34. Halstead, p. 4.
35. Ibid., p. 5.
36. Thomas, Dateline, p. 139; Front Row, p. 187; Kraft, p. 9.
37. Thomas, Dateline, pp. 140–41; Walker, p. 84.
38. Author interview with Yu Jiafu.
39. Halstead, pp. 6–7.
40. Hevia, p. 117 and chapter 5 passim.
41. Text available at The American Presidency Project.
42. Holdridge, p. 87.
43. USOH, Freeman.
44. Ibid.
45. Text available at The American Presidency Project.
46. Haldeman, Diaries, p. 416.
47. Ibid., p. 415.
48. Buckley, p. 87; quoted in Hersh, p. 495.
49. Holdridge, p. 87.
50. Author interview with John Burns.
51. Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 415–16.
CHAPTER 11: OPENING MOVES
1. WHY, p. 187.
2. See interview with Haig, “Nixon’s China Game,” PBS Web site.
3. Kissinger interview, December 19, 1998, PCC transcripts 1/V, p. 2.
4. WHY, pp. 189–90.
5. Kissinger interview, December 19, 1998, PCC transcripts 1/V, p. 2.
6. USOH, Holdridge.
7. USOH, Nichols.
8. Ibid.
9. USOH, Holdridge.
10. Ibid.
11. Secret Cable 427, February 18, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00055.
12. FRUS, Foundations, p. 79.
13. Department of State, Next Steps in China Policy, October 6, 1971, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00079.
14. Walters, p. 526.
15. Holdridge, p, 32; Aijazuddin, p. 3.
16. Secret Cable 2547, August 12, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00075; Secret Cable 2618, August 18, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00077.
17. National Security Study Memorandum, NSSM 14, February 5, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00043.
18. WHY, p. 169.
19. Hoff, pp. 196–97.
20. Ma, p. 298.
21. Mann, p. 22.
22. Foot, “Redefinitions,” pp. 277–78, 280.
23. Confidential Cable 1720, June 9, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00070.
24. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 245; Mann, p. 62.
25. Zhang Baijia, p. 68.
26. Barnouin and Yu, p. 99.
27. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
28. USOH, Supplement, Buche.
29. Author interview with John Fraser.
30. Edmonds.
31. Author interview with Chen Weiming.
32. USOH, Jenkins.
33. Ma, p. 326.
34. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 250.
35. WHY, p. 190.
36. RN, p. 545.
37. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, pp. 250–52; Secret Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, 1970, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00143.
38. Mann, p. 24; Holdridge, p. 37.
39. WHY, pp. 684–85.
40. WHY, p. 692; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 252.
41. Safire, pp. 206–07.
42. RN, p. 546.
43. Walters, pp. 526–27.
44. Ibid., pp. 534–38.
45. Ibid., pp. 529–30.
46. Aijazuddin, p. 30.
47. Ma, pp. 327–28; WHY, pp. 701–02.
48. Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, p. 450.
49. See, for example, Aijazuddin, pp. 58–59.
50. Mao Zedong on Diplomacy, pp. 449–50.
51. Holdridge, p. 41.
52. WHY, pp. 702–03; RN, p. 547.
53. Aijazuddin, pp. 42–43.
54. WHY, pp. 701–02; RN, pp. 549–50; Aijazuddin, pp. 52–53.
55. Memorandum of Conversation, July 11, 1971, 10:35 A.M.–11:55 A.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 3; WHY, p. 736.
56. Isaacson, pp. 338–39.
57. RN, p. 548.
58. WHY, pp. 704–05.
59. Ma, pp. 328–29.
60. Chen and Lin, pp. 250–55.
61. Ma, p. 329.
62. USOH, Levin.
63. Boggan interview, PCC transcripts, 1/V; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 260.
64. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 261.
65. Zhang Baijia, p. 73.
66. Ma, p. 230.
67. USOH, Cunningham; Brown interview, PCC transcripts.
68. Interview with Boggan, PCC transcripts.
69. Barnouin and Yu, pp. 103–04: WHY, p. 710.
70. Globe and Mail (Toronto), April 15, 1971.
71. Ibid.; Boggan interview, PCC transcripts; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 262.
72. WHY, p. 710.
73. Copy in NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 15.
74. Copy in NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 19.
75. RN, p. 549; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 275.
76. WHY, p. 721.
77. Ibid., pp. 716–17.
78. Aijazuddin, pp. 58–59.
79. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 263, n. 113.
80. WHY, p. 725.
81. Bill Brown interview, PCC transcripts, 1/V, p. 12.
82. Message for the Government of the People’s Republic of China, May 20, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 24.
83. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, pp. 264–65.
84. WHY, pp. 726–27; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 295; RN, pp. 551–52; Mann, p. 29.
85. RN, p. 552.
CHAPTER 12: THE SECRET VISIT
1. RN, p. 552.
2. Aijazuddin, p. 67.
3. RN, p. 550; Isaacson, pp. 339–40; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 282; WHY, pp. 715–17; telecon, The President/Mr. Kissinger, 8:18 P.M., April 27, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 18.
4. RN, p. 550; WHY, p. 717.
5. WHY, p. 734.
6. USOH, Supplement, Farland; WHY, p. 738; Kissinger interview, PCC transcripts, 1/V, p. 18.
7. Hilaly to Kissinger, June 19, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 29; Aijazuddin, pp. 102–05; USOH, Supplement, Farland.
8. Zhang Baijia, pp. 74–75; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, pp. 262–65.
9. NPM, NSC Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 850, Folder 3, pp. 1–5.
10. Memorandum for the President’s Files, July 1, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 33; WHY, pp. 735–36.
11. WHY, pp. 728–29; Hersh, pp. 466–76.
12. Aijazuddin, p. 81, n. 25.
13. WHY, p. 725; Hanhimäki, pp. 116–20, 124; Bundy, p. 233.
14. WHY, p. 729; Holdridge, p. 52.
15. Holdridge, p. 52.
16. Author interview with Gordon Barass; USOH, Supplement, Lord.
17. Wicker, pp. 594–95; WHY, p. 749.
18. USOH, Supplement, Lord.
19. Holdridge, p. 55; USOH, Supplement, Lord; WHY, p. 753.
20. Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 289, 316.
21. USOH, Holdridge; Chen and Lin, p. 266.
22. Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi.
23. Memorandum of Conversation, July 9, 1971, Afternoon and Evening, NSA Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34.
24. Ibid., pp. 6, 21; Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 2.
25. Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 2.
26. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 267; Barnouin and Changgen, p. 107.
27. Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 3; USOH, Lord.
28. Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 9.
29. Ibid., p. 9.
30. Ibid., pp. 2–13, 7.
31. Ibid., pp. 10, 13.
32. Ibid., pp. 14–18.
33. Ibid., pp. 18, 20.
34. Ibid., pp. 21, 32; USOH, Supplement, Lord; Hol
dridge, pp. 59–60.
35. USOH, Supplement, Lord; Bundy, p. 241.
36. WHY, p. 751.
37. Ibid., pp. 751–52.
38. Memorandum of Conversation, July 11, 1971, Early Morning and Morning, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 37, pp. 1–2; WHY, pp. 751–53; Barnouin and Yu, pp. 107–08; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 268.
39. Memorandum of Conversation, July 11, 1971, 10:35 A.M.–11:55 A.M. NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38.
40. WHY, p. 753; Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 2.
41. Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, pp. 5, 6, 26; WHY, pp. 1055–56.
42. Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 26; WHY, pp. 744–47; Valeriani, p. 95.
43. USOH, Supplement, Farland; USOH, Green, chap. V.
44. USOH, Supplement, Farland; WHY, pp. 755–56; Haig interview, PCC transcripts, 2/32, p. 5; Henry Kissinger to General Haig, July 11, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 39.
45. WHY, p. 758; Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 318–20; Brandon, p. 278.
46. WHY, p. 760; Ehrlichman, p. 293.
47. USOH, Freeman; WHY, p. 761.
48. Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 321, 323–24; RN, pp. 554–55; Bundy, pp. 240–41.
49. Isaacson, p. 347; USOH, Supplement, Galloway; Hanhimäki, pp. 144–45; Arbatov, p. 180; Wishnick, Mending Fences, pp. 58–59; Ma, p. 301.
50. Hersh, p. 442; Kalb, p. 268; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 269.
51. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 269; Hoxha, pp. 560, 577.
52. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, pp. 269–70.
53. Schoenhals, p. 111, n. 108; Jin, pp. 80, 129, 135–36, 146; Li Zhisui, pp. 453–54.
54. Jin, p. 146, chapter 7 passim; Chang and Halliday, pp. 580–83.
55. Short, Mao, pp. 614–15; Li Zhisui, pp. 542–43; Ma, pp. 142–43, 355–56, 378, 401.
56. See, for example, WHY, pp. 696–97, 768–69.
57. Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 270.
58. Barnouin and Yu, p. 193.
59. Burr, Kissinger Transcripts, p. 61.
60. Li Jie, pp. 60–61.
61. Barnouin and Yu, p. 195; Kraft, p. 18; Li Danhui, p. 186; author interview with Yanhua Shi; Tao, p. 349.
CHAPTER 13: GETTING READY
1. Walker, pp. 183, 148, 167, 94.
2. USOH, Freeman.
3. Walters, pp. 533–41.
4. Memorandum of Conversation, October 20, 1971, 4:40 P.M.–7:10 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 10, p. 7.
5. WHY, p. 775.
6. Memorandum of Conversation, October 23, 1971, 9:05 P.M.–10:05 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 14, p. 12.
7. WHY, pp. 776–78; Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin Zhongguo Wenjiao Fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59–70 (available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21), p. 3.
8. Chapin interview, PCC transcripts, roll 46, pp. 9–10.
9. Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin Zhongguo Wenjiao Fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59–70 (available at NSA, Electronic Briefing BookNo.70, Doc.21), p.6;Chapin, PCC transcripts, roll46, p.28; WHY, p. 780.
10. Memorandum of Conversation, October 21, 1971, 10:30 A.M.–1:45 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, pp. 8–9; Walker, p. 164.
11. Memorandum of Conversation, October 21, 1971, 10:30 A.M.–1:45 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 11, p. 3.
12. WHY, p. 778.
13. Memorandum of Conversation, October 22, 1971, 4:15 P.M.–8:28 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 13, p. 40; Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin Zhongguo Wenjiao Fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59–70 (available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21), pp. 7–8; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, pp. 271–72.
14. Memorandum of Conversation, October 24, 1971, 10:28 A.M.–1:55 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 15, pp. 3–11.
15. Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Xin Zhongguo Wenjiao Fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 59–70 (available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21), p. 9; WHY, pp. 781–84; Memorandum of Conversation, October 24, 1971, 10:28 A.M.–1:55 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 15, p. 25; Memorandum of Conversation, October 24, 1971, 9:23 P.M.–11:20 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 16, pp. 3–11.
16. Henry A. Kissinger, Memorandum for the President, from My October China Visit: Drafting the Communiqué, p. 5 in Briefing Books I and II, NPM, National Security Council Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 846; WHY, pp. 782–84; Chen Jian, Mao’s China, p. 272, n. 153.
17. Chapin, PCC transcripts, roll 46, pp. 14–15.
18. Bostdorff, Denise M., pp. 31–56; Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 17; Xiong, “Mao Zedong,” p. 13; USOH, Supplement, Feldman.
19. National Security Study Memorandum 107 issues paper: The Entire U.N. Membership Question and U.S.-China Policy, February 9, 1971, NSA Collection; NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00201, NSSM-106; United States China Policy, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00202; Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 17.
20. USOH, Supplement, Feldman; interview with Phillips, PCC transcripts, 2/1.
21. Conversation Among President Nixon, Secretary of State William Rogers, and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, September 30, 1971, and Conversation Between President Nixon and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, September 30, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Docs. 7 and 8.
22. Interview with Phillips, PCC transcripts, 2, 2–3; Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 368–69.
23. Quoted in Isaacson, p. 352.
24. Barnouin and Yu, p. 65; Xiong, “Mao Zedong,” pp. 18–19.
25. Zhang Hanzhi, p. 279; USOH, Thayer; author interview with Yanhua Shi; telegram from the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, November 20, 1971, FRUS, vol. 5, United Nations, pp. 886–88.
26. Memorandum of Conversation, November 23, 1971, 10:00 P.M.–11.55 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, pp. 3–4, 10.
27. Interview with Mohammad Khan, “Nixon’s China Game,” PBS Web site.
28. Van Hollen, pp. 339–61.
29. See, for example, Paper Prepared by the National Security Council’s Interdepartmental Group for Near East and South Asia for the Senior Review Group, Washington, undated [April 1971?], FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 132; Study Prepared in Response to National Security Study Memorandum 133, Washington, July 10, 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 140.
30. WHY, pp. 860–61, 866–67.
31. Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, 12:10 P.M.–6:00 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 11; Memorandum for the President from Henry Kissinger, July 14, 1971, NSA Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 20.
32. Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, November 11, 1972, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 20, p. 27.
33. Conversation Among President Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and John Mitchell, December 8, 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 165.
34. Conversation Among President Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Sultan Khan, November 15, 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 154.
35. Conversation Among President Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and John Mitchell, December 8, 1971, and Conversation Among President Nixon, Henry Kissinger and Alexander Haig, Washington, December 12, 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7, Doc. 177.
36. Conversation Among President Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Alexander Haig, Washington, December 12, 1971, FRUS, Nixon–Ford Administrations, vol. E-7
, Doc. 177; Bundy, pp. 279–80 and n. 99; Memorandum of Conversation, December 10, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 23.
37. WHY, pp. 913, 917–18; Isaacson, pp. 394–96; Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 391–97.
38. Brown interview, PCC transcripts, 1/V, pp. 13–15, 20–21; USOH, Freeman.
39. “Niksong Dangnian Fanghua Xianwei Renzhi De Neimu”; Barnouin and Yu, p. 109.
40. Haig, pp. 263–64; author interview with Zhang Hanzhi; interview with Zhang Hanzhi, “Nixon’s China Game,” PBS Web site.
41. Memorandum of Conversation, October 25, 1971, 9:50 P.M.–11:40 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 18, p. 14; Haig, pp. 259–61.
42. Haig, pp. 260–61; Memorandum of Conversation, January 3, 1971, Midnight, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 24, pp. 1–2.
43. Memorandum of Conversation, January 3, 1971, Midnight, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 24, pp. 4–6; “Haig’s Preparatory Mission for Nixon’s Visit to China in January 1972,” Xin Zhongguo Waijiao Fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 71–82, translation available in NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 26.
44. Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi; Memorandum of Conversation, January 7, 1971, 11:45 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 25, pp. 3–4, 6.
45. Memorandum of Conversation, January 3, 1971, Midnight, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 24, pp. 6–7, 9.
46. “Haig’s Preparatory Mission for Nixon’s Visit to China in January 1972,” Xin Zhongguo Waijiao Fengyun, vol. 3, pp. 71–82, translation available in NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 26; Memorandum of Conversation, January 7, 1971, 11:45 P.M., NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 25, pp. 4–5.
47. Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi; Haig interview, PCC transcripts, 2/33, p. 15.
48. Walker, p. 9.
CHAPTER 14: GETTING DOWN TO BUSINESS
1. WHY, pp. 1071–72.
2. Haldeman, Diaries, p. 416.
3. WHY, pp. 1070–71; RN, p. 570.
4. WHY, p. 1070; Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, 1972, 4:15 P.M.– 5:30 P.M., NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Country Files–Far East, Box 92, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972, pp. 2–4.
5. Chapin interview, PCC transcripts, roll 47, p. 19.
6. Ma, pp. 378–79.
7. USOH, Freeman.
8. Memorandum of Conversation, February 24, 1972, 5:15 P.M.–8:05 P.M., NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Zhou Enlai Talks in February 1972, Doc. 3, pp. 10–11.
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