by War
Visibility through the oily film of the canopy wouldn't be very good.
It was an excellent dive. -The danger was always overshooting and standing on your head, when the dive was almost impossible to control, but he was dropping toward the flattop at a beautiful angle, maybe sixty-five, seventy degrees, from almost dead astern, a little to port, perfect. He wasn't sitting on his seat now but hanging facedown in his straps, the pure dive sensation. He always thought it was like jumping off a high dive board. There was the same headfirst feeling, the same queaziness in gut and balls that you never got over. It was a long way down, almost a whole minute, and he had excellent controls to straighten out slips or wobbles, but this dive was going fine. With a pedal jammed in hard to neutralize the SBD's usual yaw, they were skimming down sweetly, the throttled-back engine purring, the air whiffling noisily on the brakes -and that flight aeck was sitting right there in his little lens, not fogging over at all, growing bigger and plainer, with the hardwood decking bright yellow in the sunlight, the big red ball conspicuous in the white oblong forward of the island, the planes crowded aft in a jumble, and minuscule Japs running around them like insects. As his altimeter reeled backward his ears popped and the warmed.
All at once he saw the great white splash of a near-miss jump up alongside the island; and then a huge fiery explosion ripped the white paint all around the meatball, with a blast of smoke. So there was one hit! He could see two bombers zooming away. His ears ached like hell.
He swallowed, and they popped again. Right now that carrier was in trouble; one more good hit could really cream it. Warren was at five thousand feet. Doctrine called for the bomb drop at about three thousand feet, but he meant to bore down at least to twenty-five hundred. Joyously in control, watching his dials, watching the rapidly expanding deck almost straight below him, he was nerving himself for a split-second, decision. He intended to slam the bomb in among those aircraft sitting there in his scope; but if this carrier took yet another hit first, then instead of plastering it again with a precious half-ton bomb, he might still veer over and try to hit the third carrier, far ahead.
But what a target, that mess of airplanes rushing up at him now in the telescopic sight, so clear that he could see white numbers on the fuselages, and the little Japs running and gesticulating as he plunged toward them! No other hits yet; he'd go. Now his heart was racing, his mouth was parched, and his ears seemed about to burst. He yanked the bomb release, felt the jolt of lightness as the missile flew clear, remembered to keep going to make sure he didn't throw the bomb, and he pulled up.
His body sagged to the seat, his head swam, his stomach seemed to plop against his backbone, the gray mist came and went; he kicked the plane's tail and glanced backward...
Oh, CHRIST!
A sheet of white fire was climbing out of those airplanes, billowing black smoke; and even as he looked, the fire spread and exploded along the deck and arched into the air in beautiful colors, red, yellow, purple, pink, with varicolored smoke towering up into the sky. What a terrific change in a second or two! Debris was flying in every direction, pieces of airplanes" pieces of the deck, whole human bodies tumbling upward like tossed rag dolls; what a horrible unbelievable magnificent sight! The whole wild holocaust of fire and smoke went roaring skyward and streaming astern, for the stricken carrier was still rushing at full speed into the wind.
"Mr. Henry, there's a Zero at eight o'clock angels about one thousand." Cornett on the intercom. "He's making a run on us." I "Roger." Warren nosed over and dove for the water, violently jinking and yawing. The waves were breaking in long white crests, and he hurtled along through spume that spattered his canopy like hail, dodging erratically, grateful for the sturdy, response of the SBD-3 to the crazy maneuvers.
This was doctrine: hug the water, make the Jap miss, lure him to dive into the sea. The plane shook and his teeth jarred as Cornett's gun began a furious rattle. Warren saw bullets splashing a line in the water a few yards forward of his nose, and glancing up he caught sight of the Zero diving at him, squirting yellow flame and white smoke. The fighter that had knocked him down over Pearl Harbor had been a peacetime silver color; this was a dirty mottled greenish-brown, but those big red balls on the wings were just the same. The Zero pulled up smack at the waterline and disappeared into AA smoke; ye gods, those damned things were maneuverable.
Warren flew past a tragic sight, caught in a flash out of the corner of his eye - a blue wing with a white star, sticking out of the water; just the wing. It vanished, and a huge gray ship slid into view before his windshield with forty yellow lights blinking at him, surely a battleship or a heavy cruiser.
Antiaircraft began bursting around him in sooty explosions that rocked and hammered the plane. In seconds the vessel stretched out dead ahead, blocking his way, a vast gray steel wall. Warren pulled up for dear life and the Dauntless soared over the forecastle, much lower than the crooked pagoda mast, barely clearing the forward turret of long gray guns.
So he was out of the screen now! If his luck would hold and he could outdistance the AA batteries that from behind were spattering shrapnel on the water all around him"Mr. Henry, that sumbitch is back.
He been follerin' us all the way."
"Roger."
Warren tried to repeat his wild dodging, flying as close to the water as he dared, but the airplane was now acting sluggish. The red tracers from the Zero came I raining down along his port side, kicking up white water spurts. He veered hard right and almost caught a wing in a wave top. The plane was not answering as before.
"Yippee! Mr. Henry, I think maybe I got the sumbitch."
Cornett sounded like a kid at a high school ball game. "I swear he's headin' home to mama. Take a look, Mr. Henry, he's dead astern.
He's smokin'."
The Dauntless turned and climbed. The attacker was shrinking away toward the enemy task force, trailing a smudge of smoke; and beyond it, beyond the ships of the screen, all three carriers were vomiting flame and black smoke upward into the blue sunny sky. Who had got the third carrier, he wondered? Had some other pilot done what he'd thought of doing? That third flattop was on fire, not a doubt in the world of it.
Those three black smoke pillars were rising high over the task force like three black plumes on a hearse.
Now he looked at his watch, at the fuel gauge, and at the flight chart. It was 10:30, and he had winged over for the attack at 10:25; he had lived a lot of his life in five minutes!
The fuel was too low to bear thinking about. He was sure the staff's Point Option position was wrong. Those stupid staff bastards had probably figured that Spruahce would advance at full speed - same mistake as with the Japs - when chances were he had turned into the wind to recover the combat air patrol or returning aircraft. Warren headed for the 1000 position bearing, grimly noting that the craft's response was still sluggish.
"That was some hit, Mr. Henry. Gee, did that baby go up!"
"Say, Cornett, watch the tail assembly. I'm going to waggle the controls. Tell me if there's any damage to the surfaces."
"Yes, Mr. Henry. Oh, Judas Priest, you got no rudder, sir.
Just a small ragged hunk."
"Well, okay." Warren quenched an upwelling of alarm.
"We're heading home to mama ourselves."
"We gonna make it, Mr. Henry?"
"Dunno why not," Warren said with more cheer than he felt. "We may have to sling a couple of chocolate bars in the tank."
"Well, anyway, Mr. Henry," Cornett said with a most un-Cornett-like merry laugh, "whatever happens, it was worth it, just to get that hit, and watch them sumbitches burning back there."
"Concur." Now the thought came to Warren as a gladsome surprise that radio silence was finished. He gambled the gasoline to climb to two thousand feet, and tuned in on the Enterprise's Y-E homing signal.
Loud and clear, from the 1000 position dead ahead, came the Morse-code letter he expected. He throttled back near stalling speed, and settled down near the tos
sing whitecapped swells. It would be a close thing, but there were always the rescue destroyers. In his exalted mood, a water landing held no terror for him. He could still see the flames billowing, the planes exploding, the bodies flying on that Jap carrier.
He had done it; done it, and he was alive and heading back in glory.
Many miles astern, Vice Admiral Nagumo was being dragged off the flaming, listing Akagi by his staff officers.
Picking his way among the broken corpses roasting with a kitchen stench on the red-hot deck plates, which still shuddered with explosions, he was fussily insisting that there was no real need yet to abandon ship. He had not authorized his subordinate Yamaguchi in the unhit Hipyu to take command, or even to launch at discretion. Climbing down a rope ladder to a cruiser's whale boat, the distraught old gentleman remained the commander-in-chief of the ruined Carrier Attack Force. But Yamaguchi was not waiting any longer for orders from Nagumo, who had probably just lost the war for Japan. On seeing the first bombs raise smoke and fire on the Kaga, he had commenced an immediate counter strike.
(from World Holocaust by Armin von Roon)
Second Phase The opening phase of the battle occupied most of the morning of June 4.
The middle phase lasted five minutes.
The end took four days.
The annals of military-conflict, from their dim origins in Chinese and Egyptian accounts to'the present era, show no equal to the world-historical second phase, the Five Minutes of Midway.
Between 10:25 A.m. and 10:30 A.M. of that fateful day, in that mere instant of combat time, three Japanese carriers, with their full complements of aircraft, were reduced to smoking flotsam. These giant victims embodied the national strength and treasure of Japan, the culmination of half a century of heroic effort to become a first-class military power. in those five explosive minutes, Japan's world status, laboriously built up from Tsushima Strait to Singapore, Manila, and Burma, was shattered; though she had yet to suffer three years of defeat and final atomic-blast horror before accepting this fact.
After Midway, as Admiral von Nimitz once put it, "We fought the Pacific war just as we had worked it out for twenty years in the War College" (a remark that sufficiently suggests the longrange aggressive intent of the Anglo-American plutocracies). The rest of that war is tangential to German readers' interests, but this brilliant classic of sea warfare must be studied.
Chance thrust an unknown junior flag officer into full command of the combined American task forces in mid-battle. Vice Admiral Halsey, a sort of seagoing General Patton full of dash and swagger, had fallen ill just before the fleet sortied, otherwise he would have led the fight. The replacement he suggested was his friend Raymond A.
Spruance, a quiet man who commanded his screen. Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, commanding Task Force Seventeen, was senior to Spruance.
Nimitz intended that Fletcher run the battle. Luck dropped it into Spruance's hands, and Spruance proceeded to show himself one of the great admirals of world history. The United States of America has been a lucky nation, and this luck held remarkably on June 4,1942. How long it will hold in the future, only the dark -know who bestowed on this crass mercantile nation of mongrelized blood and cowboy culture a virgin continent with almost infinite natural resources.
Spruance made three historic decisions at Midway. This shy and reticent man, of no remarkable blood or background, unveiled an astounding capacity to think and act in the thick of battle.
After Midway he won many victories in command of ever-vaster forces; yet in history, like Nelson of Trafalgar, he will remain Spruance of Midway.
The First Decision
Spruance's first great decision was to launch all the aircraft of the Hornet and the Enterprise at extreme range at seven o'clock in the morning, risking everything to get in the first surprise blow. The risk proved costly. Several of his squadrons could not even find the enemy. Almost half his planes ran out of gasoline and fell in the water, or returned with their bombs, or flew on to Midway atoll without fighting. Yet enough dive-bombers reached the Nagumo force to execute the blitz that left the Akagi, the Kaga, and the Soryu in flames.
Nothing else mattered.
Spruance won this world-historical gamble.
Here too he enjoyed American luck, for his wandering squadrons met up over the Japanese fleet for a combined attack by chance. The dive-bombers did all the damage. The torpedo planes were wiped out.
By contrast, later that day, Japanese torpedo planes from the Hiryu drove home an attack and wrecked the Yorktown. Technically as well as numerically, the Americans were outclassed at Midway. This only highlights Spruance's leadership.
Rear Admiral Fletcher cautiously delayed his Yorktown launching for over an hour. He then sent out only half of his aircraft.
When the torpedoed Yorktown had to be abandoned, Fletcher moved his flag to a screening cruiser, and passed command of all forces to Spruance. This was the only important act in the military career of Fletcher that this historian has been able to ascertain.
TRANSLATOR'S NOTE: When Fletcher had to abandon the Yorktown, he signalled Spruance, "I will conform to your movements," thus generously Yielding up leadership of a great battle. That was more than Nagumo ever did. Fletcher knew that Spruance had the staff, the communications, and the carriers to continue the battle. He did the sensible thing. - v. H.
Nagumo's Dither
In even sharper contrast to Spruance stands the performance of Nagumo.
Here was a carrier flag officer as experienced as Spruance was green, commanding the best carrier force afloat. Under the same pressures that beset Spruance, with a seasoned staff that swiftly executed his every wish, with vessels and air squadrons that operated with ballet precision, Nagumo fell apart, and threw away a battle that almost could not be lost.
Here was more American luck. The catapult of the cruiser Tone was defective, so the search plane assigned to the sector where the Americans happened to be hiding did not get off on time.
The pilot sent vague reports. But popular accounts make too much of the famous "Tone float plane." Nothing is commoner in warfare than unreliable scout or sentry reports. As soon as Nagumo learned of the presence of American ships, he should have assumed that they were carriers, and urgently prepared to attack.
Instead, he dithered. Under air harassment from Midway that did him no harm, he kept changing his mind about his next move, and switching the armament of his Type-97 planes.
Spruance's dive-bombers resolved his dilemma by destroying him.
Nagumo himself escaped with his life from the Akagi by climbing down a rope from his bridge. Unlike Fletcher, he clung to command, though in Rear Admiral Yamaguchi aboard the Hityu he had a fine subordinate in position to fight on. One wonders what Vice Admiral Nagumo's feelings must have been as he boated in the open sea while three carriers burned in the morning sunshine before his eyes, the funeral pyres of Japan's first-line carrier pilots and aircraft, a loss beyond replacing- His conduct afterward suggests he was in shock, for he ordered pell-mell retreat and reported to Yamamoto at one point that five American carriers were chasing him. Yamamoto relieved him in the middle of the night. Yamaguchi, who might have won the battle, elected to go down with the Hiryu.
Aside from the dither, Nagumo committed another unpardonable mistake.
Just prior to the fatal five minutes, he allowed the whole combat air patrol to abandon altitude and swarm down on the torpedo planes. Where torpedo planes appeared , dive bombers could not be for behind. Had half the fighters stayed aloft, the whole story of the battle and possibly of the Second World War might have been different; but at the moment of maximum peril the upper sky was unguarded.
Spruance's Second Decision
The tragic dispatch of the disaster came to fleet Admiral Yamamoto, three hundred miles away, after long tense hours of silence, during which he had every reason to suppose that Nagumo was enjoying his customary success. As though sensing trouble ahead, Yamamoto for days had
been sick at his stomach.
Now, learning the worst, the ailing old man rallied.
Very well, he seems -to have decided, Japan had lost the first round.
Aggressive American naval doctrine would undoubtedly draw Nagumo's conqueror westward in pursuit. Here then was a golden chance to counterambush and smash the thin Nimitz forces! He was on sound ground; many famous victories have followed on initial setbacks in the field. Yamamoto still had the enemy heavily outnumbered and outgunned in his Main Body.
The four dispersed light carriers could be summoned. The Hiryu was intact. Urgent dispatches shot out to the scattered Imperial Fleet to close in around Yamamoto's battleships, From then until nightfall of June 4, on the flag bridge of the great battleship Yamato, the mood seesawed with the flux of the news. The reply of the carriers in the Aleutians causw gloom.
They could not join up for three days. The Hiryu reported that her pilots had dive-bombed an enemy carrier, and then that her torpedo planes had left a second carrier dead in the water. This caused great joy, but it was a mistake. The Hiryu had struck the Yorktown twice-once with dive-bombers, again and fatally with torpedo planes-but good American damage control had totally quenched the fires of the first attack. The glee died when at sunset the Hiryu reported that it too was hit and ablaze.