by Rod Pyle
Zubrin, Robert. The Case for Mars. New York: Touchstone, 1996.
——. Mars on Earth. New York: Tarcher, 2003.
SELECTED REFERENCES
“Antarctic Expedition Prepared Researchers for Mars Project.” ScienceDaily. February 5, 2009. Accessed 2011. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090205141509.htm.
Burton, Kathleen. “Mars-Like Atacama Desert Could Explain Viking ‘No Life' Results.” Release 03-87AR. NASA, Ames Research Center. November 7, 2003. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_87AR.html.
Cornell University. “Athena: Mars Exploration Rovers.” Accessed 2011. http://athena.cornell.edu/.
ESA. “Mars Express.” Accessed 2011. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/index.html.
Klein, Harold, Norman Horowitz, Gilbert Levin, et al. “The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results.” Science 194, no. 4260 (October 1976): 99-105. Accessed 2011. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/194/4260/99.abstract.doi:10.1126/science.194.4260.99.
Mars Daily. “Digging Deep: An Interview with Chris McKay.” August 15, 2006. Accessed 2011. http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Digging_Deep_An_Interview_With_Chris_Mckay_999.html.
Mars Institute. “Haughton-Mars Project: August 2010.” Accessed 2011. http://www.marsonearth.org/.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). “A Chronology of Mars Exploration.” Accessed 2011. http://history.nasa.gov/marschro.htm.
——. “The Mariner Mars Missions.” NASA/NSSDC, Goddard Spaceflight Center. Last modified 2005. Accessed 2011. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars/mariner.html.
——. “Mars Pathfinder.” Accessed 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder/.
——. “Phoenix Mars Lander.” Accessed 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/main/index.html.
——. Review of NASA's Planned Space Program. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996. Accessed 2011. http://books.google.com/books?id=3z0rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6&dq=nasa+mariner&hl=en&ei=OOXnTr7sHozMiQKbyeH-Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=nasa%20mariner&f=false.
——. “Slam-Dunk Sign of Ancient Water on Mars.” NASA Science: Science News. December 8, 2011. Accessed 2011. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/08dec_slamdunk/.
——. “Viking, Mission to Mars.” Accessed 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/.
——. “Viking Project Launch and Mission Operations Status Bulletin No. 7.” NASA, Langley Research Center. June 23, 1975. Accessed 2011. http://www.scribd.com/doc/44042526/Viking-Lander-Sterilization.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/ Goddard Space Flight Center. “Lunar and Planetary Science: Mars.” Accessed 2011. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/marspage.html.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). “Mars Climate Orbiter Failure Board Releases Report, Numerous NASA Actions Underway in Response.” November 10, 1999. Accessed 2011. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/news/mco991110.html.
——. “Mars Exploration Program: Historical Log.” Accessed 2011. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/log/.
——. “Mars Exploration Rovers Press Releases.” Accessed 2011. http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/index.html.
——. “Mars Pathfinder.” Accessed 2011. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/.
——. “Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.” Accessed 2011. http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/.
——. “Mars Science Laboratory.” Accessed 2011. http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/.
——. “Report from Mars, 1964-1965.” Accessed 2011.www.scribd.com/doc/44038607/Report-From-Mars-Mariner-4-1964-1965.
——. “Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Exploration Rovers.” Accessed 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html.
——. “U.S. Participation in Europe's Mars Express.” Accessed 2011. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/express/.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)/ Planetary Data System. “Viking 1 & 2.” Accessed 2011. http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/viking.htm.
Planetary Society. “Mars Exploration Rovers Update” (miscellaneous dates). Accessed 2011. http://www.planetary.org/news/2011/0901_Mars_Exploration_Rover_Update.html.
——. “Mars Express.” Accessed 2011. http://planetary.org/explore/topics/mars_express/.
“Report: Mars Pathfinder,” Science 278, no. 5344 (December 1997): 1734-42. Accessed 2011. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/278/5344/1734.full.doi:10.1126/science.278.5344.1734.
Soffen, Gerald A. “Scientific Results of the Viking Missions.” Science 194, no. 4271 (December 1976): 1274-76. Accessed 2011. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/194/4271/1274.abstract.doi:10.1126/science.194.4271.1274.
Space News. “Mars Science Lab Needs $44m More to Fly, NASA Audit Finds.” June 8, 2011. Accessed 2011. http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110608-msl-needs-more-nasa-audit.html.
University of Arizona. “Phoenix Mars Lander.” Accessed 2011.http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php.
GENERAL REFERENCES
Caltech CODA: Oral Histories Online (used by permission): http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/.
European Space Agency: http://www.esa.int/.
Mars Society (for general information on FMARS and Earth-based Mars research): http://www.marssociety.org/.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/ Astrobiology Magazine: http://www.astrobio.net/.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) BEACON Information Commons: http://beacon.jpl.nasa.gov/site-index.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/ Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Mars Exploration Program: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Johnson Space Center, History Portal: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/participants.htm.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Lunar and Planetary Institute: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/National Space Science Data Center: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
National Archives: http://www.archives.gov/.
National Science Foundation (for Antarctic research and projects): http://www.nsf.gov/.
Niels Bohr Library and Archives, American Institute of Physics (used by permission): http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/.
Illustrations and photos are indicated by bold page numbers.
accelerometers, 311–12n2
Acidelia. See photo section
Adirondack (Spirit's first rock), 179, 180
aerobraking, 109–10, 117–18, 150, 159, 199–201
example of, 200
as a way to save fuel, 109, 159, 199
See also photo section
aeroshell, 18, 19, 124, 135
See also photo section
airbags, 245
and the Mars Exploration Rovers, 173, 174, 185, 186
and Mars Express, 144
not being used for MSL lander, 254
and Pathfinder, 124–25, 127, 135–36, 147, 282
and the Phoenix lander, 245
air on Mars. See atmosphere on Mars
airplanes, developing for Mars use, 269
Alba Mons (aka Alba Patera), 30–32
albedo features on Mars, 33
Albor Tholis (volcano), 31
Aldrin, Buzz, 268
Alice in Wonderland (Carroll) and naming Mars features, 238
Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS), 123, 131, 172, 256, 261, 281
Al Qahira (ancient Arabic name for Mars), 37
altimeter, 111, 124
radar altimeter, 124, 144–46
Amazonian Period, 33
Amazonis Planatia (Amazonian Plain), 33
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 43
American Astrono
mical Society, 189
Ames Research Center (NASA), 247, 271, 273, 283
ammonia on Mars, 145
andesite rock, 131
Angaraka (Sanskrit name for Mars), 37
Angry Red Planet (movie), 49
Antarctica, 214, 243, 276, 283, 284, 309n1 (chap. 24)
as analogy for Mars, 104, 204, 248, 271, 274, 276–77, 278, 284–85
katabatic (gravity-fed) winds (aka drainage wind), 276, 312n2
meteors found that originated on Mars, 36
Antoniadi, Eugene (efforts to map Mars). See photo section
Apollo program, 21, 73–74, 136, 152, 177, 198, 253, 255, 257, 268, 291, 298n2
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 291
Apple iPhone®, 311–12n2
Apple Macintosh®, 159, 196, 310n2
APXS. See Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer
Arabia Terra (Land of Arabia), 33, 163
Arctic as analogy for Mars, 274, 276–77, 285–87
See also Devon Island
Ares (Greek name for Mars), 38
Ares Vallis, 125–27, 281
Arkhangelsky Crater. See photo section
Armstrong, Neil, 215, 268
Arsia Mons (shield volcano), 30
Artistarchus of Samos, 39
Ascraeus Mons (shield volcano), 30
ASP. See automated sequence processor
asteroid, mission to visit, 190, 293–94
Atacama Desert, 271, 273–76, 284
Atlas rocket, 302n1
atmosphere on Mars, 27, 34, 35, 41, 74, 91, 135, 145, 209–10
atmospheric pressure, 32, 66, 101–102
measuring atmospheric effect on radio waves, 53
spectroscopic analyses of, 45, 64
See also weather on Mars
atomic force microscope (AFM), 233
Aurorae Sinus (Bay of the Dawn), 33
automated sequence processor (ASP), 116
autonomous hazard-avoidance software, 178, 181
avalanches on Mars, 206–207
See also photo section
axial tilt of Mars, 27–28, 34, 40
barchan (type of sand dune).
See photo section
“Barnacle Bill” (Sojourner's first rock), 121, 127–28
Barsoom (name for Mars in Burroughs's literature), 49
basalt rock, 30, 33, 131
See also volcanic activity on Mars
bathtub ring (layer of sediment around Victoria Crater), 222
BDL. See “Big, Dumb Landers”
“beach balls.” See airbags
Beagle 2 lander, 144, 145
Berry Bowl, 185–86
See also “blueberries”
“Big, Dumb Landers,” 20, 126
Big Mac®, cost of compared to big Mars missions, 121
“blueberries” (hematite spherules), 182–83, 185–86, 213, 215, 222–23, 262
See also photo section
Bonneville (crater approached by Spirit), 183
Borealis Basin, 31–32
Bradbury, Ray, 49–50
“bridles” used to assist MSL lander, 254
brightness. See albedo features on Mars
Brin, David, 261
Brooks, Robert (Bob), 115–21
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 28, 49
Bush, George W., 291–92
calcium carbonate, 240–41
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 23, 58, 67, 69–70, 79, 87, 99, 154, 267
Cameron, James, 255
Cameron, Roy, 104
Campbell, William Wallace, 44–45
Canadian Arctic. See Arctic as analogy for Mars
canals of Mars theory of Lowell, 45–48, 47, 102–103
of Schiaparelli, 43–44
See also photo section
Canopus star sensor, 63, 198
Cape Canaveral, 107, 150
Cape Verde (inside Victoria Crater). See photo section
carbon 14, 88–89
carbonates, 211, 248
calcium carbonate, 240–41
carbon dioxide on Mars, 29, 34, 64, 66, 91, 102, 145, 209, 238
Carter, John (fictional character), 49
Carter, Julia (fictional character), 289–90
Case for Mars, The (Zubrin), 285–86
Cassini, Giovanni, 40
Cassini mission, 243, 309n1 (chap. 22)
Centauri Montes (crater), 113
Center for Planetary Exploration, 99
Ceres (asteroid), 267
Challenger (space shuttle), 302n1
ChemCam, 256
Chinese space plans, 293
Chryse Planitia (Golden Plain) (Viking 1's landing spot), 21, 23–24, 86–87, 90, 91, 126
fictional letter from, 289–90
See also photo section
clays, water-derived, 204, 248, 258
climate of Mars. See weather on Mars
clouds. See weather on Mars
CNN (TV network), 141
Cobra Heads (rocks examined by Spirit), 214
Collier's Weekly (magazine), 291
Columbia (space shuttle), 174, 192, 217
Columbia Hills (in Gusev), 183, 187, 191–92, 213, 214
communications
with Earth from Mars, 89. See also photo section
dealing with time lag, 18, 52–53, 89, 139, 176–79, 221, 231
and the MER rovers, 171–72, 179–80
with MPL, 153–54
with Pathfinder, 129–31
with Viking 1 lander, 91–93
US communications with space vehicles
Mars Climate Orbiter, 151
Mars Global Surveyor ending communication, 113–14
Mars Observer, 107–108, 149
See also Deep Space Network
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometers for Mars (CRISM), 196–97, 205
Constellation/Mars mission, 293–94
Context Imager (CTX), 196–97, 204–205
Cook, Richard, 151–52
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 39
Cornell University, 189, 190, 267
Cosmos 419 (Soviet Union), 149
craters on Mars, 29, 31, 51, 54–56, 59, 86, 111, 161, 187, 192–93, 207
formation of in Noachian Period, 32
hydrated materials found in, 203
See also names of specific craters, i.e., Bonneville, Victoria, etc.
CRISM. See Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometers for Mars
Crisp, Joy, 261–65
“cross-lamination,” 185
Crystal Cave (Mexico), testing for noninvasive analysis, 283–84
CTX. See Context Imager
Curiosity (rover), 253–59, 262
compared to other rovers, 253–54
See also Mars Science Laboratory project
cyanobacteria, 284
Cydonia area, 112
DAN. See Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons device
day (sol), length of on Mars, 27, 40, 124, 238
“dead Mars” group, 34, 81
See also photo section
decontamination, need for. See planetary quarantine of Mars
Deep Space 1, size of data return from, 309n1 (chap. 22)
Deep Space 2, failure of, 150
Deep Space A and B (impactors), 153
Deep Space Network (DSN), 61, 69–70, 231
See also photo section
Deimos (terror) (name of one of Mars's moons), 38, 43, 77, 184
See also photo section
de-Lowellization of beliefs about Mars, 102–103
Delta rocket, 108, 109, 152, 158, 302n1
descent imagers. See DISR (the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer); Mars Descent Imager
Devon Island (in Arctic, site of FMARS), 271, 272, 274
dirt on Mars. See soil on Mars
Discovery Channel (TV network), 272
Discovery Program, 123–32
DISR (the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer), 244
distance
be
tween Mars and Earth, 27, 39, 52–53, 144, 158–59
of Mars from the sun, 46
Dr. Carl Sagan Memorial Station, 124
Dodo (trench dug by Phoenix), 237
Dragon® capsule, 292, 294
drainage wind (aka katabatic or gravity-fed), 276, 312n2
driver's education classes for rover drivers. See Field Integrated Design and Operations
DSN. See Deep Space Network
Duck Bay (in Victoria Crater, found by Opportunity), 221
dust on Mars
dust clouds, 75, 75–76, 80, 206–207
dust storms, 75, 75–76, 78, 80, 85, 91, 210, 221–22. See photo section; weather on Mars
DVD containing four million names, 174–75
Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons device (DAN), 256
Eagle Crater (actual landing site for Opportunity), 181–82, 185, 186, 192, 223, 226
Earth
life beginning on Mars and coming to Earth, 35–36, 299n5
and Martian meteorites, 131
as a “terrestrial” planet, 298n3
using places on Earth to mimic Mars, 271–79, 281–88. See also names of specific places, i.e., Antarctica, Atacama Desert, etc.
See also communications
earth organisms, danger of on Mars. See planetary quarantine of Mars
earthquakes. See “Marsquakes”
El Capitan (area near Opportunity Ledge), 182
Electra (radio on MRO), 198
elevations of Martian topography, 111
Elysium Mons (volcano), 31, 145–46
Endeavor Crater (targeted by Opportunity), 193, 225, 226, 228
See also photo section
Endurance Crater (searched by Opportunity), 186–87, 214–15, 217, 223, 226
engineering experiment as description of Mariner 6 and 7, 63, 68
HMS Erebus (British exploration vessel), 309n1 (chap. 24)
Erebus Crater (Opportunity examined), 219, 309n1 (chap. 24)
European Space Agency, 200, 267, 297n1
and the ExoMars probe, 146, 268, 306n4, 311n1 (chap. 29)
and the Mars Express mission, 143–46
potential missions 2021–2030, 294
EVAs (Extra Vehicular Activities), 272
ExoMars probe, 146, 268, 306n4, 311n1 (chap. 29)
Explorer program, 57, 267
explosions, use of, 23
extraterrestrial life. See life on Mars
Extra Vehicular Activities. See EVAs
face in the Cydonia area, 112, 303n3
Failure Review Board, 153