parchment, writingon 125
Patras 93, 132, 292, map 6
siege of 94, 132
patriarchs
appointment of 44
pentarchy 38–9
under Ottomans 333–4
Pechenegs 181, 221, 222–3, 237
Peloponnese 84, 132, 168, 250, 271, 291, 292, 297, map 3
Persians attacks on Byzantium 84–5
occupation of Near East 26, 149
Peter, St 35, 28, 45, 135, 210, 261, plate 15
church of, Rome 46, 64, 92, 117
relics 35, 69
Peter of Bulgaria 188
Peter the Hermit 258
Petritzos 247, map 5
Philagathos, John 211, plate 14
Philadelphia 270, map 5
philanthropy 247–8
Philippikos, Emperor 18
philosophy 228–9, 293–7, 305
Philotheos 165
Phokas, Emperor 32
Phokas, Peter 161
Photios, Patriarch 75, 104, 113, 116, 126–30, 134–8, 329
Pippin 68, 207
Pirenne, Henri 87
Pisa 209, 240, 260, map 2
Pisanello 307
plague 16–17
Planoudes, Maximos 304–5
Platonism 293, 296–7
Plethon, George Gemistos 49, 293–8, 330, 332–3
liturgy for worship of Zeus 294, 330
Poitiers 89, map 2
politics popular 225–6, 282
See also patriarchs polo 29, 182, 240
pope, authority of 45, 307–8
See also Christianity: papal primacy
population
census 152
Constantinople 16–18
rural 155
porphyrogennetos 185–91, 207, plate 40
poverty 287–8
Presba 217, map 4
Procopius 58–9
on Hagia Sophia 50, 56, 58
on Nika rebellion 54–5
on the plague 16–17
on Sinai 42
on Theodora 26, 58
Secret History 58–9
Wars 58, 66
Proikonessos 315, map 6
pronoia 247–8
protospatharios 156–7
Psellos, Michael 76, 224–30
Pseudo-Kodinos 183–4
Ptolemy 123, 125, 229
Pulcheria 11, 19
punishments
blinding 165, 186, 217–18 235, 245
castration 164–5
exile 44, 65, 95, 96, 115, 150, 159, 226, 281, 289, 293
mutilation 79, 96, 165
purple, imperial significance 185–91
al-Qazwini 20
Qur’an 88–9, 114, 138, 305, 324
Rastislav, Kingof Moravia 133, 134
Ravenna 50, 73, 203, 204, 207, maps 2, 3
churches 37
decline of 69
fall of 110, 204
Gothic buildings 63–5
Justinian 65–8
mosaics 61, 63–4, 66–7
in Roman empire 61–3, 65, 67–9
rebels, Zealots 285–90
record-keeping 121, 174–5
relics, collection of 10, 19, 157, 170, 195, 256, 261
Renaissance, Italian 331, 332
Rhapsomates 237
Rhodes 91, 270, map 2
Rhodian Sea Law 150
Richard I, Kingof England 270
Rimini 297, map 3
Ringrose, Kathryn 169
Robert of Rheims 256
Roman empire
eastern 24–32
expansion of 22–4
tetrarchy 4, 23
traditions of 30–32, 331
western half conquered 13–14, 23–4
Romanos I Lekapenos, Emperor 18, 144, 155, 176, 188, 196
Romanos II, Emperor 30, 181, 188–9, plate 23
Romanos III Argyros, Emperor 190, 205
Romanos IV Diogenes, Emperor 220
Rome 3, 7–8, 64, 91–2, 134, 163
bishops of 36, 45, 53, 164
churches 51, 134
Constantine I’s influence 8–9
and Constantinople 45–8, 109, 210–11, 261, 299–309
papal letters 73, 178, 211
sack of 13, 24, 63
Rum 19
Sultanate of Rum 256, 262, maps 5, 6
Runciman, Steven 298
Russia, relations with Byzantium 213–14
Russians 16, 59, 137, 141, 242, 273
and Christianity 137–8, 189, 214
saints, lives of 111, 122, 198, 215, 238
Saladin, Sultan 260
Salerno 207, 209, map 4
Samuel, Tsar 216–17, 218
Scandinavia, Byzantine influence 246
Scholarios, George see Gennadios scholarship 119–30
seals, lead 174–5
Seleukeia 34, maps 2, 4
Seljuk Turks 18, 220–21, 255–6, 262, 324–5
Selymbria 14, 311, map 6
Senate 96–7, 225
Septimus Severus 29
Serbia 270, 303, map 6
Sergios, Patriarch 84–5
Seth, Symeon 228, 229
Sgouros, Leo 270
Sicily 66, 68, 91–2, 143, 153, 206, maps 2, 3
Sidon 52
Sigismund, King of Hungary 312
Sigurd, King of Denmark 246
silk 52–3, 151
silver, icons 102
Sinaites, Gregory 200
Sinan 316
Singidunum 25, 83, maps 2, 4
Sinope 137, maps 4, 6
Sirmium 8, maps 2, 4
Skleraina, Maria 185, 190
Skylitzes, John 141–2, 185, 218, 220, 230
slaves 163, 204
Slavs 83–4, 92–4
Christianity 131–8
language 131, 133–4
society
hierarchy 281
power of the people 225–7, 282
rich and poor 287–8
Solomon, Rabbi 244
Solomon ben Simpson of Speyer 257
Sophronios, Patriarch of Jerusalem 102
Spain, Arab expansion 89
Sparta 133, 243, 291, 293, map 2
Sphrantzes 319
status symbols, imperial 142–3
Stefan Uroš IV Dragaš, Kingof Serbia 288, 310, 311
Stephen II, Pope 68
Stephen the Younger, St 110
stereotypes, Byzantium 211, 267–8, 321
Stilicho 13, 23–4
Süleyman, Caliph 310
Susannah 41
Sylvester II, Pope 208
Symeon, Sts, Younger and Elder 41, 103
Symeon, called Metaphrastes 215
Symmachus, Pope 64
Syracuse 91–2, map 3
Syropoulos, Sylvester 306, 308
Tamar, Queen of Georgia 273
Tarasios, Patriarch 111, 123, 127
Taurus Mountains, as barrier 52, 88–9, 90, map 3
taxation 148–52
technology, automata 29, 171
Tenedos 25, 305, map 6
Thebes 154, 244, 279, 291
theme development 91, 132, 143
theme government 106–7, 132
Theodahad 65
Theoderic the Ostrogoth 24, 63–5, 67
Theodora, Empress, wife of Justinian 26–7, 42, 54–5, 61, 66–7, plate 19
Theodora, Empress, wife of Theophilos 112, 117–18, 150, 173, 331, plate 27
Theodora, Empress (1055–6) 55, 147, 185, 189–90, 221, 226, 331
Theodora, St 276
Theodore I Komnenos Doukas, Emperor in Epiros 275
Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor in Nicaea 270, 277
Theodore II Laskaris, Emperor in Nicaea 279, 300
Theodore of Stoudios, St 124, 192
Theodoretus of Cyrrhus 52
Theodosios III, Emperor 107
Theodosius I, Emperor 12–13, 23, 38, plate 6
Theodosius II, Emperor 18, 71<
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Theodote 173
Theoktistos, chief eunuch 112, 131–2, 167
Theophanes, Archbishop of Nicaea 302
Theophanes Confessor, Chronicle 85, 108, 124, 148, 243
Theophano, Empress, wife of Leo VI, 187
Theophano, Empress, wife of Romanos II and Nikephoros II 55, 213
Theophano, wife of Otto II xxii, 207–8, 209–11, plate 14
Theophilos, astrologer 123
Theophilos, Emperor 28, 75, 112, 125, 150, plate 32
Theophylaktos of Ohrid 168–9
Thessalonike 78, 84, 132, 150, 216, 269, 275, 285, 290, 306, 311, maps 4, 6, plate 4
Zealots 285–90
Thera 108, map 3
Thessaly 57, 132, 270, map 3
Thomas the Slav 93
Thrace 26, 153, 270, 283, 310
theme 91, map 3
Thrakesion, theme 91, 107, map 3
Timur (Tamerlane) 313–14
titles, honorific 156–7
Toledo 88, map 2
Tornikes, George 228, 232
Toscanelli, Paul 296
Trabzon see Trebizond trade 148–59, 204, 250
Trapezountios, George 296
Trebizond 196, 243, maps 2, 4, 5
imperial centre 269, 271, 272–5, 283‘Triumph of Orthodoxy’ 112–13, 194
Trnovo 270, map 6
trousers 240, 260
True Cross 84–5, 265
Turkey, formation of 334–5
Turks
conflict with 18, 220–21, 236–7, 240, 255–6, 324–5
Ottoman 283–4, 325
See also crusades; Ottoman Turks Tyre 52, map 2
Tzetes, John 242–3, 249
Ulfila 37
Umur, Emir of Aydin 286
Urban II, Pope 236, 255–7, 300
Urban IV, Pope 300
Valens, Emperor 12, 14
Valentinian III, Emperor in the West 62
Vandals 37, 63
Varangians 243, 246, 273
Varna map 6
crusade 308
Venice 133, 163, 290, 305–6, map 3
founding of 203–4
rise of 69
and Fourth Crusade 263–4, 267
San Marco 205, 265, plates 29, 30
trade with Byzantium 158–9, 204–11, 236, 250, 260
Verina, Empress 19, 100
Vikings 245–6
villages, economy 154–6
Villehardouin, Geoffrey 18, 246, 262–3
Villehardouin, Geoffrey (the younger) 271
Visigoths 24
Vitalian, Pope 92, 164
Vitiges 65–6
Vladimir of Kiev 189, 213–14
Vladislav, John 219
Vladislav I of Hungary, 307–8
volcanic eruption (726) 108
Voltaire 321
war, just 79
warfare
maritime 141–3
See also Greek fire; military campaigns
Wickham, Chris 332
William of Champlitte 271
William of Moerbeke 278–9
William II Villehardouin 290
women
at court 172–4, 179
education 122, 330–31
holy 41, 198
powerful 55
saints 198
writers 238
Woodhouse, C. M. 332
writing
historical 124
techniques of 125
See also language; letters; literature
Xenos, John 197
Xeropotamites, Paul 196
Xiphilinos, John 76, 273
Zaccaria, Genoese family 284, 292, 317
Zakynthos 132, 143, map 3
Zara 262–3, map 4
Zealots 285–90
Zeno, Emperor 63
Zeus 7, 100, 230, 294–5, 330
Zoe, Empress 55, 147, 189–90, 215, 221, 226, 331, plate 17
Zoe Zaoutze 173, 187
Zosimus 3, 8–9
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Maps
Introduction: A Different History of Byzantium
Byzantium
I Foundations of Byzantium
1 The City of Constantine
2 Constantinople, the Largest City in Christendom
3 The East Roman Empire
4 Greek Orthodoxy
5 The Church of Hagia Sophia
6 The Ravenna Mosaics
7 Roman Law
II The Transition from Ancient to Medieval
8 The Bulwark Against Islam
9 Icons, a New Christian Art Form
10 Iconoclasm and Icon Veneration
11 A Literate and Articulate Society
12 Saints Cyril and Methodios, ‘Apostles to the Slavs’
III Byzantium Becomes a Medieval State
13 Greek Fire
14 The Byzantine Economy
15 Eunuchs
16 The Imperial Court
17 Imperial Children, ‘Born in the Purple’
18 Mount Athos
19 Venice and the Fork
20 Basil II, ‘The Bulgar-Slayer’
21 Eleventh-Century Crisis
22 Anna Komnene
23 A Cosmopolitan Society
IV Varieties of Byzantium
24 The Fulcrum of the Crusades
25 The Towers of Trebizond, Arta, Nicaea and Thessalonike
26 Rebels and Patrons
27 ‘Better the Turkish Turban than the Papal Tiara’
28 The Siege of 1453
Conclusion: The Greatness and Legacy of Byzantium
Further Reading
List of Emperors Named in the Text
Chronology
Maps
Acknowledgements
Index
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire Page 46