11. Solecki, “Predatory Bird Rituals at Zawi Chemi Shanidar,” 42–47.
12. Solecki and Solecki, “Zagros Proto-Neolithic and Cultural Developments,” 117.
13. Belmonte, “Finding Our Place in the Cosmos,” 2052–62.
14. Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography, 156, 180–81, 259; White, Babylonian Star-lore, 177–81.
15. Bricker and Bricker, “Zodiacal References in the Maya Codices,” 148–83.
16. See Vachagan Vahradyan and Marine Vahradyan, “About the Astronomical Role of ‘Qarahunge’ Monument,” Anunner.com, www.anunner.com/vachagan.vahradyan/About_the_Astronomical_Role_of__“Qarahunge”_Monument_by _Vachagan_Vahradyan,_Marine_Vahradyan (accessed January 15, 2014).
CHAPTER 10. COSMIC BIRTH STONE
1. Verhoeven, “Person or Penis?” 8–9.
2. Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess, 185, 265.
3. See Collins, The Cygnus Mystery.
4. Silva, Archaeology of Intangible Heritage, 125.
5. Kay, Bird Gods, 197.
6. Róheim, Hungarian and Vogul Mythology, 63.
7. Lüling, A Challenge to Islam for Reformation, 207.
CHAPTER 11. THE HOODED ONES
1. Schmidt, Göbekli Tepe, 238.
2. Klaus Schmidt, television interview by Dr. Graham Phillip, “Death Cult Temple and Bog Bodies of Ireland,” Ancient X-Files, National Geographic Channel, 2012.
CHAPTER 12. FEAR OF THE FOX’S TAIL
1. Peters and Schmidt, “Animals in the Symbolic World of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, South-eastern Turkey,” 209.
2. Ibid.
3. Sagan and Druyan, Comet, 19.
4. John and Caitlin Matthews, “The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures,” Otakuyume, http://otakuyume.angelfire.com/magic1.html (accessed January 15, 2014).
5. Rìbas, History of the Triumphs of Our Holy Faith amongst the Most Barbarous and Fierce Peoples of the New World, 676.
6. “Halley’s Comet,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley’s_Comet (accessed January 15, 2014).
CHAPTER 13. COSMIC TRICKSTER
1. Santillana and von Dechend, Hamlet’s Mill, 385.
2. Ibid.
3. White, Babylonian Star-lore, 86.
4. Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica, part 2, trans. by Mary Grant, s.v. “The Bull,” Theoi Greek Mythology, www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusAstronomica2.html#21 (accessed January 15, 2014).
5. Schmidt, Göbekli Tepe, 184.
6. Ibid., 185.
7. Alastair McBeath and Andrei Dorian Gheorghe, “Romanian Astrohumanism (III): Sky Myth and Great Sky Dragon,” Romanian Society for Meteors and Astronomy (SARM), www.cosmopoetry.ro/ashuman/ (accessed January 15, 2014).
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
CHAPTER 14. FROM A FOX TO A WOLF
1. Kuperjanov, “Estonian Sky,” 151–52.
2. Ibid., 152.
3. See Collins, The Cygnus Mystery.
CHAPTER 15. TWILIGHT OF THE GODS
1. Zoega, A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, s.v. “ragna-.”
2. Ibid.
3. Anderson, Norse Mythology.
4. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 142.
5. Byock, The Prose Edda, 164.
6. Anderson, Norse Mythology, 417.
7. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 142.
8. Ibid., 143.
9. Anderson, Norse Mythology, 417.
10. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 143.
11. Anderson, Norse Mythology, 418.
12. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 144.
13. Anderson, Norse Mythology, 418.
14. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 144.
15. Anderson, Norse Mythology, 418.
16. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 146.
17. Anderson, Norse Mythology, 418.
18. Ibid., 419.
19. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 147.
20. Lindow, Norse Mythology, s.v. “Fenrir.”
21. Anderson, Norse Mythology, 419.
22. Ibid., 416.
23. Ibid., 429.
24. Donnelly, Ragnarök, 403–4.
25. Ibid., 152.
26. Ibid.
CHAPTER 16. THE WOLF PROGENY
1. Otto S. Reuter, “Skylore of the North,” trans. by Michael Behrend, Website by Michael Behrend, www.cantab.net/users/michael.behrend/repubs/reuter_himmel/pages/index.html (accessed January 15, 2014).
2. Thorsson, Futhark, 53.
3. Ibid., 54.
4. “Týr,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Týr (accessed January 15, 2014).
5. Lubotsky, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 167.
6. Reuter, “Skylore of the North.”
7. Grimes, The Norse Myths, s.v. “Fenris.”
8. Afanasyev, The Life Tree, 168, quoted in Vladimir V. Rubtsov, “Tracking the Alien Astroengineers,” RIAP Bulletin 4, no. 4 (October–December 1998), www.bibliotecapleyades.net/universo/esp_sirio06.htm (accessed January 15, 2014).
9. Rubtsov, “Tracking the Alien Astroengineers,” RIAP Bulletin 4, no. 4 (October–December 1998), www.bibliotecapleyades.net/universo/esp_sirio06.htm (accessed January 15, 2014).
10. Ivanov, “Ancient Balkan and All-Indo-European Text.” In Rubtsov, “Tracking the Alien Astroengineers.”
11. Grumeza, Dacia, 76.
12. Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 1, 244.
13. Ibid., 244–45.
14. Ibid., 245.
15. Ibid.
16. Bundahishn, quoted in Charles Francis Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East: Ancient Persia, vol. 7, 1900, ch. xxx, verse 18, p. 182, Forgotten Books, www.forgottenbooks.org.
17. Ibid., p. 182, n. 7.
18. Massey, The Natural Genesis, vol. 2, 103.
19. Bundahishn, quoted in Horne, Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, vol. 7, ch. xxx, verse 19, p. 182.
20. Ibid., verse 31, p. 183.
21. Ibid., verse 25, p. 183.
22. Clow, Catastrophobia.
CHAPTER 17. A DARK DAY IN SYRIA
1. Bruce Fellman, “Finding the First Farmers,” Yale Alumni Magazine (October 1994), http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/94_10/agriculture.html (accessed January 15, 2014).
2. Ted E. Bunch, Robert E. Hermes, Andrew M. T. Moore, et al., “Very High-temperature Impact Melt Products as Evidence for Cosmic Airbursts and Impacts 12,900 Years Ago,” PNAS Online, June 18, 2012, www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/06/14/1204453109.full.pdf (accessed January 15, 2014).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Kloosterman, “The Usselo Horizon, a Worldwide Charcoal-rich Layer of Allerod Age.”
8. Hoesel, Hoek, Braadbaart, et al., “Nanodiamonds and Wildfire Evidence in the Usselo Horizon,” 7648–53.
9. Bunch, Hermes, Moore, et al., “Very High-temperature Impact Melt Products.”
10. For a full examination of the effect of the Younger Dryas Boundary impact event on the Clovis culture, see Firestone, West, and Warwick-Smith, The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophies, especially pages 132–47.
11. Ibid. Although see objections from Surovell, Holliday, Gingerich, et al., “An Independent Evaluation of the Younger Dryas Extraterrestrial Impact Hypothesis,” 18155–58, and Boslough, Nicoll, Holliday, et al., “Arguments and Evidence against a Younger Dryas Impact Event,” 13–26. Counterarguments come from Malcolm A. LeCompte, Albert C. Goodyear, Mark N. Demitroff, et al., “Independent Evaluation of Conflicting Microspherule Results from Different Investigations of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis,” PNAS Online, www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/09/12/1208603109.abstract (accessed January 15, 2014), as well as Wittke, Weaver, Bunch, et al., “Evidence for Deposition of 10 Million Tonnes of Impact Spherules across Four Continents 12,800 Y Ago,” who have identified the date of the Younger Dryas impact event as 12.8 kya (± 0.15 ka); that is, 12,800 years ago.
CHAPTER 18. AFTERMATH
1. See Andrew Coll
ins, “One Week in Kurdistan,” Andrewcollins.com, www.andrewcollins.com/page/articles/kurdistan.htm (accessed January 15, 2014).
2. Mackrel, Halley’s Comet over New Zealand, 95.
3. Bunch, Hermes, Moore, et al., “Very High-temperature Impact Melt Products.”
4. Firestone, West, and Warwick-Smith, The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes, 304. See also Legrand and De Angelis, “Origins and Variations of Light Carboxylic Acids in Polar Precipitation,” 1445–62, and Firestone, West, Kennett, et al., “Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 Years Ago That Contributed to the Megafaunal Extinctions and the Younger Dryas Cooling,” 16016–21.
5. Firestone, West, and Warwick-Smith, Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes, 304.
6. Ibid., 304–5.
7. Ibid., 305.
8. Ibid.
CHAPTER 19. THE REINDEER HUNTERS
1. Roberts, The Incredible Human Journey, 276.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Settegast, Plato Preshistorian.
6. Ibid., 55–57.
7. Ibid., 104–5, figure 62.
8. Ibid., 55–57.
9. Bailey and Spikins, Mesolithic Europe, 294.
10. Clark, World Prehistory, 54.
CHAPTER 20. SWIDERIAN DAWN
1. A date of 12.94 kya is given. See Haynes, “Geochronology of Paleoenvironmental Change, Clovis Type Site, Blackwater Draw, New Mexico,” 317–88, and Haynes, “Appendix B: Nature and Origin of the Black Mat,” in Haynes and Huckell, 2007, 240–49.
2. Vogel and Waterbolk, “Groningen Radiocarbon Dates V,” 354.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Jażdżewski, Ancient Peoples and Places, 45–46.
6. Ibid., 46.
7. V. O. Manko, “To the Question about the Chronology of Crimean Swiderian and Its Origin,” Stone Age Times in Ukraine 14 (2011): 162–71, www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/kdu/2011_14/162-171.pdf (accessed January 15, 2014).
8. Bailey and Spikins, Mesolithic Europe, 289.
9. Nikolaeva and Safronov, Istoki slavianskoi i evraziiskoi mifologii, as translated into English on Yahoo Groups in message from “jdcroft” to “nostratic@yahoogroups. com” dated April 02, 2002, retrieved November 28, 2013, http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/nostratic/conversations/topics/534. Full quotation: “The existence of a site like Suren’ 2 in the Crimea is estimated as spreading cultural influences from the side of the Swiderian culture from more Northern regions of East Europe. The possibility of the direct migration of a group of Swiderian population in the Crimea is not excluded.”
10. Formozov, “Etnokulturnîie oblasti na terrotorii evropeiskoi ciasti SSSR v kamennom veke,” 59, 68, 71. For a good review of Formozov’s hypothesis, see Valentyn Stetsyuk, “Primary Settling of Europe and Caucasus,” Valentyn Stetsyuk (Lviv) Personal Site, www.v-stetsyuk.name/en/NorthCauc.html (accessed January 15, 2014).
11. See Earth’s International Research Society, “Göbekli Tepe Report,” Academia.edu, www.academia.edu/1960727/Gobekli_Tepe_Report (accessed January 15, 2014). Here you’ll find stone blades found at Göbekli Tepe that are strikingly similar to Swiderian points.
12. Hartz, Terberger, and Zhilin, “New AMS-dates for the Upper Volga Mesolithic and the Origin of Microblade Technology in Europe,” 155–69.
13. Balkan-Atli and Cauvin, “Das Schwarz Gold der Steinzeit,” 202–7; Chabot and Pelegrin, “Two Examples of Pressure Blade Production with a Lever,” 181–98.
14. See, for instance, Takala, The Ristola Site in Lahti and the Earliest Postglacial Settlement of South Finland.
15. Hartz, Terberger, and Zhilin, “New AMS-dates for the Upper Volga Mesolithic.”
16. Ibid. See also Olofsson, Pioneer Settlement in the Mesolithic of Northern Sweden.
17. Valentyn Stetsyuk, “Introduction to the Study of Prehistoric Ethnogenic Processes in Eastern Europe and Asia: The Anthropological Type of Autochthon Europeans and Their Language,” Valentyn Stetsyuk (Lviv), http://alterling2.narod.ru/English/AO21ab.doc (accessed January 15, 2014).
18. Gimbutas, The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, 28.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 31–32.
21. Peake and Fleure, Corridors of Time, 67, 73–74; Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age, 334–37. For the original discovery of the Brno skulls, see Makowsky, “Der diluviale Mensch im Loss von Brünn,” 73–84, and for recent radiocarbon dating of the Brno 2 skull to 23,680 +/- 200 years BP, see Pettitt and Trinkaus, “Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the Brno 2 Gravettian Human Remains,” 149–50. Although the skull is said to be Gravettian in age, Pettitt and Trinkaus say that the dating would make it exceptionally late for this period, suggesting that it could be related to the Szeletian culture; that is, the proto-Solutreans of Central Europe.
22. Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age, 334.
23. Peake and Fleure, Corridors of Time, 71–73, 74; Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age, 334–37.
24. Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age, 337.
25. Peake and Fleure, Corridors of Time, 67–68.
26. Coon, The Races of Europe, 36–39.
27. Shtrunov, “The Origin of Haplogroup I1-M253 in Eastern Europe,” 7, 9.
CHAPTER 21. THE SOLUTREAN CONNECTION
1. McKern and McKern, Tracking Fossil Man, 147.
2. Šatavičius, “Brommian (Lyngby) Finds in Lithuania,” 17–45.
3. Ibid.
4. Montelius, “Palaeolithic Implements Found in Sweden.”
5. For further information, see Stanford and Bradley, Across Atlantic Ice.
6. Oakley, Frameworks for Dating Fossil Man, 163–65; Burkitt, Prehistory, 129–30. The culture is known as the Szeletian, and for a full discussion on the subject see Adams, “The Bükk Mountain Szeletian,” 427–40, particularly page 433. Here the author argues against the Szeletian culture being either Neanderthal or the product of a Neanderthal-AMH (anatomically modern human) interaction.
7. Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age, 337. See also page 345.
8. Peake and Fleure, Corridors of Time, 67.
9. Bradley, Anikovitch, and Giria, “Early Upper Paleolithic in the Russian Plain,” 989–98. See also Stanford and Bradley, Across Atlantic Ice, 144.
10. Maron et al, “Single Amino Acid Radiocarbon Dating of Upper Paleolithic Modern Humans,” 6878–81.
11. Zubov, Sungir, 144–62.
12. Childe, The Prehistory of European Society, 21–2.
13. Jochim, “Upper Palaeolithic,” 88.
14. Aujoulat, Lascaux. The author speaks of a radiocarbon date of 18,600 ± 190 BP being obtained in 1998 from a fragment of reindeer antler baton found at the foot of the panel of the Shaft Scene. It places the art at the boundary between the Upper Solutrean and the Badegoulian age.
15. Mannermaa, Panteleyev, and Sablin, “Birds in Late Mesolithic Burials at Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrove,” 19–20.
16. Grumeza, Dacia, 75.
17. Ibid.
18. Eliade, “The Dacians and Wolves,” 1–20. See also Eliade, De la Zalmoxis la Genghis-Han, 11–13.
19. Grumeza, Dacia, 76.
20. Eriksen, “Resource Exploitation Subsistence Strategies and Adaptiveness in Late Pleistocene Early Holocene Northwest Europe,” 119, 125.
21. See Laurentiu Puicin, “Historical Considerations regarding the Shepherd and the Origins of the Romanian Carpathian Shepherd Dog Breed Text,” trans. by Daniel Milea, http://carpatini.cabanova.ro/Consideration.html (accessed January 15, 2014; to retrieve download in text format only).
CHAPTER 22. OBSIDIAN OBSESSION
1. See Stanford and Bradley, Across Atlantic Ice, 134.
2. Viola T. Dobosi, “Obsidian Use in the Palaeolithic in Hungary and Adjoining Areas,” Natural Resource Environment and Humans 1 (March 2011): 83–95, www.meiji.ac.jp/cols/english/research/6t5h7p00000de6rx-att/06.pdf (accessed January 15, 2014).
3. Ibid.
4. O’Hanlon, Larry, “Volcanic Artifacts Imply Ice-age Mariners in Prehistoric Greece,” Phys
Org, August 29, 2011, http://phys.org/news/2011-08-volcanic-artifacts-imply-ice-age-mariners.html (accessed January 15, 2014).
5. Perlès, “L’outillage de pierre taillée néolithique en Grèce,” 1–42.
6. Tripković, Milić, and Shackley, “Obsidian in the Central Balkans,” 163–79.
7. Kozlowski, “West Carpathians and Sudeten at the End of the Upper Palaeolithic,” 127–37.
8. Ibid. See also Dobosi, “Obsidian Use in the Palaeolithic.”
9. Osipowicz and Szeliga, “Functional Analysis of a Late-Palaeolithic Obsidian Tanged Point from Wolodz, District Brzozów, Podkarpacie Voivodship,” 153–60.
10. Buck, “Ancient Technology in Contemporary Surgery,” 265–69.
11. Dobosi, “Obsidian Use in the Palaeolithic,” and Rómer, Műrégészeti Kalauz különös tekintettel Magyarországra, as paraphased by László Szathmáry, http://jam.nyirbone.hu/konyvtar/evkonyv/97-98/Szathmar.htm (accessed January 15, 2014).
12. Ibid.
13. Rómer, Műrégészeti Kalauz különös tekintettel Magyarországra.
14. Spence, The Magic and Mysteries of Mexico, 81.
CHAPTER 23. THE BINGÖL MASTERS
1. F.-X. Le Bourdonnec, “Towards a Materiality of Pilgrimage? Characterizing Obsidian from Neolithic Göbekli Tepe (Urfa Region, SE Turkey),” Rapport Sur Le Projet Eu-Artech 7 (April 2008), www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/19543365/user-report-eu-artech (accessed January 15, 2014).
2. Owen Jarus, “‘World’s Oldest Temple’ May Have Been Cosmopolitan Center,” LiveScience, March 15, 2012, www.livescience.com/19085-world-oldest-temple-tools-pilgrimage.html (accessed January 15, 2014).
3. Ibid.
4. Clark, World Prehistory, 58.
5. Mellaart, Earliest Civilizations of the Near East, 16.
6. Settegast, Plato Preshistorian, 61.
7. Ibid., 59–61.
CHAPTER 24. WOLF STONE MOUNTAIN
1. Forrest and Skjaervo, Witches, Whores and Sorcerers, 104.
2. Zaehner, Zurvan, ix.
3. Hrach Martirosyan, “Studies in Armenian Etymology” (dissertation, University of Leiden, 2008), 3.5.2.4, 632, www.vahagnakanch.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/armenian-etymologies.pdf (accessed January 15, 2014).
4. Ibid., 4.3, 641, 649.
5. Ibid., 3.5.2.4, 631.
6. Ibid., “Studies in Armenian Etymology,” 4.3, 649–51.
7. Ibid., 4.3, 652; 4.5, 653.
8. Ibid., 3.5.2.4, 631–32.
9. Ibid., 3.5.2.4, 633.
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