by Noam Chomsky
38. Adam lsacson, “Getting in Deeper,” Center for International Policy, International Policy Report (Feb. 2000); Linda Robinson, World Policy Journal (Winter 1999-2000); Cala, “Enigmatic Guerrilla.” Larry Rohter, NYT; Nov. 20, 1999, reporting the “dismay” of Colombian officials, who are overruled; Rohter, “To Colombians, Drug War Is Toxic Foe,” NYT. May 1, 2000, on the effects of spraying in violation of regulations (applied in the US), and US Embassy denials. See note 32.
39. Gwen Robinson and James Wilson, FT, March 30, 2000; Michael Isikoff, Gregory Vistica, Steven Ambrus, ‘The Other Drug War,” Newsweek, April 3, 2000.
40. AP, NYT. April 10, 2000; Peter McFarren, AP, BG, April 10, 2000; Reuters, AP, April 18, 2000; Richard Lapper, “Anger in the Andes,” FT, April 26, 2000; Francis McDonagh, National Catholic Reporter. April 28, 2000.
41. Jim Schultz, The Democracy Center, Bogotá, April 9, 2000; San Jose Mercury News. April 8, 2000; Democracy Center, April 13, 2000; Pacific News Service, April 13, 2000; San Francisco Examiner, April 19, 2000; In These Times, May 15, 2000.
42. Kirk Semple, “Antidrug Efforts Sowing Fear in Colombia,” BG, April 10, 2000.
43. Alvin Winder, Ted Chen, and William Mfuko, “Influence of American Tobacco Imports on Smoking Rates Among Women and Youth in Asia,” International Quarterly of Community Health Education 14:4 (1993-94), 345-59; Chen and Winder, “APACT: Its Organization and Impact on Resistance to US Tobacco Imperialism,” International Quarterly of Community Health Education 12: 1 (1991- 92), 59-67. See also chap. 10, p. 189, in this volume. On the USTR hearings that forced Asian countries to open their doors to US lethal drugs and aggressive advertising at exactly the time when George Bush announced the new “drug war,” and the astonishing media reaction to these two simultaneous events, see my Deterring Democracy, chap. 4. On Colombian vs. US deaths, see Peter Bourne, World Development Forum 6 (June 1988), cited by Joyce Millen and Timothy Holtz, “Transnational Corporations and the Health of the Poor,” in Kim et al., Dying for Growth.
44. Stephen Bezruchka, “Is globalization dangerous to our health?,” Western Journal of Medicine 172:332-334, May 2000.
45. Colin Nickerson,” A Northern Border Menace,” BG, April 26, 2000. UN International Drug Control Programme, World Drug Report (Oxford, 1997). See my Deterring Democracy for some of the interesting record on banks and chemical corporations, and Washington’s reaction.
46. Linda Greenhouse, “Excerpts From [Supreme Court] Opinions,” NYT, March 22, 2000. Peto, see chap. 10, note 94, in this volume.
47. John Donnelly, BG, March 22, 2000.
48. Dissenting Views of Hon. Nancy Pelosi and Hon. David Obey in House Committee Report 106-521 on H.R. 3908, March 14, 2000, distributed by WOLA.
49. John Donnelly, BG, Feb. 21, 2000.
50. Michael Tonry, Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America (Oxford, 1995). See Juan Pablo Ordoñez, No Human Being Is Disposable (Columbia Human Rights Committee, Washington, DC, 1995). Ordoñez is another human rights activist who was compelled to flee the country under death threats. On policy consequences for the US population, see Marc and Marque-Luisa Miringoff, The Social Health of the Nation (Oxford, 1999), the latest Index of Social Health report of the Fordham Institute for Innovation in Social Policy, which monitors social indicators (as is done by government bodies in other industrial countries). Their most striking conclusion is that social indicators tracked GDP closely until the mid-1970s, and have since declined, leaving the US below the level of 1959, in what they call a “social recession.” The shift coincides with the onset of official “globalization” and the domestic version of selective “neoliberal reforms.”
51. Chien et al., “The Drug War in Perspective,” in Kim et al., Dying for Growth. On the criminal justice system past and present, see Randall Shelden, Controlling the Dangerous Classes: A Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice (Allyn and Bacon, forthcoming).
6. Cuba and the US Government
This is an edited version of an address given at the Old South Church, Boston, June 1, 1999, sponsored by Pastors for Peace.
1. See chap. 1, p. 2 and note 3, in this volume.
7. Putting on the Pressure
This is excerpted from an address given at Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland, OH, on March 14, 1999. The talk was sponsored by the Interreligious Task Force on Central America.
1. Christian Tomuschat, the German law professor who chaired the Historical Clarification Commission, cited by Edward Hegstrom, Houston Chronicle, Feb. 26, 1999.
2. Steven Greenhouse, NYT, Feb. 28, 1999.
3. “Memorandum by the Director of Central Intelligence (Smith) to the Under Secretary of State (Bruce), Dec. 12, 1952; NIE-84, May 19, 1953. Foreign Relations of the United States 1952-1954, vol. IV, 1055ff.
4. Ibid. For further discussion and documentation, see my Necessary Illusions, app. V.I; and Deterring Democracy, chaps. 3, 8, and 12.
5. See chap. 1, note 20, in this volume.
6. Bryce Wood, The Dismantling of the Good Neighbor Policy (Univ. of Texas, 1985), 177. See my Deterring Democracy, chap. 3, for further discussion.
7. Latinamerica Press (Peru), Feb. 22, I 999.
8. See chap. 8, in this volume.
9. Joel Millman, “Is the Mexico Model Worth the Pain?,” WSJ, March 8, 1999.
10. Dan McCosh, El Financiero, Jan. 3 and Dec. 20, 1998.
11. Minutes of the Latin American Strategic Development Workshop (Sept. 26—27, 1990), 3.
8. Jubilee 2000
Excerpts of this piece appeared in the Guardian (London), May 15, 1998, in a series on Jubilee 2000.
1. Jeffrey Sachs, FT. Nov. 5, 1998. On the techniques that effectively rewarded the banks for unwise Latin American lending that would have ruined them, see Karin Lissakers, Banks, Borrowers, and the Establishment (Basic Books, 1991), and Susan Strange, Mad Money (Univ. of Michigan Press, 1998).
2. Lissakers, Banks, Borrowers; Cheryl Payer, Lent and Lost (Zed, 1991).
3. Indonesia specialist Benedict Anderson estimated the Suharto family fortune at $30 billion, not far below the scheduled IMF rescue package (London Review of Books, April 16, 1998). Indonesian economist Kwik Kian Gie, cited by Gerry van Klinken, Inside Indonesia, April-June 1998. Robison, director of Murdoch University’s Asian Research Center in Perth, cited in “Stalinist State,” Far Eastern Economic Review, April 16, 1998.
4. Lissakers, Banks, Borrowers; Payer, Lent and Lost. For government spending growth under Reagan, see Fred Block, Vampire State (New Press, 1996). Current programs of cancellation of debt (recognized to be unpayable) for the “Highly Indebted Poor Countries” (HIPC) are conditioned on their acceptance of IMF structural adjustment programs, renamed “Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility” (PRGF).
5. Peter Cowhey and Jonathan Aronson, Managing the World Economy (Council on Foreign Relations, Columbia Univ., 1993).
6. Eric Helleiner, States and the Reemergence of Global Finance (Cornell Univ. Press, 1994).
7. Patricia Adams, Odious Debts (Earthscan, 1991); Lissakers, Banks, Borrowers. Witness for Peace, A Bankrupt Future: The Human Cost of Nicaragua’s Debt (WFP, 2000); Envio (Managua, Nicaragua: UCA), 18.220, Nov. 1999.
8. Payer, Lent and Lost: Emma Rothschild, NYT Magazine, March 13, 1977.
9. Walter Laqueur, NYT Magazine, Dec. 16, 1973.
10. Lissakers, Banks, Borrowers. On the background, see, inter alia, David Felix, “Asia and the Crisis of Financial Globalization,” in D. Baker, G. Epstein, and R. Pollin, eds., Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).
11. Payer, Lent and Lost; Philip Wellons, Passing the Buck (Harvard Business School Press, 1987).
12. Mexican economist Alejandro Nadal,”World Investment Report 1999 Flawed on Many Fronts,” Third World Economics, Nov. 16-30, 1999.
13. Felix, “Asia and the Crisis of Financial Globalization”; “Globalizing Financial Capital Mobility: The Empire’s New Clothes?,” Working Paper N
o. 213, Washington University, June 1998, to appear in CEPAL Review. On the decline of macroeconomic indicators since the onset of financial liberalization (“globalization”), see Baker et al., Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy; Robin Hahnel, Panic Rules! (South End, 1999); John Eatwell and Lance Taylor, Global Finance at Risk (New Press, 2000).
14. Jeffrey Sachs, “International Economics: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization, “Foreign Policy (Spring 1998); Paul Krugman, “Cycles of Conventional Wisdom on Economic Development,” International Affairs 71:4 (Oct. 1995). Joseph Stiglitz, “Some Lessons from the East Asian Miracle,” World Bank Research Observer 11:2 (Aug. 1996). Stiglitz was soon to be appointed chief economist of the World Bank. For his reflections on the East Asian crisis, see his WIDER Annual Lectures 2, UN University, 1997; “An Agenda for Development in the Twenty-First Century,” Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997, IBRD, 1998.
15. David Felix, “The Tobin Tax Proposal: Background, Issues, and Prospects,” Working Paper No. 191, Washington University, June 1994; see his and other papers in Mahbub Ul Haq, Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, The Tobin Tax: Coping with Financial Volatility (Oxford, 1996).
16. Argentine political scientist Atilio Boron, “Democracy or Neoliberalism?,” Boston Review, Oct.- Nov. 1996; see his State, Capitalism, and Democracy in Latin America (Lynne Rienner, 1996).
9. “Recovering Rights”
This is excerpted from an address given at the Oxford Amnesty Lectures, “Globalizing Rights,” Feb. 9, 1999. The full series of lectures is to be published in Globalizing Rights, ed. Matthew Gibney, forthcoming.
1. Reuters, “UN Agencies Tell of Damage in Iraq,” NYT, Jan. 7, 1999; Betsy Pisik, “Strikes Hit Iraqi Schools, Hospitals,” Washington Times. Jan. 8, 1999.
2. New Republic, editorials, May 2, 1981; April 2, 1984. Tom Wicker, NYT, March 14, 1986; editorial, WP National Weekly, March 1, 1986. For reviews of the spectrum that reached the general public, see my Necessary Illusions and Deterring Democracy.
3. Juan Hernández Pico, Envío (UCA, Jesuit Univ., Managua), March 1994. See chaps. 1, 5, 6, and 7, in this volume, on the historical context.
4. Ruben Ricupero; statement published in Third World Resurgence (Penang) 95 (1998).
5. Paul Jeffrey, National Catholic Reporter, Dec. 11, 1998, citing Honduran bishop Angel Garachana. On effects of deforestation and US development programs, sec also Sara Silver, “Coffee Growers Find Less Is More,” Austin American-Statesman, Dec. 27, 1998; Dudley Althaus,”Deforestation Contributed to Tragedy by Mitch in Honduras, Experts Claim,” Houston Chronicle, Dec. 30, 1998 (Central America NewsPak 13:23, Dec.-Jan. 1999).
6. Nitlapán-Envío team, “A Time for Opportunities and Opportunists,” Envío 17:209 (Dec. 1998). See also David Gonzales, “Mitch Who? US Stalls Mercy Flights; Aid to Contras by Express, Disaster Relief by Boat,” NYT, Dec. 16, 1988, New York City Section, 27.
7. Reuters, “French to Clear Unearthed Land Mines,” Peacework (Cambridge, MA: AFSC), Dec. 1998.
8. Mary Ann Glendon, “Knowing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 73 Notre Dame Law Review 1153 (1998). Paine, Rights of Man, Part II (1792). Bruce Kucklick, ed., Thomas Paine: Political Writings (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989).
9. The United Nations and Human Rights 1945-1995, Volume VII, UN Blue Books Series (UN New York: Dept. of Public Information, 1995).
10. “Respect for Human Rights, the Secret of True Peace.” See Arthur Jones, “Pope Blasts Consumerism as Human Rights Threat,” National Catholic Reporter, Jan. 8, 1999. In the national press, the message was briefly reported, but its content was largely ignored (WP and NYT, Jan. 2, 1999; the last sentence of the New York Times report alluded to the content). The Vatican message had received some limited earlier mentions. A database search found scattered references, including one in the national press: Reuters, NYT, Dec. 16, 1998, 19. The general issues received some coverage when the Pope visited Mexico a few weeks later. See Alessandra Stanley, “Pope Is Returning to Mexico with New Target: Capitalism,” NYT, Jan. 22, 1999; also Jan. 24, 1999. Richard Chacón and Diego Ribadeneira, BG, Jan. 24 and 25, 1999.
11. Stanley, NYT, Jan. 22, 1999.
12. Vyshinsky quoted by David Manasian, “Human-Rights Law: The Conscience of Mankind,” Economist, Dec. 5, 1998; Kirkpatrick quoted by Joseph Wronka, “Human Rights,” in R. Edwards, ed., Encyclopedia of Social Work (Washington, DC: NASW, 1995), 1405-18. See also Wronka, Human Rights and Social Policy in the 21st Century (Univ. Press of America, 1992), and “A Little Humility, Please,” Harvard International Review (Summer 1998). Morris Abram, statement to UN Commission on Human Rights re: Item 8, “The Right to Development,” Feb. 11, 1991.
13. Amnesty International-London, United States of America: Rights for All (Oct. 1998). See interview with Pierre Sané, secretary-general of AI, by Dennis Bernstein and Larry Everest, Z magazine (Jan. 1999), a rare departure from the general dismissal, far at the dissident extreme.
14. Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, John Schmitt, The State of Working America 1998-1999 (Cornell Univ. Press, 1999). On inequality, working hours, legal mandate, see State of Working America and Phineas Baxandall and Marc Breslow, Dollars and Sense, Jan.-Feb. 1999 (citing OECD, Annual Employment Outlook, 1998). Second decile, Edward Wolff’s research cited by Aaron Bernstein, “A Sinking Tide Does Not Lower All Boats,” BW, Sept. 14, 1998. On Reaganite criminality, see chap. 10, pp. 173–74, in this volume. On corporate manslaughter in England and its impunity, see Gary Slapper, Blood in the Bank (Ashgate, 1999).
15. Among many recent examples, Gerald Baker, FT. Dec. 14, 1998, who also notes potential flaws in the miracle; Reed Ableson, NYT, Jan. 2, 1999.
16. James Bennet, “At a Conference on Wall Street Diversity, the President Finds His Own Stock Soaring,” NYT. Jan. 16, 1999.
17. Alan Greenspan quoted by Edward Herman from July 22, 1997, congressional hearings, “The Threat of Globalization,” New Politics 26 (Winter 1999). Gene Koretz, “Which Way Are Wages Headed,” BW, Sept. 21, 1998. 1994 survey, Robert Pollin and Stephanie Luce, The Living Wage (New Press, 1998). On unionization and wages, see Mishel et al., State of Working America, and earlier studies in this biennial series of the Economics Policy Institute.
18. Louis Uchitelle, “The Rehabilitation of Morning in America,” NYT, Feb. 23, 1997.
19. Joseph Stiglitz, “Some Lessons from the East Asian Miracle,” World Bank Research Observer 11:2 (Aug. 1996); “An Agenda for Development in the Twenty-First Century,” Annual World Bank Report on Development Economics (World Bank, 1998); WIDER Annual Lectures 2, UN University and World Institute for Development Economics Research, May 1997. David Felix, “Is the Drive Toward Free-Market Globalization Stalling?” Latin American Research Review 33:3 (1998).
20. Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (Princeton Univ. Press, 1996).
21. Survey of Current Business 76:12 (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Commerce, Dec. 1996).
22. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law 1870-1960 (Oxford, 1992).
23. “Looking for New Leadership,” Newsweek International, Feb. 1, 1999.
24. On the interesting MAI record, see my Profit Over People.
25. Alan Story, “Property in International Law,” Journal of Political Philosophy 6:3 (1 998), 306-33.
26. Christopher Hill, Liberty Against the Law (Penguin, 1996), 229.
27. Center for Responsive Politics, cited in Dollars and Sense (Jan.-Feb. 1999).
28. Bernays, Propaganda (Liveright, 1928). See Alex Carey, Taking the Risk Out of Democracy (Univ. of New South Wales Press, 1995, and Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997); Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism. 1945-1960 (Univ. of Illinois Press, 1995); Stuart Ewen, PR!: A Social History of Spin (Basic Books, 1996). On the general context, see my “Intellectuals and the State,” reprinted in Towards a New Cold War (Pantheon, 1982), and “Force and Opinion,” reprinted i
n my Deterring Democracy.
29. Hutchins Commission, quoted in William Preston, Edward Herman, and Herbert Schiller, Hope and Folly: The United States and UNESCO 1945-1985 (Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1989). Human Rights Watch, The Limits of Tolerance: Freedom of Expression and the Public Debate in Chile (Nov. 1998).
30. Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (McGraw-Hill, 1976); Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (fifth ed., Beacon, 1997).
31. Bruce Knecht, “Magazine Advertisers Demand Prior Notice of ‘Offensive’ Articles,” WSJ, April 30, 1997.
32. Dan Schiller, Digital Capitalism (MIT Press, 1999).
33. Preston, in Preston et al., Hope and Folly.
34. Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: The Deepening Social Crisis in America (Routledge, 1996); Edward Herman and Robert McChesney, The Global Media (Cassell, 1997); Schiller, Digital Capitalism; McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy (Univ. of Illinois Press, 1999).
35. Marshall Clark, “Cleansing the Earth,” Inside Indonesia, Oct.-Dcc. 1998. MAI, see my Profit Over People.
10. The United States and the “Challenge of Relativity”
This article originally appeared in Tony Evans, ed., Human Rights Fifty Years On: A Reappraisal (Manchester Univ. Press, 1999). Parts of this article appeared in Index on Censorship, July/August 1994.
1. Historian David Fromkin, NYT Book Review. May 4, 1997, summarizing recent work. Thomas Friedman, NYT, Jan. 12, 1992.
2. Bernard Crick, Times Literary Supplement. Sept. 15, 1972; reprinted in Everyman’s Library edition of Animal Farm.
3. Howard, “The Bewildered American Raj,” Harper’s, March 1985.
4. William Earl Weeks, John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire (Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1992), 193.