies, Princeton University, 2010).
5. Ibid.
6. See, for instance, “Inventariar depois do assalto,” Savana, July 16, 2010.
7. Colleen Lowe Morna, “Doing Business in Beira,” Africa Report 32, no. 4 (1987): 61.
8. Sergio Chichava, “MDM: A New Political Force in Mozambique?” (paper prepared for the conference Election Processes, Liberation Movements and Democratic Change in Africa, Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos [IESE], Maputo, April 8–11, 2010).
9. Portuguese Parliamentary Biography of Jorge Jardim, app.parlamento.pt/PublicacoesOnLine/DeputadosAN_1935-1974/html/pdf/j/jardim_jorge_pereira.pdf.
10. Paul Fauvet, “Roots of Counter-revolution: The Mozambique National Resistance,” Review of African Political Economy, no. 29 (1984): 108–121, 109.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 110.
13. Chichava, “MDM.”
14. Fauvet, “Roots of Counter-revolution,” 111.
15. Barnabe Lucas Ncomo, Uria Simango: um homem, uma causa (Maputo, Mozambique: Createspace 2012).
16. Ibid.
17. Selected as part of the party’s slate, or bancada, by leadership. One, Albano Obedias, has since died; “Daviz Simango reestrutura vereações no município da Beira,” O País, February 26, 2015.
18. “Obedias Simango obrigou comerçantes a declararem em seu favor ao tribunal,” Diário de Moçambique, November 16, 2011, 2.
19. Joseph Hanlon and Marcelo Mosse, “Mozambique’s Elite—Finding Its Way in a Globalized World and Returning to Old Development Models” (working paper 2010/105, United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, UNU-WIDER, 2010), oro.open.ac.uk/23271/1/wp2010-105%255B1%255D.pdf.
20. Ibid.
21. Marcelo Mosse, “Can Mozambique’s New President Lead the Fight against Corruption?” in “Oiling the Wheels of Imperialism,” Review of African Political Economy 32, nos. 104/105 (2005): 431–36.
22. Ibid.
23. “Mozambique’s Valentina Guebuza ‘Killed by Husband,’” BBC News, December 15, 2016; See, for example, Joseph Hanlon, Mozambique News Reports & Clippings, no. 288, May 11, 2015, www.bit.ly/mozamb.
24. Adriano Nuvunga and José Adalima, “Mozambique Democratic Movement (MDM): An Analysis of a New Opposition Party in Mozambique,” American Review of Politics 14 (2001): 665–84.
25. Chichava, “MDM”; “Renamo contesta prémios atribuidos a Daviz Simango,” Jornal notícias, June 19, 2015; Simango has been repeatedly honored by the South-Africa-based organization Professional Management Review-Africa. See also www.pmrafrica.com.
26. Mozambique follows a European-style model of electoral politics, with party leadership choosing candidates to represent the ticket in each election, or, in the case of city council and the national legislature, simply designating a list of people to serve as representatives after the election has been held, according to the party’s total share of the vote. Chichava, “MDM.”
27. Chichava, “MDM.”
28. Magetia, “Building Beira”; Chicava, “MDM.”
29. In 2009, MDM was barred from competing in all but four constituencies in the parliamentary elections. The National Elections Commission (CNE) cited inadequate documentation in MDM’s candidate lists but didn’t disclose any particulars as to why specific candidates had been excluded. “The justifications given by the CNE are not at all convincing,” read a statement by a joint delegation from the European Union, the United States, and several other Western governments issued after meetings with the CNE’s president and head of state Armando Guebuza. Opposition newspapers denounced a conspiracy by “FRenamo” to keep MDM out of the elections.
30. Lutero now serves as the head of MDM’s delegation in parliament.
31. One for Maputo City and two for Maputo Province. For a complete list, see www.mdm.org.mz.
32. Cesaltina Chefalquina, “Governo distrital de Beira accusa municipio de usurpação de poder, após Daviz Simango inaugurar infra-estruturas que não são do CMB,” Diário de Moçambique, February 8, 2016, 2.
33. Great photos are available at Moçambique Terra Queimada, ambicanos.blogspot.com/2016/02/o-presidente-do-conselho-municipal-da.html.
34. Magetia, “Building Beira.”
35. “Mozambique: Beira City Council Defies Ruling on Houses,” AllAfrica.com, December 16, 2004.
36. Edy Ndapona, “Beira: imóveis em litigio entre a Frelimo e o município: Daviz Simango deposita recurso ao tribunal supremo,” Canal de Moçambique, March 2, 2007.
37. David Morton, “From Racial Discrimination to Class Segregation in Postcolonial Urban Mozambique,” Geographies of Privilege (2013); James D. Sidaway and Marcus Power, “Sociospatial Transformations in the ‘Postsocialist’ Periphery: The Case of Maputo, Mozambique,” Environment and Planning A 27, no. 9 (1995): 1463–91. In addition to rental properties and businesses owned by Mozambicans. See David Morton, “Age of Concrete.”
38. “Inventariar depois do assalto,” Savana, July 16, 2010.
39. Fernando Mbanze, Mediafax, Maputo, January, 3 2007, macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2007/01/page/5; the penalty of 792,502 meticais, at the December 2006 exchange rate of 25.893544 per dollar, works out to roughly $30,600.
40. Adelino Timoteo, “Munícipes frustram entrega de edifícios municipais ao partido Frelimo,” Canal de Moçambique, July 13, 2010.
41. Mbanze, Mediafax.
42. Ndapona, “Beira: imóveis em litigio entre a Frelimo e o município.”
43. José Chirinza, “Braço de ferro na Beira,” Savana, July 24, 2010.
44. “Advogado da Frelimo atira culpa ao presidente do tribunal,” O País, July 23, 2010.
45. Ibid.
46. Paulo Machava, “Guebuza dialoga com Daviz Simango,” Diário de Notícias, July 30, 2007, macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2010/08/guebuza-dialoga-com-daviz-simango.html. Machava edited the Diário as well as writing for Savana and Rádio Moçambique. In 2015, he was assassinated on a walk near his house at sunrise, in what many saw as retaliation for organizing protests to protect the economist Carlos Castel-Branco from prosecution for an open letter to President Guebuza. Nara Madeira and Michel Santos, “Jornalista moçambicano Paulo Machava assassinado,” Euronews, August 28, 2015.
47. Eurico Dança, “Daviz Simango manipula e usa munícipes como escudos,” Diário de Moçambique, July 30, 2010.
48. Ibid.
49. “Dom Jaime defende construção de novas sedes de bairros na Beira,” O país, August 23, 2010.
50. Eurico Dança, “Tribunal ordena entrega de 14 instalações à Frelimo,” Diário de Moçambique, November 16, 2010, 2.
51. “Sedes de bairros estão a ser entregues pacificamente,” O País, November 18, 2010.
52. Eurico Dança, “Davis Simango promete para breve início de construção de novas sedes,” Diário de Moçambique, November 22, 2010, 2.
53. “Daviz Simango apela união de autarcas beirenses para construção de novas sedes de bairros,” A Verdade, November 22, 2010.
54. See Manuel dos Santos Mussanema’s Facebook profile.
55. Chichava, “MDM.”
1. William Finnegan, A Complicated War, 4.
About the Author
Rowan Moore Gerety is a journalist based in Miami. His writing has appeared in The Atlantic, Foreign Policy, the Miami Herald, Slate, and Virginia Quarterly Review, and he has produced radio stories for NPR and PRI. He studied anthropology at Columbia University and was a Fulbright fellow in Mozambique. This is his first book.
Go Tell the Crocodiles Page 33